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so mewhat exaggerated. inomiis i. e. of the master. 33. Raro aliquo ct momentum, etc. a mari e contrast to the
the interest ovo ound interest,' addin interest o principat.
This passage may be reel rendere a sollows: L A rhoir Uncris D aD fheirland iaken info possession F communifies furn F furn in amotinis proporsionedio the u nater of hei members, an aufermarae ro hari hos oti among rhemomber accordine o Dank. The wides aerens of tho fracti occurio I malos his division eassu fh hau fine te S in utrivation vera ear anae hero is and DM NEr. This dissiculi passage is the subjectis more controvers than an other in the book, but find iis est explanationi comparison,ith a passage in Caesar B. G. vi. 229, describin essentiali the fame conditio of things manserasus ac principes in annos sinolo Densibus cognationibusque hominum, qui una coierunt, quantum e quo loco Nisum est a Ui affribuunt atque anno flos alio fransire coone. Compare also B. G. iv. 1 and Horace's description os the Getae Od. iii a , nec culfura place long toraρanua Tacitus description is notis explicit the expression OOCusantur, are rasten into ossession is the correlative os attritiuunt, assio, and the uSe of the present ense, describin a Custom, Correspond is Caesar' statement that the occupant are oblige tot e another piece os land the next year. ut Tacitus say nothinio the magistrates inconnection,ith it no doeche limit the occupation omne year indeed, the contexi,ould implfan occupationis more than one ear. O the otheriand Tacitus adcls the naphrtant statemen that aster the occupatio the Ahare ut the landA, Dartiuntor, among them-selves, in statemen directly opposed to Caesar'sci neque quisquam asti modum cerrumati mines habes ' frios: and again iv. 1),frisara ac fessa fiasti apud eos nihiIest. Tactitus appears, heresore, to describe a conditionis things somewhat surther advancedthan Caesar's. In Caesar' time the Germans ruere ardi advance beyon the nomadicstage, and thei clans ani families merely received yearly assignment os land sor occupation and rude cultivation. In Tacitus time, one hundre and fisty years later, the assign-merus ere probabi made for longe periods, an at an rate the tracts os land thus assigne were divide among the individualo moreover, it oes no appea that theoccupation was necessarii by clanc undedipo hinship. his ould indicate a decidedadvince ro nomadic lise not et permanent habitations o private properisti land, probabiwno even collective rofero in land. but atready separate ouseholds, With
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separate lolcos land and individua cultivation. I should e notice surther that Caesar saysivi. a) usticulturae non frudens mauorque fars corum victus in lacte, caseo, carne consistis, i lea description os pastora lise; hile the description os Tacitus silows that considerable attention was ai to agriculture, although at acio stage: solaiaerra Se aerarum Compare also the mentionis barie and wheat, Chaps XXIII. and XXV. Roscher calis this masteri description os very extensive culture,' and shows conclusively that it cannot applycio an artificia method os cultivation like theso-calle Three-field system V of the middie ages. He would rather illustrate it froin the Tartars os the Volga, Who occupna tractis land untii it is exhausted, and the pas in abodycio another traCt. The generat seatures os the description re there re, clear an intelligible thereremain, however some perplexities in single words. M1toruo may denote easant orsarmero is probably however used as in Chap. XXVIII., o inhalifanis meaning the member of the group, whether a clan or therwise who occupie a distinc tractis lancl. The occupatio by a definit grou os person is learly implied in the expression uti univeYAiΗ, whichris regularly used to denote a number os individual composinia united whole. UnivΘrsi properi requires a nou with it probabi cultoribuS, to e supplied DominuItovum. One manuscript readivi is sor in vices, and thicis accepted by Waltes: ut vious Would hardly be used to expres a corporate Ody moreoVer i is no lihely that the Germans had et passe completelydroin the organization basediponkinshi to the village community. The expression in vices, rum is turn expreSSes very wel the shisting occupationis these communities. The phrase Securiclum cligo tionQm present even more difficulty and varietyis interpretation. Prob ly the obvious rendering accordine o fheir rank, is the correctisne, Mignatio meaning nobili , office, an other roundios distinction, although here too as in Chap. XIII., it may have an active meaning accordine ro est afe whether os mani os land This again would impi a change since Caesar' time, o Caesar says distincti that ali ad an equat share cum Sua quisque fericum florentissimi aequari vi at B. G. vi. 229.
9. facillitatem, etc. I punctuale illi ullentiori aking the clauSe arva, et , explain the preCeding one. Camporum patia is no the witae tresuries of flain a it might mean, ut the reat tent of iis, ita occupied by the severa CommunitieS.IO. Eo enim, etoe, his is ne of TaCitus' regnant constructions, arie ' o no enter into a contes muri the proditot enos Vthes Soli in orde to extor a much rom it a possibie. The causal conjunctio relates to the descriptio that precedes this system fghistin occupation an culture is adopted ecause the do notenter, etC.
11. 1 ore ablative o means the ut clauses explain the pur- pose of Contenctunt. I 3. terrae, dative after imperatur sola SegeA, Me corniros alone. Is autumni . . . nomen e g. in Englisti the names Syringi Summer, inter areis Germanici rigii Aruumn is Latin.
This hapte also contain custom Strongi contraste to those
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18. CTEmεntur the custom o burning the ead was hept puniit Christian times. 22. gravem in iis physica meanini; cf. Ovid Am. iii 4 68h:
si humus cineri non oneroSirus.
3o. ivus Iulium CaeSaraay B. G. vi 24 , fuit antea tempus, cum Germanos Galli virtute superarent, mro bella inferrent proster hominum multitu finem agrique inopiam trans heu mcolonia mitterent. - etiam Gallo . . . transgreSEos referring bach to quae natione . . . Commigraverint se At present ii sthe Germans that invade Gaul formerly it a the the way. Ac matteri faci, however, the aut in German were probablyno invaders, but a remnant les bellinclin thei migration rom east
nam so the great ountain ange tretchin easteri froni thecountr of the Chatti Hesse, Chap. XXX. to the Carpathians, northi Hungary. I includes, heres ore, at the anges Whicli sur- round Bohemia the arcomani, ho certainly occupie Bohemia are sal by Velleius Paterculus ii Io8 to have occupie incinctos Her =lia Silva campos The territor here describe by Tacitus is easit identi fied by a glance at the map. The Rhine, the Main whicli runs est into the Rhine), and the Loismermali formin the wester boundary o Bohemia), fori a rude quadrangle embracing the northern par of avaria an portions os urtemberg, aden, and messe Darnasiadi, which was the territory formeri occupk by the Helvetians Beyond the Boismer alae ulteriora, a the homeo the Boii, Boi emum, rom,hicli the had been expelle by the Marcomani Chap. XLII.).14 3. Ermanorum natione : the si livedin the confines of Moravi and Hungary, a partis Germania, in the geographica Sense of the word as used by Tacitus. In Chap. XLIII., learn that theywere o German by nationality, ut Pannonian that is, a branchos the Illyria race, represente by the modern Albanians. 8 inopia and lilaertate : ablative absolute. lim refers to the time efore thei migration, the were re and oor then, and have netther ettere thei condition nor made it orse. V - utri-uSque ripae et .e., of the Danube the Aravisci livedin iis rightbank in Lower Austria.
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9. Treveri si Nervii he here passes to the subjec proposed in the las chapter quae natione eta Germania in Gallia oommigraverint. Both these tribes are familia fio Caesar' Gallic
Mar the Treveri ave also est thei nam to the modern cit of Treves AuguSI Treverorunio in Rhenish russi ; the Nervii live in centra Belgium. ike ali the Belgian tribes se Caes. B. G. ii 4 the clatine a German origin and a b assume to have been at ali event parti German Strabo iv. 3, 4 says distinctly that he Nervii ere Γερριανιμόν ἔθνος ut of the nationis the reveri, Caesar Hirtius oni says B. G. viii. 23), cultu et feritate non multum a Germanis di erebar, hil a late writer state positivelytha thei language a Gallic. - Ciroa, in essect to originin
12 hau ctulat qualisies Germanorum the nations previouStymentioned ere of doubiful nationality. The Mur nation here enumerated held the lestiant of the Rhin the Ubii about Cologne, the Vangiones abolit Wornas the Nemetes about Spire, the Tribociabout Strasburg Al of these are mentione by aeSar, and thethree last were among the followers of AriovistuS. Ι4. Dii These ere the first Germans whointere into friendlyrelations illi Rome. A early a B. C. 33 the allied themSelveSWilli Caesar B. G. iv. against the powerful Suevi They ereasterWardS, B. C. 39, remove acros the Rhine, here the received tandS, occupyinia relation to the empire somewha like that of the Laeli of the later empire rendering militar service ut aroexent)in retur for thei lands. A. D. 3 a Roman colon wa Munde in
thei territories, called Colonia A rippina Cologne), sto Agrippina, aughter of Germanicus and mother of Nero. The masculine form Conctitor, is used here se a Woman may be hoWever, thati refers notri Agrippina stom,hoin the colony was named but hergrandiather Agrippa, ho removed them aCros the Rhine. Ι7. APerimento fictoici ablative os cause decauuee of their prove i
aerii , notis a test of theses festi T. CHAPTER XXIX. Ι9. Havin spolie of the foui German tribes,ithin the limits of the two province of Germany on the est bank of the Rhine heproceedito speal of the Batavians nex belo the Ubii, but occupy- in principali the delia of the Rhine, illi oni a litile of the bank,
non multum eta ripa. These too were subjects of Rome, parS
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Romani imperii Caesar also L. G. v. o says that the Rhine
insulam incit Batavoras . 2I. Chattorum: See Chap. XXX. Nothin is now of this migration rom an other Aource, but Tacitus repeat the statement, St. v. Ia giving them, o wever extrema fullicae orae vacua culto= ibus simulque inSulam inter vada Sitam.
23. antiquae OCietatiS: See A ricola Chap. XXXVI. Thisold allianc di not however preventini us aggressionion the parto the Romans, hicli e to the angerous prisin o Civilis, A. D. 69, narrate li Tacitus in the Murth book of his Historias. 24. Contemnuntur, realeae muri indi ni F. his passage describes perfecti the conditionis the Laeti, holdin thei landis romthe empire on the tenureis militar service The Austrian ilitata Frontier for deserice against the Turiis, is occupie in precisely the
28. attiaCorum the inhabite the modern Nassau on theright an of the Rhine and of the ain. The mentioni thesecompletes the enumeratio of the tribes subject to the empire. 32. PS acthu terrae Auae nolo the fac that they unlike the Batavians, stili inhabit thei native soli, inspires the with a keener
This is the corneris Germany lyin belween the Rhine and the uppe courge os the Danube no comprising the principat artis Baden and Wurtemberg. This,as a partos the territor formeri occupie by the Helvetians, and les vacan when the migratedio witzerland Qt was then occupie bytoo setilers, and aster ard sortisiexand made apartis the empire. The frontieris the empire at this potnt presented no natural delances it was heresore necessar to construct a limes, Iimit acto, or artificiat lineis sortifications such a the Roman Constructe in many places, especiali in Britain. his limes wasiegunt Domitian and finished by his suCCessor was, heresere, in processis constructio a Jus about the time that the Germania was written, A. D. 08. It was in two paris That hicli starte hom the Rhine, nea the mouili os the ali in assau, was an earth ait illi ditch, an strengtheneo illi palisades the easter end reachin the Danube est finalisbon, was a Wallis asonry. Extensive remain os both are stillextant. Fortifications also extende along the Rhine above the mouili os the Lalin. his Iimes presented a formidabie obstacle to Germa invasion, and formed the boundarsos theempire unti the Allemanians orce thet way acros it in the ourth century, and comverted the Agri Decumates into German territory hnown as wabia hom Suevc. The nam Agri Documates is probabimidentica with Aeri Decumani used by Cicero VerU Act ii iii 6, 3), an designatin land hel os the state pon the paymen os a tentii os the produce. The word aQQuinate does no occur any here elSe. Foris sui description os the Limes, and iis influence poli civiligation, se Arnold, Denucheiraeis, Chap. iii.
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4. Provinciaε parti of Uppe Germany parti os Raetia Thisdebatable land hamno forma organigation, but was hel under militar law, the commander of the troops ein unde the authori of the governors of the wo adjoining province Baumstarh).CHAPTER XXX. 3. Chatti With theselegins the enumerationis the independent German tribes. The occupie the territor jus beyon the limes north of the ain stillanown by the name of Ηesse etymologicallyidenticat,illi Chatrio, - perhaps the oni partis Germany except
cade, and ther militar operation it is explaine furthe by
I4. iaponere iem, divide the into iis approprialeworks vallare noctem, mal e the night securei fortifications. 16. ration his is the reaclinio some of the best manuscripis α) although mos manuscript f. an b. an editor have RomanaE. Ratione certaini make beSt ense, i Systematic Acipline, moreover, the present is a case in Oint, that it Waspossibi unde sonae other discipline than the Roman. 18. opiis Suralis offoore, etc.
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The custom here describe is illustrate in the caseis Civilis, who, in his rebellion, too a simila vow, and didrio cut his hal unti he had accomptished the flaughter os the Roma legions. Tacitus Hiae. v. 61. It is also illustraled by the special distinctionis the V long-haire hings,' reos crincti, os the exovingian Frankq. The rem k, there- fore, that this quaIo belongs speciali to ignavi et tinti Iulius is probablyunwarranted. Holtetmann. We have here three distinc statemenis the vo cloaeepth hai unshorn the custo os,earing the ring and the specia honor an privilegeseMoyed by thos who thus et themselves apari. The are describe asin Endis aristocracy, Who received thei suppor seo the other member of the tribe.
6. Certum jam alveo moS Commentator conside this asmari in a contrast to the uppe Rhine, hicli is roken ii byislandR moreover, Tacitus is here proceedin sto the countr of the Chatti down the river. The contrast, howeVer, is far moremarhe with the lowe Rhine,,hicli divides into Severa channeis, an it is here that Tacitus has atready spolienis the river in connection,ith the Batavians. Oreover, hecis speahinio it here asa boundary, qui terminu Ens Bussiciat. and theippe Rhin was not a boundary but flowed through the territor of the empire. 7. Sipi a Tencteri these occupie the right ank of the Rhine below oblentet in the territor formeri occupied by the Sugambri They asterward move to the outh, and ecam thenucleus of the powersu consederac of the Alemanni. Ι3 jura suoCESsionum ritu of inheri ance.
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I4. maximus natu nothin is nown frona an other sourcoo any right o primogenitur among the Germans, and this state-men is to vague o found an argument pon. Walta, p. 6.)It wil be notice that nothin is sal o an suci right in Chap. XX., and it ab have been peculia to the Tencteri See, nc ei mani rules of inheritance, oung, Anglo-Saxon amitin ueto, p. 32. CHAPTER XXXIII. 16. J-ta: his seems to mea b the Side V, .e., Way stomthe river. The Usipetes an Tencteri dwel upo the Rhine, the Bructeri eas of them, bout the modern cit of unster. The prophetes Veleda Chap. VIII.), ho was o prominent in the insurrectionis Civilis, elonge to this tribe. The wer no sol ulteri cui to ieces, penitu ExoisiA, ut that the are severat times asterWard mentioned, and gave thei nam to the medievat Gau, forari ra. I7. Chamavo Et Angrivarios oli Angrivarii livedipo the weser about inden, Where the gave thei nam in the id die age to the iddie district of the Saxons, En Eru. The Chamaviwere probabi s thwes of them in the neighborhood o Hamm.18. penitu EAcinia nothin is now of this event rom any
23. urgentilau imperii fatia soni interpret thri as meaning that Tacitus apprehend the overthrow of the empire at the ands of the Germans It is hardly lihely, however frona the tone of theres of the book, o have so specificis application a this; ni aseeling that the empire is in a decline. CHAPTER XXXIV. 27. a tergo this must mean to the South, .e. furtheri the weser, since the Frisii, a fronte were to the north. 29. Frisii this nation, lihe the Chatti, have retaine nam and seat unaltere sto that dant this The inhabite the coasti the orth ea rom the mouth of the Rhine to that of the Ems,
Amisia. 32. IaouS a portioni these inteis,ere, inci 282, converted brancinundation into the Zuyderaee.
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out of the ocean. Schweiger-Sidier. Se the mentionis Hercules in Chap. III. 17. 2. Druso Gormanico cit is a question hether the omnia helong here Drusus brother of Tiberius, received the nam Germanicus, in virtve of his German victories; stili it neve beeam a common appellation formim, ut is givei generalty to his Son, ho, as ellos e Conducte expedition in these regiones. The great
expedition o Drusus a B. C. 2 that o GermanicUS A. D. S.
The asyndeton is quit characteristic o Tacitus.
7. ingonii nomu this refers to the peninsula os Jutland . 8. Chauciorum gena the description iver of thei residenc is hard to understand It is clea that the occupiet the coasi romthe Frisi an to the peninsula, ut it is incredibi that the could have extended long the frontier of at these nations laterilauaolatenctitur so as o ouch the Chatti . Probabi the explanation is to e Mund in the nex Chapter The pace here described was occupied by the CheruSci an Fosi, ho ad uti into a de grade condition. Tacitu does no Sa that they ere undervassatage to the Chauci, ut it Seem probabie, and the word in latere Chauciorum Chattorumque ma mea that the extended sto the Chauci to the Chatti inoipiat: r. I3, g end; G. o8 R. Ι; . 316, i. 2 end. Tacitus is fondis using the subjunctive illi both quamquam an cloneC Se nex note . 1 o. inuetur: r. 328 G. 474 Rem. H. 22, t. I.
Chauci appears o have been calle out by their havin been in alliance with the Roman s. lin I. His . xiv a describes the Chauciis an ye-Witness, as a miserable race of ishermen, livingon a barren ea-Coast, evidenti oni an utly in portioni theseople. Velleius Paterculus ii Io6 spealis of Chaucorum juven-juS, in ita numero, immensa corporibuS, Sisu locorum fusisSima. Ι4 impotentia, an os et controi turbulence S in Horace, Od. iii 3o, 3 Aquilo impotenS. - Seoreti, Seclude l. 17. ut Auseriore agant the clauseris object of aAAequuntur.
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23. octeStia, moderation nomina, resulation. 27. in Sapientiam: i. e. it reputation.
3I. Ainum alii Chap. I. benitos lanae. The peninsula os Jut-land had iis name, Cimbri Chersonesus, rom his nation Ptolemyplaces them at iis orther end. ne is tempte to identis the Cimbri illi the mri Welfh), and thus to malle them ut toliave been elis an Latham olio alway limit the Germannationalit whereis can, hinks that not ni they, ut thei companion the Teutones, eremeitS. 32. gloria is best alien a nominative. 33 utraque ipa this must mean both bank of the Same river, and this cantardi have been an but the Rhine, as that is the oneregulari referre t When ripa Sised. 34. Caatra a Spatia a hendiadys, the faces occupiere braei camps S molem manusque ma ni auis of Messe forces. 33. tam magni milua this reser to thei desea bymarius on