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Belgae rose and thus began a War ior Whiuli Caesar longed, and Whicli ended in the subjugation of Gaul. CaeSar, as a Roman, Would cali these struggles fortiberty conspiractes.' ΑΗ Romans considered World- dominion as their heritage, and ali conquerors haVein ali ages done the fame. Ali reatly great generals have tinen the offensive, and Napoleon I. in this respect ranges Caesar With the great generals of antiquity.δ' Caesar's principio, like Hannibas and
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INTRODUCTION. boundod trusi in his logions. During his long administration of Gaul he alWays hept the fame legions With him, Who in their long absence froni home te nito identi sy thoir own interesis With his. Caesar's proverbial good luch was the result of this. Onlyonce had he to complain os Want of disciplino in hismen; ior, With this eXception, his legions provedine most Willing and effective instruments that alender ever had. To them Was due the rapidi ty oi his
third and fifth years), the continuat preSence Ofilanger in an enemy's tand; Auch Were the seatures of his campaigns. His personat presence during siege operations and in batile stimulated his tr00ps; and his legati never falled to urge thoir men to figlit asthough Caesar Were present. δ' A generat is Sure os SucceSS, WhOSe Subalterna are capable of such sacrificeas that of the centurion Petronius besore Gergovia, and of Auch courage as Pullo and Vorenus AhoWed. λHis tact Was AhoWn in his Way of reassuring his men, in his gentie reproose, in his curbing excessive geat whore it Was likely to be useless. δ' He set great store
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In B. C. 51 We find a notice of an incompleto legion offivo cohoris; δ' these, With a Whole legion besides, wore tost under Titurius and Cotta,δ' so that seven
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vii. 34. 2). But in the Summer a neW One appenred,
Caesar on the Arar. δῖ In 51 B. C. th0 15th Wasdespalched in togatum Gullisim ad colonius civium Romanorum tuendas, and ten remained in Gaul. In
Each legion had one of the legati, of Whom there Were ten; We find tWenty names during the Gallie campaign, because of changes. But besides his quaestor Caesar cliose other leguli,'' the principat belligLabienus, and neXt to him Q. Cicero, brother of the
Orator, Who Was Witti Caesar illi the end of B. C. 52. To mahe a just estimate morally of Caesai A conductin Gaul Wo must tae into consideration the senti-ments of the Romans generalty ; Caesar, great thoughhe Was, WaS yet the Outcome of his time and nation, and the nation must be held in a measure responsiblesor the Wronga committed. SeVerity, laWleSSΠe88, and
δε ii. 21, 23, 26; iv. 25; Vii. 47, 5l. Plui. esar 19. Frontin. i. 11. 3. Dion Cassius, 38. 46. β Such wero Ρ. Crassus, i. 52 ; ii. 34 ; iii. 7 ; C. Volcacius Tullus and L. Μinucius Basilus, vi. 29 ; D. Junius Brutus, iii. 11 ; Sempronius Rutilus, vii. 90.
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that thoir land might not go to Waste nor be OVerrunby Germans. In the fame Way he pardoned the Nervii, ut in miseros sic supplices u8u8 misericordia sideretur. But he greW harsher and harsher toWardsthose Who revolted; he sold 53, 000 Aduatuci afflaves so With the Veneti, in quos eo gravius vindi- eundum statuit, quo diligentius in reliquum tempus si barburis ius legulorum confersaretur. Itaque omni senatu necato, reliquos gub coronsi τendidit. Dumnorix, a Dee citigen of a Dee state, refused to submit to his com mand, and Was heWn doWn.'' of 40,000 inhabitants of A varicum only 800 escaped, as the soldiers Censibi eaede et labore operis incitati non uetute confectis, non mulieribus, non infrensibus pepercerunt. ' ID Uxellodunum lio cui osy tho hands of ali those Who had carried arnis against him, sparing their lives, quo testutior esset poenet improborum, and Hirtius representa his conduci afforcod Mon him by necessity. With unrelentingliate ho pursved the Eburones, bucause Ambiorix had annihil afod the forces of Titurius, and as he could noteatet, Ambiorix he thought it due to his prestige to
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TRODUCTIOR. Jay thoir land wasto. ' But his conduci to the Usipetes and Tencteri, described iv. 11-15, has
partisanship. But Caesar'A OWn account is nos Dee
hom improbabilities and contradictions. That 800 cavalry should attach 5000 Romans is in itsolfuntihely, and the complete surpri se and unresisted capture of the camp is perieutly incredibie. PossibiyCaesar Wished by a ga ted account to palliate his violation Oi internationat laW, a pollit Onwhicli ho feli strongly, and Where he himself gaveno light punishment. εδ At any rate this conquestis the loast glorious in ali his Wars. Astor the deseat of VercingetoriX, Gaul ne ver madeany united resistance; there Were isolated risingsWhicli proved unsuccesssul. The conquest of Uxellodunum brought the campaign to a cloSe. In orderio destroy ali seeds Whicli might germinate asterWariis into a War, Caesar by his mi id trestiment Won theliearis of the Gauis. ε The Pro vince ' Was completely organiged by
24. 4. 9, I 6. 49, itαque honorisce civitαtes pellαndo, principes maximis prαemiis iniciendo, nulla onerα iniun9endo defessαm tot adversis proeliis Gαlliαm conuicione parendi meliore facile in
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Narbonensis see p. xij; Κeltic Gaul, ironi iis cliteitOWn, Lugdunensis; the territory of the Sequani and Helvetii, north of the Seine, Belgica; that belWeentho Loire and the Pyreneos, Aquitania; the land OVerrun by the Germans on the lost bank of the
Rhine, Germania Superior and Inferior. Μommse 'AR0m. HiSt., Bh. V. ch. Vii., Should be consulted for an admirabie account of the importance of this War on
apari hom the Aources indicated above, to his excellent memory. λ Hirtius in continuing CaesaUs Work hadno Wr1tten matter to go upon. See Viii. pref 8. The Work Was probably compiled in the winter of 52-51 B. G.; Such a paSSage as Vii. 6. 1 could not have been Writton aiter the disruption With Pompey. That Caesar Wrote the 7 books continuousty is hight y probabie, and Hirtius says as mituli in thepreiaue to Bh. Vili., ceteri enim quam bene et emen-dute, nos elium, quum fucile et ceseriter eos perfecerit,
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INTROD NON.Aiter conquering Vercingetorix, his Work at Romedid not provent him irom Writing the histo of the
His contemporaries Cicero and Hirtius 3 asseri thaline Commentaries Wore intended to supply the materialos a fuller history to somo future Writer. But his principat object dolabiless Was to put his conduci in
48. 10.' Cic. Brut. 75, 262, dum voluit αlios hαbere parαια unde sumerent, qui vellent scribere historiαm; Hirtius, Prei. g 5, qui
sunt editi, ne 8cientis tαntαrum rerum scriptoribus deesset, adeoque probαntur omnium iudicio, ut prαereptα non praebita j cvjtαs scriptoribus videαtur.
12, Was a reali ty, and this admits us to an insight into thospirit os Roman polities.
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'Suet. Cam. 54, in Galliα fαnα temptaque deum donis refertα e siαvit, urbes diruit, saepius ob prαedαm quαm ob delictum ς unde factum ut αuro αbundaret. 7 Seo criticism os Pollio quotod above. The Want of exact-ness in his descriptions of countries Which he had Do opportunity of describing more accurately is nos to the potnt. But much falso criticism is duo to tho confusion os ancient with modorti standards of feeling. In the middie ages these Commentαries mere actualty aSSigned to Suetonius, and by many more to One Julius Celsus, of Whom nothing is certainly known, excepi that he lived about tho fixit, contury
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' Brutus 75. 262; A. Gellius i. 10, αtque id quod α C. Caesare in primo de Anαlogiα libro scriptum est, habe 8emper in