De bello Gallico, books 1-7; according to the text of Emanuel Hoffmann, Vienna, 1890. Edited with introd. and notes by St. George Stock

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Sibi reasons for his Step. ne a that the Cavair of the Usipetes an Tencteri aster earing of the destructio of their opte, ad rosse into the territor of the Sugambri, ho no refuse to Surrende them a Caesar' order the ther a that

the Ubii ere implorin his protectio against the Suebi The Ubii offered hipso transpori the army, ut Caesar ConSidered that it ould e at once Saser an more impressive to ros by bridge. The work was finished in te day Dom the time lienthe imber egan to e selled Thus di Romerars se Mot uponthe sol o Germany, hic it was destine neve to Subdue. The Sugambri retire besore Caesar into iidemesses an forestS. Aster cloin a much mis hie a he could to thei territori , Caesar recros sed the Rhine, havin Spent ighteen days altogether in

Germany.

The potnt at hic Caesar entere German is unknown beyondthe fac that it was in the territon of the Ubii Napoleon III places it a Bonn. The Campaigning eason a no dra in t it close, ut Caesar ad a stili more adventurous design, hic he wished toput into effect this ear. his a nocles than to invade Britain, Dom hicli id ad been sent to the Armoricans against im. Knowin noth in of the counto e trie to extrae informationfro the merchanis, ut in vain. So e sent Volusenus in command of a warship to explore. He the marche with ali his meninto the count of the Morini, here the fleet also as ordere toassemble. Already embassie began to arrive rom tribes o theisland offering thei submission Caesar sent long illi them onthei retum Commius, hom he had hi inset made in of the Atrebates He regarded imas amitin emiSSary, Since the ostadvance among the inhabitant of Britain ere themselves os Belgi an origin In fou days time Volusenus came bach to Caesar Withou hau in venture to and The Morini, in hos counita Caesar as, ha hitherio stubborni defie him; some maintainedihel independenc even now, but the mater pari ad offers of submisSion. Two legions the seventi and tentii, were selected sorthe expedition into Britain. The est,ere test unde the commando Sabinus an Cotta to e led against the Menapii and thosecanton os the Morini that hae not et tendere thei submission. lieuienant name P. Sulpicius Rufus a lest it a garrison in

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ΙΣ IULII CAESARIS

charge of the pori. Eight merchant-vesset ha been presse forthe transpor of the legions besides hicli there ere acie Shipso war. Eighteen more merchant-Vesset were lyin Wind-bound in a arbour ight miles furtheris the coast. The cavat ry ereordere to embar ora these Meanwhil Caesar and the legions se sat at idnight illi a fair ind. About in or en 'clochnexi morning he was lyin unde the beeti in cliffs o Britain, hi chwere lineo illi the arme forces of the enemy. Caesar an his officeritia come in the hips of war. While the heavi e transportVeSSet were SSembling, Caesar employed the time in layingbefore his officer his proposed plan os operations an exhortingiliem to promptitude in the execution To attempto landingwhere the had arrive was opeless. ut ide both by indan ii de the went on even miles and in spite of the oppositiono the natives, effecte thei landing on an ope an flat hore. Νo ooner ere the lande than the dispersed the enemy, ut the weremo abierio follow up thei victorflar an of the cavalry, who hadiso arri Ved. Aster the batile the enem made vertures to Caesar and restore t hi his emissar Commius, hom the had thrown into chain o his firs landing. Caesar Complaine of the unprovolae attac the had made pon him after avin gone ut of thei Wanto Sen ambaSSadors to him o the Continent. Never-theles he was illinxto conclude eace, is the gave hi hostages for their good bellavi our. There a some dela about the embarhatio of the Cavalta, Sothat Caesar ad atready been three Jays in Britain efore theeighteen esset whicli ore them ad thei appearance. JuStas the came in Sight of his camina stor arose hici Compelled them ali, Oone or later, o ut bacito the Continent. But the misfortunes of the Romans id not en here That night the oon a at the fui and therii de illed the ships of warwhicli ere haut e upo the each and attere the merchant-VeSSeis hi Ch lay at anchor, o S to recla Some an renderother ungeaworthy. To ad to thei dissiculties the had noSupplies, since there had been nocide os intering in Britain. CaeSaranemvery et that the eace hich he had made illithe Briton would no prevent thei tryin to malae an example f

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himself against ali contingencies. y using the materials of twelveo the hips that ad been mos damaged, and Sendin to the

Avail in himsel o a favourabie in he ut ut to ea hortly ester idni glit, an reached the Continent ithout accident, except

attached by the Morini in ope filunder, ut rescue aster Murhours fghtin by the arriva o Roma cavat . his led tompriSal on Caesas pari, ho sent Labienus against the Morini in command of the two legion that he had justirought bac DomBritain. The nnaes of the marshes revente the Morini Domescapin as et a the had done the ear besore, an most os them et into the and of Labienus. The Menapii lare better, a the retire besore Sabinus an Cotta into the depilis of their

foreStS. ut the eaSon a no over, and the troop went into inter-quarter among the Belgae. Two Britisti states ni heptthei promis to sen hostages. For these exploit Caesar ashonoured it a thanksgi ving of twent days duration. O ut os ali the controvers that there has been about Caesar's invasion o Britain ne conclusion Seem to emerge Clear, amely, that oulogne or at eas the mouth of the Liane, a the porthom hicli e salied. his theor survives a being the fittest, that is, the ne hicli est suit the facts It is also etter Supporte by authorit than an other, eing the vie v et by

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126 IULII CAESARISMariet te Rey by r. Thomas Lewin by the wo Napoleons, and by M. De ardinS. Caesar oes no distincti say that the place Dom hicli hestarie was the fame in both expeditions, ut his narrative certaint implies it From his silence a to the nam os theharbour in his account of the firs expedition, e ma conjecture that he hadiso the learn it. The nam Portus Itius may have been gi ven to the place by the Romans them selves uring their Secon sta there in sq. There is a mali village calle Isque so the lestian os the Liane, hicli the se is sal to have reachedi forme times, and whic sonae have though may haveai ven iis nam to the arbour. Gesoriacum is o later date than Caesar, hut it pran rapidi into importance so that Mela iii. 3ispeak of it a the mos note placem at the norit Coastis Gaul. I the Portus Itius e Boulogne, then the ulterior' superior

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DE BELLO GALLICO LIB. IV 27 Caesar Speah by a ell-known ungrammatical diomin post diem quartum, quam est in Britanniam ventum. Theresore Caesariande in Britat on unday Aug. 27. his is r. Lewin's rea-Soning and there is nota tot found in it though Napoleon III get Aug. 23 ut of the fame data. ut an e S Sume that Caesar Spealis illi mathematica exactnes when e mentions the fui mos, I he oes, then e is no correct in saying thatthat is the time of the ighest ide so the ighest id occursa da an a hal aster the suli oon. Al that we an atri inferseo the premisse is that Caesar' fleet was amage by a igitti de omewhere bout the time of the fui moon, and that does notaisor data sor determining hich way the ide a running about 3 o'cloc in the asternoo Mur day previ ouSty. The stron potnt in favour of ea is that Dio Cassius xxxix. SI, 2 speak of Caesar as havin Salle round a Certain promontorybelare landing, hich seem to potn to the ouili oretand.

EA, quae Secuta est, hieme, qui fuit annus ne Warmitti Pompeio, Marco Crasso consulibUS, Si Pete Germani dicito sinae item Tencteri magna cum multitudine hominum Tencteri. flumei Rhenum transierunt, non longe mari, quo Th. ἡ Rhenus influit Causa transeundi fuit, quod ab Suebi tribes rosscomplures annos Xagitati bello Premebantur et agri uti Eg a cultura Drohibebantur Sueborum aetas est longe maXima Sure rom

Mannerfi

milia armatorum bellandi causa ex finibus educunt Reliqui, qui domi manserunt, se atque illos alunt, hi

rursui in vicem anno post armis sunt. illi domi remanent. Sic neque agricultura ne ratio atque Sus1. Q. qui Seeii. I, Belgas, and Getae- quam,'&c. Immetata quibus iugera liberas 64. Reliqui, Horace Carm. Frux es et Cererem ferunt, iii 24, 2-i6 has ive us a re Nec cultura Placet longior annua, rendering of this passage in verse, Defunctumque laboribus transferring ,hat Caesar say of Aequali recreat Sorte vicarius.'

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belli intormittitur Sed privati ac separati agri apud

eos nihil est, neque longius anno remanere uno in loco incolendi causa licet Neque multum Trumento sed maXimam partem lacte atque pecore iVunt, multumque sunt in Venationibus quae res et cibi genere et cotidiana CXercitatione et libertate vitae, cum a pueris nullo officio aut disciplina assuefacti nihil omnino contra Voluntatem laciant, et vires allit et immani corporum magnitudine homines emcit Atque in eam se consuetudinem ad λοῦ duxerunt, ut locis rigidissimis neque Vestitus Praeterpelles haberent quicquam, quarum propter exiguitatem magna Si Corporis arx aperta, et lavarentur in fluminibUS. Mercatoribus est aditus magis eo, ut, quae tello ceperint, quibus Vendant habeant, quam quo ullam rem ad se importari desiderent. Quin etiam iumentis, qui abus maXime Galli delectantur quaeque impenSo Parant

pretio, Germani importatis non utuntur, sed 'uae

Sunt apud eos nata parva atque deformia, hae cotidianaeXercitatione summi ut sint laboris efficiunt. Equestri 3bus proeliis Saepe X equis desiliunt a pedibus proeliantur, equOSque eodem romanere UOStigi RSSuesecerunt,

The histori sequence aster the fuit citate conspicui.' persect cis employed regulari a 6 3. octem . . . QStigio, istock- Cicero, aut des osten in other stili.' The phras occurs in another

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4 1 DE BELLO GALLICO am. IV 204 ad quo se celeriter cum usus est, recipiunt neque eorum moribus turpius quicquam aut inertius habetur, quam ephippiis uti Itaque ad quemvis numerum ephip- Platorum equitum quamvis pauci adire audent. Uinum ad Se omnino importari non inunt, quod ea re ad laborem ferendum remollescere homines atque ei seminari arbitrantur. Publice maXimam putant esse laudem, quam latissime a suis finibus Vacare agros hac re significari magnum

Itaque una e parte a Suebis circiter milia passuum 3 sescenta agri iacare dicuntur Ad alteram Tartem The Ubii succedunt Ubii, quorum fuit civitas ampla atque florenS, s. hhia)Ut est captu Germanorum, et Paulo, quam Sunt eiuSdem generis, et ceteri humaniores propterea quod Rhenum attingunt multumque ad eos mercatores entitant, et ipsi propter propinquitatem Gallicis sunt moribus assue- facti. Hos cum Suebi multis saepe bellis Xperti Propter amplitudinem gravitatemque civitatis finibus eXpellere non potuissent, tamen Vectigales sibi fecerunt ac multo humiliores infirmioreSque redegerunt. 4 In eadem causa fuerunt Usipete et Tencteri, quo The si- supra diXimus, qui complure annot Sueborum Uim di.

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13 C. IULII CAESARIS 4. succeed in Su StinuCrunt, ad extremum tamen agris eX pulsi et multis

is us h loci Germaniae triennium vagati ad Rhenum per-b SurPris venerunt uas regiones menapii incolebant et ad

bant, Sed tantae multitudinis raditu perterriti ii iis iaedificiis, quae trans flumen habuerant, demigraVerunt et cis Rhenum dispositis praesidiis Germano transire prohibebant. Illi omnia eY perti, cum meque Vi con qtendere propter inopiam navium meque clam transire propter custodias Menapiorum poSSent, reverti se in Suas , Sedes regionesque simulaverunt et tridui iam progressi rursus reverterunt atque omni hoc itinere una nocte equitatu consecto inscios inopinantesque Menapios Oppresserunt, qui de Germanorum discessu per eXploratores certiores facti sine metu trans Rhenum in suos vicos remigraverant. His interfecti navibusque eorum occu- 7 pati S. PriuSquam Pari Menapiorum, quae Citra Rhenum erat, Certior fieret, flumen transierunt atque omnibus eorum aedificiis Occupatis reliquam partem hiemis se eorum copii aluerunt.

Liabilit os His de rebus caesar certior factus et infirmitatem xi, GRVὶ Gallorum veritus, quod sunt in consiliis iapiendi Sswayed by mobiles et novis plerumque rebus student, mihil his V 'μ committendum existimavit. Est enim ioc Gallicae consuetudinis, uti eo viatores etiam invitos consistere cogant, et quid qui Sque eorum de quaque re audierit aut cognoUerit, quaerant, et mercatores in oppidi vulgus

This ver is a semi-deponent of an Cp. 32, equitatu atque essedis unusual ind the persect it the circumdederant , iv. II, iis tense forme sto it ein active legionibus' i 8, ea legiones': in formand the est passive p. vi I equitatu consectatus':

Vii. 5, revertuntur . . . rever Vii. 69, excubitoribus . . . tenetisse.' bantur.'

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7 3 DE BELLO GALLICO LIB. IV 13 Icircumsistat quibusque ex regionibus 'eniant quasque 3 ibi res cognoverint pronuntiare cogant. Hi rebuSatque auditionibus permoti de summi saepe rebus consilia ineunt, quorum eos in Vestigio poenitere necesse CSt. Cum incertis rumoribus Semiant, et plerique ad Voluntatem eorum ficta reSpondeant. Oua consuetudine cognita Caesar, ne graviori bello Caesar

3 Crat, Iacta CO OVID: 1SSa legationes ab nonnullis

civitatibus ad Germanos invitatosque eos, uti ab Rheno diScederent, omni Aque quae IOStul Sent, ab se fore parata. Qua Spe adducti Germani latius vagabantur

et cis fines Eburonum et Condrusorum, qui Sunt

Treverorum clientes, emenerant. Principibus Galliae evocati CaeSar ea quae cognoUerat, dissimulanda sibi eXistimavit eorumque animis permulsis et confirmatis equitatuque imperato bellum cum Germani gerere constituit. Re frumentaria comparata equitibusque delectis iter On Caesar'ς in ea loca facere coepit, quibus in loci CSSO GermanOS h.' Ghi a audiebat quibus cum paucorum dierum iter abesset Send

legati ab H Venerunt, quorum haec fuit ratio: Ger embassy.mano neque priores populo Romano bellum inferre neque tamen recusare, Si lac Santur, quin armis Ontendant, quod Germanorum consuetudo illaeci sit in maioribus tradita, quicumque bellum inserant, resistere

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Iaa C. V m CAESARIS T. 3- neque deprecari. Hae tamen dicere venisse invitos, eiectos domo ; Si Suam gratiam Romani velint, posse iis utiles esse amicos vel sibi agros attribuant, Vel patiantur COS tenore, quo armis possederint: seSe unis Suebis 5 Concedere, quibus ne ii quidem immortales pares esse possint; reliquum quidem in terri CSSe neminem, quem non Superare possint Caesar' Ad haec, quae Nisum est. Caesar respondit. Sed S

eκitus fuit orationis sibi nullam cutis iis amicitiam

esse posse, Si in Gallia remanerent; neque Verum CSSO, qui suos fines tueri non potuerint, alieno CCUPare

neque ullos in Gallia vacare agros qui dari tantae praesertim multitudini sine iniuria possint; Sed licere 3 si velint, sin Vbiorum mnibus considere, quorum Sint legati apud se et de Sueborum iniurii querantur et a Se auXilium petant hoc se Ubiis imperaturum.' The m Legati haec se ad 4uos uelaturos diXerunt et ne plo,s deliberata post diem tertium ad CaeSarem reversuros: dς' y interea ne propius se castra moveret, petierunt Ne id thh oh iiii quidem Caesar ab Se impetrari posse diXit. Cognoverat acaValry, enim magnam partem equitatus ab iis aliquot diebus Men gent ante Praedandi frumentandique causa ad Ambivaritos crOM tb trans Mosam missam: hos Xspectari equite atque eius

rei causa moram interponi arbitrabatur.

The Mog os profluit X monte Vosego, qui est in finibus Io

T. uni Suebis, to the negat verum esse adlici benevolen- Suebi alone. Cp. 6, vi. 5, iam cibo ' Rosc. Am. veris- 4. simum et sapientissimum iudicem 'S. o. Qua visum est This B. Q. Ambivaritos. Se vii. convenient formula is used by Caesar 75, Ambivareti.'in a private lette to Oppius Cic. o. o. Vosogo The Vosges, ad Att. ix. 3', Pompeius est calle VogeSus by Lucan i. 397 Brundisii misit ad me N. Magium castraque quae Vogesi curvam

de pace quae visa sunt respondi. SuPer ardua rupem 2 Verum, juSt. Cicero use the pugnaces pictis cohibebant in-word in the Same sense e.g. Mur. θ gona amiS.'