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2. I. Ingaevones, etc. :This is an ethnologica table similarito that in the tentii hapter os Genesis, and that bywhieli the Greelis trace thei descent to the three fons os Hellen the Italians do notappea in have personifie thei Severa race in the formos eponymous ancestors. The division here give is no exhaustive. Tacitu me on l. 3 to speahis other alleged branches, andilin H. N. V. 9 add the Vandili and eucini to the three here given. Thi three id division is supporte by an interestinclis os nations Mund in a medieValmanuscript se Holigmann p. 1o1 , an may be accePte a correctos saris it goes. The Ingaevones correspon in generat O the SAXOncos Noxth Germany the Istaevones tothe Franks of the west, and themerminone to the Thuringians os the centre. Κieperi, D 68; here the Suevi are regarde a no belonginito either of these divisioris). Thenames of the three fons os annus, accordinii Grimm mus have been Ιngo Isco, and Hermino It is tote noticed a showing the mali Practica value os his classificationi that Tacitus does no allude tori again heni t est the nations in order.
3. eo G. e. , annus, fio, although no a god is et calle sono a god. Some a Schweiger-Siciter interpret his a meaninga god severa o divine origin; V tu plure nato Seem tobe a continuationi tria filio asaignant; and moreover, the interpretatron in question would destro the unit of the race, by havingit descended rom different ponyms. - Μarsos, etc. themarSi lived in norther Germany, and would naturallyte classe among the Ingaevones the Gambrivi are notanown rom an other SOUrce, but are conjectured to have been the Sugambri, stoin the identit of
the radica syllabi e the Suevi are spolien o a tength both by Tacitus Chap. XXXVIII. an Caesar the Vandilii the Vandalso history are no mentione elsewhere by Tacitus, ut are ne of the sive great divisionigi ven by Pli ny
3. Ceterum introduces a contrast etween the ancient and genuine name mentione above, and the recent an artificia name GermanF. The Same contraSi is expressed in the wordinationia nomen non gentia GermanF, in firs the nam notis the race, buti a single nation, or ather grout o nations EburoneS, Condrusi, Caeroesi, Paemani), horae in the invasion o Gaul and whos nationa nam prevalled, evaluiAAE, a the nam of the race.
The infinitives an subjunctive os the res of this hapter stio that Tacitus is notspe in Dominis own knowledge, but is quotin the opinion Dothers. The contrast is directi With voxa ... nomina, hieli ould seem to malae his statemen a par os quianin amrinant i is probabie, homoer, that it is the united testimony, notinimosthe carmina, ut os the Germans themselvei the would os course know, justos themis and Gormans os the present day that the nasi by whicli the were familiarlyhnown was no thei rea name The passage is a difficuli onerio explain, ut it ili be
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noted that he dissiculties allate in the passagem vietores Minotino. Omit his, and we have the simple statemen that he nam Germani asiorne originalty by the nationno that is in acitus time known a Tun ri, and was extende Dona them to the whole race, by Whom the nam Was accepted That is, Tacitus testifies that the nam firstbelonge to a single nation os the Germans and this statemen is confirmed by Caesar B. G. i. ), who says expliciti that the Condrusi, Eburones, Caeroesi, and Paemani uno nomine Germani Meuansur. No the hie tow of the Eburones a Aduatuca B. G. vi. 3a , known lateris Aduatuca Tungrorum, the modern Tongres. t need nosurther proos that these soli petiyiations unite probabimin a consederacmas Germani, were the original bearersis this nam it may be conjectured that their lateriamertineriwas assumed when their originaliam ha been extende to the race A simila instanceos the specia name os the firs invader bein extende to thei hindre is ound in the Saxons ho invade Britati: eing rst nown to the native Britons thei name asgive also to the Angle who sollowe them. No satisfactor etymolog has ver beensound sor the wor Germani but is it was originalty only the nameis a single nation, like Ubii and Chatti this is no surpriSing.
In these moros lie the clites dissiculo os the passage There are two questionsci ho Was ne tofo p and what is meanti OD motum 2 scit hascius been sal that the origina Germani the later Tun Ut crossed the Rhine and expelled the Gauis, it ouldaeem obvious that it is themthat are intended by the word se or in that case Oh metum must mean o inspire far. The victorious Germani gaverit out that themwere ut a par osthei race alia the rest,ere to solio. and the name thus bestowedipo the restis the Germans, omnes, in orde to inspire themauis illi terror, Oti motum, Was readilyassumed by the est, a se issis, the nam having once ecome current, invento nomine This is the explanation ive by mos editors although hey regar the nameas elli houfers V), and so conside the terror toclie larget in the significationis thename and some editors, in orderit malae this more prominent, change victore to Victis that he nam Was give by the Gauis. Is it is amellic,ord, it is harda see ho it could have been give by any but the conquerediarty. oligmann thiniis that victor is Julius Caesar thes conqueror κατ ξοχεν - and that the motu in is that describe asseigin his troops ius besere the war illi Ariovistus B. G. i. 30 , - in thei terror theycalled these he Dentisne ones sc 'elis),V Le. permani This vie is necessarii connected illi Holtetmanti's theory that Germans an Kelis ere identical it is sussiciently resuted by the ac that the name a linown hesore the time os Caesar, ricleas Caesar constantly assumes the nam a betnia familia one even in his very firs Chapter Itm te added that is the terror,ere inspired by the meanfumo the nam in the Gallictongue, Tacitus could hardi have avoHed explaining whmit should inspire terror.
ΙΙ. et Heroulem: the wandering o Hercules stand in thesesongs in connection,ith the old genealogies. His Wandering arereferred to again in Chap. XXXIV. and hecis mentione a a god in Chap. IX. -- memorant this veri, continues the statements of Celelarant, RASignant, an affirmant, in the revious hapter ingiving the contents of the antiqua Carmina.
13. Sunt illis frona his to intumescat is a digression Sug-
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geste by the wor canunt; illi celerum the main subjec is resumed. The song already described are narrative and mythicat;
22. Aothurgium this town is mentione again by Tacitus Hist. v. 33), an is represente by Asberg, a se miles stomDiisseidor in Rhenish russia, here ome emains have been found in modern timeS. 24. Iiκi this may be the dative of the agent, but is probablyto e talienis a true dative. The altar a consecrate by the companion o Ulysses Tacitus ould have been likel to avolo the ambiguit of the dative flagency. A for the statement in this paragraph, i is no necessar foris to sist them Tacitus himself say below: neque con mare riumenti neque refellere in
26. Graeci litteria it appears sto Caesar, B. G. L 29 that these were in us by the Helvetians, and the maneasit have beenknown throughout solitheri Germany. The earlier home of the
Helvetians was almos in Confinio Germaniae Raetiaeque.
32. aliis thi Word is ejected by som editor a bella pleonaStic, ut appear tot used for the salie os emphasis. 3. . truces Et Caerulei Culi, etc : his description ould ais apply to the auis, an Tacitus himself Says A ricola Chap. XI.) that the inhabitant of Caledonia had rutila Comae, magni artus the modern Highlanders. mutilae is no red, ut red-
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dish-yellow auburn. The want of persistenc in figlit is also testi-fie tot Caesar a to the Gauis B. G. iii I9h ut ad bella suscipienda alacer ac fro tu es animus, Sic mollis ac minime resistens ad calamitates perferen Lmen era. CHAPTER V. 7. Gallia . . . Norioum a Pannoniam he mentions ontrthos paris of German whicli ere directi accessibi froin theempire; no that the par toward Gaul is,holly et but that it is here, o the lowe Rhine, that the swamp are Mund. 8. Aatia, probabi ablative the three branche of production, groWing crops, fruits an Catile are mentioned.
IO. Auus that elongo to them Honor is to e explaine asmeaning eaure or ase, an gloria fronti as reserrinito the horns- no that he had n horns, but shor ones the catile of Italfaret this da distinguished for thei siete, tength of horn, and beauty. II. Aola et gratisAimae opes this indicates that the Germanshad notoet passed holi ou of the pastoralistage.
stage of socia developinent in Whicli the Germans were at this time. 22. tu notam ali uncivilige nations are suspici ous o newvarieties of coin Englisti fovereigns,il circulate at the presentda where ther gold ieces of the fame value,ould e rejected. The coin here mentioned ere common οWard the close of the Roma Republic the errati ad toothed edges the Digati thes tam os a biga, o two-hors Chariol.
23. facilior, more cdnvenient.
CHAPTER VI. 26. Ruperent, is in abundance o super i F the were not et fuit in the ron age, and theresere made litile use of those weapons sword and lance whicli require much iron. 27. Iano in the Ianoechad atroad iron the hastior framea,
32. spargunt a poetica expression used by Virgil, AEn xii si
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but ithout uter arment just o Cincinnatus a ploughing, nuctu Plin. viii. 3, O), When ord was brough him that he hadbeen appotnted dictator then togam e tu urio proferre umoremjubest Liv. iii 26). Vergil to direct the huSban ima nudin ara, Serenudus Geor . i. 299). The Sagum of the Romans Aagulum, to denote iis CommonneSS Wa a militar Cloah, orn like the toga, ove the tunic. his passage therei ore means that the figlit ei therin the tunicisione or illi a Cloati ori S lighil a noto en
ctistinguunt e. themarii Chap. XLIII. had nigra Acuta SoGermanicus Tac Ann ii Ι4 spealis of the shield of the Germansas faucatas colore tabulaS. his is probabi the originis the medievalcustomis distinguishing the shiel by specia devices. 33 CASSis, of metal galea, of eather. 4. a. variare gyroireferito CompliCaled manoeuVres of Cavalry, in Which the ourse was hine frona ne direction to another, lihethe figure , in thei exercise the Germansis only simple move-ments. The movement here deScribe i to e understoo as a militar exercise merely, no an evolution in batile it is explainedb Some a wheeling, ut the expreSSion Conjunoto orti Canhardi mean anything ut ridin abolit in a close circle, at such
equa intervales, ut nemo OAterior Ait.
4. In univergum aEAtimanti, Dae in uisem nosti oles see Agricola Chap. XI. s. misti Caesar also B. G. i. 48 deScribe this Germa practice of combinin infantry with cavalry Accordin t hi m. theywere in equa numbers, ach cavatryman picking ut his own companion equitum milia ex totidem numero sedite . . . rus Singuli in Ho . . . el Erant cum hi in proeliis versabantur. Adeo se equite recipiebant hi, Si quid erat durius, concurrebant Healso spealis of thei speed Ianta erat . . . celeritaS, ut ubi equorum Sublevati curSrma adaequarent. 7. Definitur et numeruS, etc. thi passage probabi has refer-
ence to the compositioni the army, no to that of the mixe forceius described that is, is to e connected illi the passage that sollows rather than that hicli precedes Tacitus say positively that the hundred aere describe had n numerical value, a merely
mmae quo prius numeru fuit, jam nomen et honor est.
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It is wel known that the subdivision os the Germans, as Wollis the eopletas os theterritory, were calle hundreds,' and that this,or had cense to have any meaning init origina sense e re the eginninios authenti history. In ali probabilitWTacitus, both here an in Chap. XII. p. 7 l. reserito these historica divisions but without recogniging the lac in the lalter Case that the nam was nothinibu a name. Sees ita,
IO DET uneos: this id Germani orcle of batile, called moarshead ,r is described by Saxo Grammaticus, a composed of two mei in therars line, four in the second, and So n.
14, ConCilium the public assembly o ali reemen, described in Chaps XI and XII.
17. Rege eta nodilitate, etc. it is Seen, rom ther passages in the Germania, that notisti the German nations ad ings. Itwould appea that he natives of the eas and noriti, illi mos of the Suevi. probably there re more than hali of the whol race, - were goVerned by kings, While the republican nations ere mostly in the west an norin vest for hicli reason the were betterknown to the Roman S. Cae8ar, indeed sayS Xplicitly B. G. i. 23), that he Germans of his acquaintanc hau no hie magistrate:
in faces nullus o communis a AIratuS. 22. SACerctotilaus Caesar B. G. i. I says that he Germans have no druids, neque acri iis tu lent. It appear Clearly howeVer, rom Severa passages in Tacitus, that the Germans adpriest an sacre rites. No oubi, heres ore, Caesar ni meanSto Contrast the excessive superstitionis the auis and the power of thei priesthood with the simple an more rationa religious Systemo the Germans. The word is se studenIV whicli implies devotion. 24. emgie et signa notisimulaora Mol in human forin Theemgie Were Symboli images generali in the forin o animais, asthe wolf of Odin theciam os ii the signa were attributes ille thehammer of hor. Schweiger-Si iter. Tacitus says in the reVolto Civilis Hist. v. ah inde desprompsae Silvis lucisque ferarum ima ines, ut cuique Enti inire bellum mos est, a passage hichevidenti describes the fame customos that here mentioned.
27. Cuneum here a division fit antrF, a turma is a divisiono cavat . familia et propinquitatos Caesar says B. G. i. 22), that the assignments of and were ensibus co nationibuSque hominum. Froin the wo passages it appears that the divisions
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33. Ujeotu eotorum: i. e. by exposing themselves to the perils of the batiles; in in the batile of Aquae Sextiae, B. C. O I.
5. . THESSE, M. feminis. provictum, pro elis.
6. Velectam Tacitus telis of her in the Murth and 1ifth books of his Histories, in the revolt o Civilis. His descriptio of herauthorit iv 61 illustrates the present passage ea vis eo nationis
Bructerae lare imperitabat, verere apud GermanoLmore, quo pleraS-que feminarum fatidicas et aut cente Superstitione acturantur AeaS. 7. Auriniam nothin is now of this,oman rom an othersource. mos editioncread by Conjecture Allarunam.
Tacitus seem here to contradici Caesar, who says B. G. vi. 1 that the Germans hae
aperte opibus iιvantur, Solem ei Vulcamιm e Lunam, religatos ne iam qu en acceperuns. that is Sun, oon, and fire. They agree, hoWever, o the whole. The clites os the German god was uotan odi ori den), who agrees,ithmercur in heing the inventoris letters the godis eloquence, and the protector ostrassic thenam Meduos F Wodensday is in French Mercredi dies Mercurii . e wa originalty a sun-god, an is reserre to by Caesar a Sol. The nextis the grea Dds was Donar Thor thethunderer, whos adventure resemble thoseis Hercules, and whose attribute, the hammer, remindios Vulcan. As wielderis the inunderbolt he was more commoni identified illi Jupiter, whence Thursday, in French Dudi dies ovis . ars is eastly identified with Tito Tyr, auesdamis in French Mardi dies Marsis . his nam is etymologicallythe fame asaetis ora seor, heiod os the shy perhaps heiecame god os a in virtueos the sun's Us, whicli are in many mythologies symboliete a arrow or lances Isis cannot e positivel identified Tacitus calis he worshi a soreig rite Derctgrinum saevum, and some have there re coniectured that the worshi os the Egyptia Isis, very wide-spread, and at this perio the mos fashion te religio in Rome had in some waymade iis Way to the Germans It is more lihely that the alley, whicli sormed a partis theceremonial, reminde Tacitus os the remi tum siris, o Roman sestivalis arch s, onwhichia a procession too place to the eastiore, and a siti filled with spices Was sentout to ea. Prob ly sheris tote identified with some native German goddess, very lihelythe Nerthus mentioned in Chap. XL. Possibi stieris the sameras Caesar's Luna, but hisis hardly lihely, as Isis was a Dddess of the artii, notis thesmoon. t may be note that reminiscences os rites connected with a shi have been trace in modern times in somparis os GermanΥ.
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II. humani hostiis see Chap. XXXIX. The human sacrifices Were not however, confine to Odin. Schweiger-Sidier.)
IS. ociet actueotam religionem: .e. the shi is a symbol offoreig origin As has been atready said it is more likel that heresemblance in rites suggeste the identit with Isis.16. Ceterum, etc this simplicit of Worshiman Deedom frona idolatrycis characteristic of the Aryan nations in thei early history. So of the Romans Varro testisies: tu quam anno centum et Sestua inta deos Sine Simulacro colui e AuguStinus, C. D. V. I. 17. E magnituctine conSistent mira MD reulnera This consideration o dignit is hardi likel to e the correct explanation rathe the di not seel the tieed and the impulse of givin definiteshaperio a spiritualiein abstracti conceived. Secrermn quod Sola reverentia Ment. Their gods, although not lothe with humansorm were nevertheles distincti personifie an nam ed.
2o Aor QA: Caesar B. G. i. o States the custo of the Germans o have been ut matre familiae eorum sortibus et vaticinationibus declararent, utrum proelium committi ex usu esset
23. Corinvitetur: his is Halmys reading the manuscript have ConSuletur, but a future tens seems here Wholly inadmissible. 26. ter singulos i. e. three times ne at a time. 3O. acthuo, in ad uion: .e. the sanctio of the tot a notdeemed complete utiles confirme by USpi CeS. - Etiam io: I. E., among the Germans. Asris,ellanown this was the usual methodos takin auspices mong the RomanS. 3I. Proprium gentia, seculiar to Me race. 33. iiActem nemoritiua a lucia: .e. those mentione in thelas Chapter. 33. TinoePS: See Chap. XI.
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The princes appear seo the nex chapter tote a hindis magistrates, exercising Judicialfunctions and the word si someligit authorities renderedis es Solim, Audestiuone Reich tin Gerichtive assunm Caesar also P. G. Vi 23 says that the administere justice, and vi set Join the witti magistrateS, magistratus ac rincipes, asexercisin public authorit a rulers, no a sorminia Socia classi nobility. Fron thepresent passage it appears also that themsormed a governiniboard administering ali tesserassair by thei own authority, more important matter bein determine by the con- OiIium o assembi os citigens these oo, o ever, Commiunde the revioris Consideration os the princes PIQDQin is used here noto designate the lower classes, butthe eople, as distinguished rom the magistrates. I may be remarhed that ali specialtilles os nobiliis prince duhe, eari, etc. - were in thei origi magistracies.
13. Coeunt appear to have a it SubjeC Omnes, i. e. the AS-semblies here describe are hos of the eopte notis the princes. niAi quict, etc. Dom his it follows that the princes had authorityto convene the assembi at irregula times.
mei ly in New England the Sabbath was considere to egin anden a Sunset; and the sam rechonin is observe by the Jews and
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change turtia to turlaa which would throw the decision into theliand of the magistrates this is perhaps, inritSelf, more probabie, but there is no reason or emending the passage in orde to et a lessdemocratic interpretationi it. 21. armati: his is the usage With many early nations an continues in practice in certain Wiss canton Se Freeman, GrowM Vthes En lis Constitution, p. 7. Solamong the aulS, LiVy, XXi. o;
26. framea Conciutiunt so the member of themungariandiet, A. D. 74Ι, when the Ahouted moriemur pro regi nonro Maria Ther M. Compare the statemen o Caesar about the auis: Suo more armis concrepat B. G. vii 2I.