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33 Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudi militesque AE and oppido Xire iuSsit, ne quam noctu oppidani a militibu δέ. o by '
iniuriam acciperent. Illi ante inito, ut intellectum est, nigbi. consilio, quod deditione facta nostros praesidia deducturos aut denique indiligentius ei vaturos crediderant, partim cum iis, quae retinuerant et CelRVerant, Armi S, Partim scutis e cortice factis aut viminibus inteXtis, quae Subito, ut temporis Xiguita postulabat, pellibus induXerant, tertia Vigilia, qua minime arduus ad nostras munitione ascenSUS Uidebatur, omnibu copii repentia nam e oppido eruptionem fecerunt Celeriter, ut ante They are Caesar imperarat, ignibu Significatione facta e ProXi 4hd bla mi caStelli e Concursum St, pugnatumque ab hostibus into ita acriter est, ut a Viri sortibus in Xtrema spe salutis iniquo loco Contra eos, qui e vallo turribusque tela iacerent, Pugnari debuit, cum in una Virtute omni spes 5 salutis ConSisteret occisi ad hominum milibus quat-6 tuo reliqui in oppidum reiecti sunt. Postridie eius diei
refractis portis, cum iam defenderet nemo, atque intromissis militibus nostri sectionem eiu oppidi univerSam Caesar vendidit. Ab iis, qui emerant, capitum numerUS ad eum relatu est milium quinquaginta trium. a Eodem tempore a Publio CraSSo, quem Cum legione Succes of
33 6 2. viminitius intextis, thei nam in Vannes the Venelli, viminibus depend on intextis,' ho figure in the SS. a Vitelli, wovenis osters. Cp. iii 6, o hos occupied the olenti in Manche ortium copiis iugis armisque exutis. that par of the coas of Normandyropentinam. SS. repentino.' hic, faces thes Channei Isiands; 5. a hominum militius. See the Osismi,ere locate in Finistere, i. 29, fuerunt.' thes Curiosolites the adjoining 6. Seotionem onctictit, depariment of the Cotes-du-Νord, sol the whole of that town by here e find theirname in Corseult: auction. Cp. auctionem vendere, both the nam and the positio ofCic. Pro Quinctio, 6 9. the Esuvii are uncertain: M. 3I. Q. Venetos, o The Veneti De ardins locates them in Orne and live in the Morbihan, an have lest the westis Calvados.
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Esuvios, Aulercos, Redones, quae sunt maritimae civitates Oceanumque attingunt, Certior actu est omnes
eas civitates in deditionem potestatemque populi Romani
His rebus gestis omni Gallia pacata tanta huius belli 35 ad barbaros opinio perlata est, uti ab iis nationibus, quae trans Rhenum incolerent, mitterentur legati ad Caesarem, qui se obsides daturas, imperata facturas pollicerentur Quas legationes Caesar quod in Italiam Illyricumque properabat, inita proXima aestate ad te reverti iussit. Ipse in Carnutes, Andes, TuroneS, quaeque 3 civitates propinquae his loci erant, ubi bellum gesserat, legionibus in hibernacula deductis in Italiam profectus est Ob easque res e litteris Caesaris dies quindecim supplicatio decreta est, quod ante id tempus accidit nulli.
Aviorcos. There are three tribes mentione by Caesar it the prefixo Aulerci, the Brannovices, the Cenomani, and the Eburovices. The Brannovices a betvreen the Loire and the Saone and cannot be here intended the Cenomani live assar inlan a Sarthe we are there-sore thrown backipon the Eburovices a the eople ho re here referreu
EburoviceS.'Rectonos. In the depariment of Ille-et-Vilaine. The cit o Rennes derivescit nam seo them. 35. Italiam. i. Io, in Italiam. IllyriciumquΘ. p. i. Io, Aquileiam ' iii. I. 3. Carnutos About Orieangon the Loire. Thei chie town was Genabum, and thei territor Wasconsidere to e the centre o ali
quarter among the an among the states that Ere Dear.
sub occasumque Solis.'cties Quinctecim SuDDlicatio. Cp. Plutarch, Caes. I Suet Jul Caes. 24. Cicero Prov. Cons. 45 says, 'C. Caesari supplicationes decrevisti S numero ut nemini uno ex bello, honore ut omnino nemini': he was himself among the senatorswho proposed his extraordinaryhonou to Caesar. Ibid. 26 supplicationem quindecim dierum decrevi sententia mea.'
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TH thir book contain Mur episodes- the attach o Servius Galba, the war it the Armoricans the Campaig o Crassus in Aquitania, and the expedition against the Morini an Menapii. O these the secon is the mos important an is recounted at thegreates tength. The rst reatly belong to the campaig of the precedin year B. C. 37). It inclusion in the thir book givesus round sor elievin that the Commentaries ere composed year by ear For Caesar evidenti postpone the narration fit unti he could obtain sul informatio after Goining his arm in the spring of 36. Caesar deemexit os importance to Roman commerce to keep open the passive the reat St. Bemard in To hisend whenae a leaviniso Italy, he sent Servius Galba, holadalready see service against the Allobroges, into the Vallis Poenina te alais in command of the welsi legion and ome of the cavalta Galba ad instructions to inter isae deeme it expedient, among the tribes hic dwel here noli uppe course of the hone elare it flows into the Lahe of Geneva Aster ome Successsu operations Galba poste two cohoris in the territor of the Nantuates, hom M. De ardin place near illeneuve, and
The Poeninum iugum os Livy, xxi. 38 D6.
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too u his own inter-quarter in a amlet of the Veragri called Octodurus. his is admitte on ali and to e at o near Martigray, ut there is a difference of opinion a to hether therive by hicli it a divide into two paris a the Rhone itselfo the Dranse, hici, flows into t. ne par of this hamiet vasallowe to the natives, the the was occupied by the Romancohoris. Aster Severa days ad paSsed quietiy, it was uddenlydis overe that the Gallic hal ha been evacuate in the nightand that the mountains hicli surrounde the mali plain in hichthe hamiel lay ere occupie by great masses of the Seduni and Veragri. The Camp was no properi provisioneo, nor ere iis defences et Completed Aturrie counci of wa was held, hi chwas sollowed by a erce attac o the Camp. Aster Si hours' figlitin a centurio Baculus, ho ad atready distinguished hi m- fel in the atile illi the Nervii, an C. Volusenus, a tribune of the oldiers, advi sed Galba to tr a Sallyras a last resori Their advice a sollowe and wit Such Complete succes that morethan a thir par of the enem Were Stain. Eu after this uncom- fortabie experience Galba ould o tempt ortune again, buthrought his forces, firs into the Count of the Nantuates, hereti piche up the wo Cohoris, and then into the friendi territoryo the AllobrogOS. In the pring of 36 too place the amous conferenCe a Luca, whereat it was arrange that Caesar a to e secure in his Command for a secon perio of ve ears. With Ariovistus expelled the Belgae overcome, and the Alpine tribe Conquered, Caesar imagine that there a peace in Gaul,
Voung ublius Crassus illi the eventi legion ad interedfurthes to the west in the countr of the Andes Aviou). Findinga dearthis cor in his districtae had sentiu his officers into theneighbourin State to ColleC it. The mos influentiat states in his ne ighbourhood were the Veneti in the Morbilia an Loire Inferieure, ho ere the reat navalpower of the period These et the Xample of etaining the emissaries of CrasSus illi a vie to the recover of their o vnhOStages. The example a Speedit solio ed by the est, anua defensive league vas forme among the maritime states. When Caesar a informe of this movemen by the despatches stom
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DE BELLO GALLICO LIB. VII TCrassus, he sent order sor batilestii ps to beauit in the Loire and
prevent the Germans fro Crossing the Rhineri Publius Crassus was despalched into Aquitania, est id might be sent Dom there Sabinus a give three legions herewith to operate against the Venelli Colentin), the Curiosolites Cotes-du-Nord), and the Lexovii Lisi eux). Decimus Brutus as ut in charge of the fleet, whichaad orders orassemble in the count of the Veneti, hi ther Caesar himself marche with the an forces. The siluation ofthei towns, hicli,ere bulli on promontorie to hicli there asoni acces at lo Water, protecte the Veneti sto injury, and is ever the were threatene by the Roman works the had ni tostii of themselves and thei belongings to sonae ther place offasely. Caesar ound that his labour ambein throw away, and determine that he must ait for his fleet. When it came, itfeetne a first ver ill-malched against the large an heavi erships of the Ueneti But the Romans ad cunningi preparedhook with hicli the cut the opes hich bound the ard-arinsto the mast of thei adversaries, after hicli the could board their hips at their ill They id his illi the more energyinasmuch a Caesar and the lan arm were looking on hom theneighbouring eights. The barbarians egan to thin it time toretire, but the ver element fought for Caesar, for a sudde Calmisti, hic test them at the mero of the wift-ro in Romangalleys. The result was a Crushin desea solio ed by an unconditiona surrender The senate ere ali ut o death and thepeopte sol into lavery. The cene of the navat Engagement is puti Napoleon III under the eights of St. Gildas, at the entry to the a o Qui beron in Brittany. M. De ardin maintain that his is an entire mistaheand that the actio too place at the outh of the Loire. Whil Caesar a engage in combatin the Ueneti, his leu-
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tenant Sabinus ad entere the territor of the Uenelli, here helaun himself face to face illi a formidable Combinationis states unde the Command of a chie name Viridovix. The Aulerci Eburovices stureux an Lexovii ere a firs restraine by their senates Dom Oining the alliance, but in a se day the maSsacreothei Senates, Closed thei gates, and ad Common ause ith
Viridovix. The position o a Gallic senate a in hos days nota enviable ne We have Seen ne senate murdered by Caesar formining arruponaim, an no we se other murdered by the Gaul for no malain war pon him Sabinus toΟ up a Strong position an refused ali offers of an Engagement. The Confidence of the aut rose, hile thei commissariat an ut Sabinus hireda aut o play the deserter, an inform the aut that Caesar asbein hard presse by the Veneti, and that Sabinus meant the ver nex night to steat way to his assistance. The result asa Dothard attac upo the Campi hicli a repulsed illi great Slaughter Caesar an Sabinus eaCh ear of the ther' victoryat the fame time, and the Armorica war RS Ver.
The Empero b some proces of divination has locate thecam o Sabinus o a hill, 7 hilomhtres to the eas of Auranches, between the river se and the oad to Mortain. Crassus adbeen sent into Aquitania illi ni twelve Cohoris, ut o maheu for his deficienc he had been ive a large bod o cavat G. The Aquitanians ad a considerable militar reputatio achi evedin the times of Sertorius ACcordingi Crassus made Caresul preparation helare e ted his arm into the territor of the Sontiates They attached hi On his march illi Cavalta, and then unmasked thei infantry, hicli a in ambusti in a valley.
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supplieS, Sole atinc attached thei camp, and by surprisiniit in the rear hile thei attention as occupie with the main assauit,achieve a great victota, hich was followed by the submission ofth greater par of Aquitania. The summer a no drawindito a Close, but Caesar neverihelessmade a dasti against the Morini an Menapii, ho hau neve senthim ambasSadors. The protecte themselves by their ood and marshes, and by occasiona Surprise inflicte some losses o their invaders Caesar a Settin his soldier toae down their oods, when the ain came to thei assistance an drove the Romans into Winter-quarterS. These ere among the Aulerci presumabi the Eburovicesin the Lexovii, and the res of the states ith whom the Romans had recently been at war.
1 CUM in Italiam proficisceretur Caesar, Servium Galbam Ttis ut-
cum legione XII et parte equitatu In NantUatCS VCra Sorvius
gro Sedunosque misit, qui a finibus Allobrogum et 'e lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhodano ad Summa AlPe s. viiij pertinent. Causa mittendi fuit, quod iter per Alpes Galba is
si opus esse arbitraretur, uti in his loci legionem te prepare to mandi causa collocaret Galba Secundis aliquot Proeliis o ' factis castellisque compluribus eorum XpugnatiS, miSSi Sad eum undique legatis obsidibusque datis et pace acta, constituit cohortes duas in Nantuatibus collocare et ipse cum reliquis eius legionis cohortibus in Vico Veragrorum,
L. Q. Servium Gallaam. Servius of the horae above the Lahe of Sulpicius Galba ad atready serve Geneva The Seduni re supposed unde Pomptinus against the to have est thei nam in Sion or Allobroges D. c. xxxvii. 47h in Sitten. Lio xxi. 38, tallis of 6 B. C. He was a grandson of the the Seduni Veragri as a single trifesamou Orator an an rancestor os inhabiting the Poeninum iugum. the empero Galba Suet Galba 3). L 2. cito De Alvos By the He was praetor at Rome in . D. C. Simplo and the St. Bemard. Napo-xxxix. 65). leon ΙΙΙ. Nantuates, ino. Theses tribes Dortoriis. i. I 8, Q. live in Le Valais o the est anh
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qui appellatur Octodurus, hiemare qui vicus positus in svalle, non magna adiecta planicie, altissimis montibus undique continetur Cum hic in duas sartes fluminei divideretur, alteram partem eius vici Gallis ad hiemandum concessit, alteram vacuam ab iis relictam cohortibus attribuit Eum locum Vallo ossaque munivit. Cum dies hibernorum Complures transiSSent, frumen 2 tumque eo comportari iuSSiSset, subito per Xploratores certior actus St X ea parte vici, quam Gallis con-CeSSerat, omno noctu disceSSisse, monteSque, qui impenderent, a maXima multitudine Sedunorum C eragorum teneri aliquot de causis acciderat, ut subito Galli a belli renovandi legionisque opprimendae Consilium caperent primum quod legionem neque eam plenissimam detractis cohortibus duabus et compluribus singillatim, qui commeatus petendi CauSa missi erant, Propter paucitatem despiciebant; tum etiam, quod propter iniquitatem loci, cum ipsi ex montibus in vallem decurrerent et tela Conicerent, ne primum quidem posse impetum suum sustineri existimabant. Accedebat, quod suos ab se 5 liberos abstractos obsidum nomine dolebant et Romanos non solum itinerum causa, sed etiam Orpetuae OSSOS-sionis culmina Alpium occupare conari et ea loca finitimae provinciae adiungere sibi persuasum habebant. His nuntiis acceptis Galba, Cum neque Opus hiber 3 norum munitionesque lene essent persectae, neque de frumento reliquoque Commeatu sati SSON PrOVisum, quod deditione facta obsidibusque acceptis nihil de bello timendum existimaverat, consilio Neleriter Convocato
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5. J DE BELLO GALLICO LIB. VII IOI Sententias Xquirere coepit. Ouo in consilio, cum tantum repentini periculi praeter opinionem accidisset, ac iam omnia fere superiora loca multitudine armatorum Completa conSPicerentur, neque Subsidio veniri neque
commeatus supportari interclusis itineribus Tossent, 3 prope iam desperata Salute nonnullae huiusmodi sententiae dicebantur, ut impedimentis relictis eruptione facta iisdem itineribus, quibuM eo perveniSsent, ad salutem contenderent. Maior tamen parti placuit, hoc reservato ad extremum Consilio interim rei eventum Xperiri et
Brevi spatio interiecto, ViX ut iis rebuS, qua con Sti FiercetuisSent, Collocandi atque administrandis tempus dare ' 'tur, hostes X Omnibus artibu Signo dato decurrere, lapides gaesaque in vallum conicere. Nostri primo integris viribus fortiter repugnare neque ullum frustra
telum e loco Superiore mittere, ut quaeque Par CaStrorum nudata defensoribu premi Videbatur, eo occur-3 rere et auxilium ferre Sed hoc Superari, quod diuturnitate pugnae hostes defessi proelio X cedebant, alii integris viribus Succedebant; quarum rerum a nOStris propter paucitatem fieri nihil poterat, ac non modo desesso κpugna XCedendi, Sed ne Sauci quidem eius loci,
ubi constiterat, relinquendi ac sui recipiendi facultas
dabatur. Cum iam amplius horis Se continenter Pugnarotur, Successsulsati of the
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1 IULII CAESARIS 5. I a non solum Vires, sed etiam tela nostros deficerent, atque hostes acrius instarent languidioribusque nostris vallum scindere et ossa complere coepiSSCnt, reSque esset iam ad extremum perducta casum, Publius Sextius
Baculus, primi pili centurio, quem Nervico Proelio compluribus confectum Vulneribus diximus, et item Gaius Volusenus, tribunus militum, Vir et consilii magni et
virtutis, ad Galbam accurrunt atque Unam CSS SPem salutis docent, si eruptione facta Xtremum auXilium CX perirentur. Itaque conVocatis centurionibus celeriterra milites certiores facit, paulisper intermitterent proelium a tantummodo tela miSsa exciperent Seque e labore reficerent, POS dato Signo e Castri erumperent atque omnem spem SalutiS in Virtute ponerent.
Quod iussi sunt faciunt, ac subito omnibus Iorti seruptione facta neque cognoscendi, quid fieret, neque sui colligendi hostibus facultatem relinquunt Ita Com a
mutata fortuna os, qui in spem potiundorum caStrorum Uenerant, Undique Circumventos interficiunt et ex hominum milibus amplius XXX, quem numerum barbarorum ad castra Venisse Constabat, plus tertia parte interfecta reliquo perterritos in fugam coniciunt ac ne in locis quidem superioribus Consistere patiuntur Si omnibus aliostium copiis susis armisque Xutis se in castra muni-