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punishment of deathini to offences against the state thus testi0- inito a ighis ance in politica conceptions. The punishments which solio are of the natur os the wertiadis later times, in pecuniata penalty foriodit injuries, pald, par to the person injuredo his hindred, par to the State. 33. Equorum seooxumque an illustrationis the familia factinat early nations used catile in place of money secunia stom secus.7 1 par multae the par of the wergild which was ai to
This passage is explained a meaning that the judicia magistrates of the severa districis, vox Drigo VICOS B, Wex elected, no by the resident of thei districis, but by the asse ly os in nation. ahen in connection,ith the opening words of Chap. II., clo minoribus vehu Princise ConSintum, We gather that these judicia ossicersos the severat districis also serve as executive magistrates of the natio in the intervalsos the asse ly, and a preparin busines sor in asse ly. Caesar B. G. vi 23 talisus precisely the fame ining frincipes remonum atque fagorum infer suos Ius dicune confoversiasque minuunf. Wheni SM A face nullus es communis maris rarus, communis must e taliena mea a single chie magistrate, o perhaps it may be that tho Germans advance in centraligationis authoxit in the interva between Caesar an Tacitus. The venerable Bede His . EccI. v. io mentions sa raras plurimos suae Densi praefostros, no speci*ing thei executive and judicia iunctions but implying that thesorme are the prominent ones. Se also notei Mege ex nodi1itato, eto. Chap. VII.
4 Pe Pago vicosque the agi Were the districis ove whichthe principe had authority the Vio are noto be ahen as subdivisions, ut ather refer in an indefinite a to the villages within these districis, in hicli the judicia assemblies Would natu allyie held. Sohm. 4sctctunt the indicative Ahows that he is speat in o certain specifie officer i. e. thos mentione in Chap. XI. havinclinen these powersa the Subjunctive might referto a different se of officer no firs mentioned. senteni this expresSion is probabi to e alienos referring to the undred, which was the nam of the pagus jus describe See note o Centeni e Singulis pagis, Chap. VI.). The popular cour of the Hundred, preside ove by the magistrate, a composed in latertimes of the entire body of the Deemen is his was the case in thetime o Tacitus, it would e ver eas for hi to confuse the nameo the districi meaninia hundred, illi the member of the ouri, and o suppos that these Were a hundred in number. oligmannshows p. 189 that in later times, hunno a the nam of the assistant in the popular COUrt.
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5. Consilium simul et auctoritas in apposition with comites. The members of the our gave their judgmen a tocla andusage, and this had the force of a verdici Solim, p. 6.)CHAPTER XIII.
7. armati se note on armati, Chap. XI.
asino the attainmentis majori , but emancipatio seo the sather's authority aster his was effected maiority sollowed as a matteris Course, - nolo hoc cloinu DRYS Victentur, mox TeisuhIicaQ. The sormali is emancipatio consisted in the bestowalis ashiel an lance, and the fame sormalitWwas employed in adoption in marriage os adaughter se Chap. XVIII. , and in entering into the relationis comes. When the actwas per med is a Dropinquus, it might est listi the filial relation but the Germanadoption didiot like the Roman create the 'aeria 'ofessas, ut oni kinshi With rightsos inheritance. Is the party performin the aet was Princisum iniquis, theloung manentered into the retinue Ooinitatus, os this clites, and became his man. his is the casewhicli Tacitus nomme on to describes the singularisvincisis is used in the sollowingsentenc as reserring ac to the clites, whoeve it was, vincisu Miquis, hocin- vested the muth withiis armor, and received hi into his omitatus. Geifroi p. os)points out the contrast illi Romanua , where emancipation rom the farria 'ofessas didno necessarily solio seo maioritylas a citigen.
13. principia ignationem, Me favor of the prince i. e. theone mentione in . .
In his passam clignation in is usuali talien as equivalent to clignit Oin thereadinios B and β.), and explainexas meaning that Me ranis offrinceris conferre byn te birili and the services os thei sathers. In connection,ith this DPin escis interpretessias meaning obiaciather than mariserare a to,hicli, i is enough to say that is the outh already possesse nobi birth, notitIitas, the an assigne him, that os PrincΘΡΗ, muS have been some personat authority. The meaning ranis oriri uis cis no impossibie, and would mea that the ossice os prince was easti attained by young menos nobi or distinguished birili in illustrationis,hich Wait p. 28 notices theseasewim,hic member os nobi families in modern ingdom obtain places in the arm orcivi service The whole tenor of the passage ho ever bears out the interpretatio givenabove, an both climatio an assignaro are Mund with the signification here given: the active meaniniis indeed the natural ne or clignatio. Tacitus hascius describedine formali iWwhichioung me ruere received into the state accitigens, and goesin tospea os the persona relation os o initatus, into whicli the no entered with clites os distinction. The passage in question comes in naturali here a meaning aster the have received thei Ahield an spear, they accordinito their nobilitWor the reputationis theix sather, receive the favor os the prince, and are associaled illi his sollowers, olde and more' experience men Oetoris votiustior us no Jamvriclem Dro uti riggregari tur his is the fourceis seudat vassatage.
Is aggregantur is sed in a middie or esseXive sense. meo xudor, etc. the position o personat ollower, standin in a relationis recognige dependenc upo a man higher in rank Wa Confined among the Romans, to the lower classes for hom in his
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subjectis remar that among the Germans, his relation implied no indignity.
It is a question whether the chies who were authorige to have a Comitatus,ere the samerus thosesino administered justice in the hundreds. Is this,hole passage is talcen in connection, it,ill appea that thewwere the fame. Mention has ust been made Chap. XII. os the judicialisvincisos immediatet it is sal that DPinoisum Iiqui be- stowed his armcupo the outh then that is the outh was os nobi or distinguished parentage, this honor a more readit attaine by him. The honor ahe relation os Comes is nex described, and again resereno is madesto vinoi Dein Suum. Herethe word is used sive times in siκteen lines, and it seems impossibi that it hould notiave been every time in the fame sense Caesar seem to Suppor the Same Vie when B. G. vi. 23), aster mentioning the judicia DPinoisOA, he goesin to spea of them a leadersin war tibi quis x irincipibus u concita dixi Se Gιcom more, qui equi vestans, pro reantur, consumunt ii, etc. The temporax relation describe by Caesar ouldeasit gro into the permanent one describe by Tacitus.
29. principi is dative after SuperAtitem, hicli agrees illi comitem undet stood. e have here a descriptionis that personalrelation etween hie an folio Ke whicli a develope into the simila relatio belween lor an vassat in the fetida System. 33. torpeat: his subjunctive is to e referre to the principies of generat condition. Gr. oo9). Gilderfleeve would probabi classit under deal Conditiona Sentences, with a Universat resent in
S. a. tu ars this is the readin os mos manuscripis, includ- in C. c. I is the secon perSon Singular of the subjunctive referrinito an indefinite subjeci, and practicali equi Valent to a passive,
enim, etc. these ere probabi the gist in virtve of hicli theyoung man entere into the relation os comes Waltet p. 376). This quipment of the warrior b his ord with arms,hich hould revert to the ordin the death of the follower, is What was afterwardsknown as herior
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4. Nam opulae, etc. this is to explain that thei sustenancemas of the natur os a for Services, hile the quipinent Was thecondition upon hicli the entere into the service. Schweiger-
7. annum, Me fruit of the Fear, as in Agricola Chap. XXXI. CHAPTER XU. The statement in his hapter appi directi to the clites and thei followers, who have jus been described the must, nevertheless, e understoo to e rue also of the res of the Germans in thei leadin seatures Waita, p. 77.)II. non multum this Seem inconsistent illi Caesar' state-ment B. G. vi 2I), vita omni in venationibus atque in studiis rei militaris consisti . scit not however, consistent,ith what, know of the militar clas in barbarous nation. long seasonio idienessan gluttony, With occaSiona huntin expeditions It is to e re- membere that Tacitus oes no speat here of the Germans as arace, but of the chleis and thei followeri moreover, that they erea parti agricultural eople, With whom huntin was noto necessi tyos life as,ith Savage nation S. 17. o est civitatihuA, etc. this A the beginninio taxation, voluntary contribution rendered by very man, Vixitim for the proces by hicli the hecam compulsor Se Lodge' ESS on An D-Samon Lanae La , p. 2.18. armentorum: his is a partitive genitive depending pona indefinite idea o pari suci ascis Common in Greeli See ood-win's Greest Gra=mnar 68, Note 2
24. Nullas . . . urties here is indicate the mos fundamentaldisserence belween the early institutioris of the Greel S an Romans
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and those of the Germans. The Greelis and Romaniat a very earlyperio adopte the custom o livin in cities, and ad the itythei type scire government the Germans continue t live in villages oracattere habitation. Hose untii aster the time of Charies the Great. Se Bryce, mi Roman E ire, p. 32. Indeed the aversio of the Germans to cities,ent soria that the destructionis cities generali solio edist nc upo thei conquesti a country.
23. ne pati quictem, etc. the positioni quiclom shows that the emphasis is place upo pati inter a qualisies pati, and unotas Aecto is tot tinen as equivalent to urDEA. Waltet.)26. Colunt isoret a cliverat in his passage is seen a distinc advance rom the condition of things depicte by Caesar B. G. vi. 22), rom hicli individual possessio an separate dwellingsseem tot entiret absent. Inama-Sternem, . O. W are not, nevertheless, to alie his paSSage as describin a genera practice of solate dwelli , ut rathe the possibilit of this and the villages, vici, describe in the nex sentence, are simply one formifthis practice of livin ut fons, ut Campus, ut nemus PlaCuit. Both ways f living, in villages an in cattere houses, are contraste to the juncta Aocte of the Romans. Waltet p. II 3. That
the usuali lived in village is implied in the description Chap.
XIX. of the punishment of adultery fer omnem vicum verbere a Q.
These two systems, that os scattere habitations Hyme, and os villages, Dorier, mereboth in practice amoenithe early Germans. The village system, an outgrowthis the samilyorganietation, has been investigate by on aure and others, whose viems Willio ound best represente in Englisti in Sirmenry aine' Villare Communifies. Inama-Ster- negilias made a stud os the opposing system, and has shown that the villam system Wassar Domieinias universa ascis osten assumed. Se also fre es A me Eari HAD V Institutions by ., Ross Cambridge 188o), who undertine to disprove entirelythe theor os village communities. The present passage in Tacitus is one os the mos important pieces os eviden ei the subjeci. It is osten tinen a by Schweiger-Sidler toclescribe the wo systems, the of in OIunt cliseroti, etc. the Dor in vioOS IOCant, etc. It is no lihely, however, that Tacitus distinguishe so minutelmas his; he appear onlycio describe in genera term the rura lis of the Germans as contrasted with the urba lis of the Romans Another contrast is potnted out in the village them-selves in hicli thelouses stood by themselves With litile couri ards, spatio Cive uinclat, as a present in America no a in the Italia villages an in thos os Europe atthe present, ), Onoxis O cohaOrontibus aeuinciis.
29. Temectium in apposition illi the precedin clause. Itina be questioned whether ither of these reason is the rue one;
probabi it was the native lanc of the Germans for individual life
3O. HSoitia ablative. 3I. materia, imber.
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6. Colera inteoti i. e. When in the house Caesar says B. G. iv. 1 that the Suevi ad n Clothin but shins quarum proster exiguitatem magna est corpori par aperta. 7. veste an ablative os specification. The distinctio belweenthe richlandioor is no in their having Such an under-garment. forat wore it, tu in iis qualit an materiai. Schwei ger-Sidier.)8. fluitant : such lowing arment have alway been character- istic of the Asiatic nationS.IO Tisae, Sc Rheni. - ut quibus, Sc. Sit Gr. 32o, e G.
636 Η I9, 3, 1. The de of the passage is that hos nearthe frontie obtaini trade Wove stum,hicli they like better themore distant an les civilined alie pride in the elegance of thei furs. Compare the modern JapaneSe who wear broadcloth and sit hais.
22. 1urimi nuptiiS, datiVe; f. Verg. m. vii. 333, conubis ambire Latinum. in an example Ariovistus hae two ives one
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28. in tiae munera, in reference murae iij S. 29. O . . . RE . . . O : Otice the attractionis at thesedemonstratives o agre With thei appositives. 10. . rursus, quam moSt edition rea rurAuAquo, hicli has
4. aesta Ductioitia, it mel quar sed motaeSIT. AEDEClaCulOTum . . . Conviviorum the incleCencies of the publicishows, and the familiarities an excitements of Conviviali ty. 3. Litterarum Eoreta, clan ratine corroson fence, billeis
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Ι7. ne tamquam maritum, etc. i. e. their love is no placedupo the an to whom the are united, ut iapo the marrie state whicli once enteredipon is perpetua for them even after the hvs-band steath. 18. Numerum lilaerorum, etc. the German fallie had like the
Roman paterfamilias, poweris life an death ove his children and in his was include the right os exposin and thus puttinito deathnew-bor Children ut his legat power a limite by publicopinion, Doni OTES.
19. agnatis no in iis legat sense of descendant in the male line, ut in the popula meaning a ser-born cisii reu i. e. born OSI familiami conracturam, hen the inheritanc is atready determinest an an hei exist Whos right wouldie disturbed.
2O. Alilai f. e. particulari in Rome.
s ab , speciali in clothing that the wer no diri is hown bythei regulariaths Chap. XXII ).24. Dominum a Servum this describes the mi id an patri archal type o flaver Mund in early Society. 31. Sororum filii : his Clos relation belween the nephew and his uncies o his mollier .side is frequently observe amon primitive nations. Inheritanc is osten in the Same in not however, among the Germans a is hoWn by the XpresSion herecte . . Aut cuique lideri, etc. The Latinianae of the unctein the mother'ssides avuncti S litile grandi atheri potnt to the Same conditionis things. his usage is generali explaine by the promiscuous intercourSe an uncertaint of parentage amon Savage ; butamon Aryan nations it appeam to e ecause after the fallier sdeath the sister came unde the vardianshil of the brother. 11. 1 nullum QAtamentum this is the universa customamon primitive peoples see aine Ancient Laeto Chap. i.
line in preserenue to the emale. 3. Quanto is correlative to tanto quo is ablative os cause. Halm read quanto mal in this phras also correlative to tanto b has quo S. C, tanto propinquorum, Dod relations, Acontraste with assinium connections 9 naarria e Propinquus S, however, a Wordis more genera meaning indicatin an clos relation, hether of hinship, eighborhood, or obligation.
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CHAPTER XXI. s. uncipere, etc. this right o seu Was a natura outgrowth of the institution of the family - no basedipon the right of inherisitance, but developed fidei side With it Waltet p. 71 )7. luitur: his is the wergili os later times AatiAfacti, Mompositio. It willi noticed that it,en to the family nobit head orrepresentatives reoipit Batisfactionem universa ctomus. Walig.)9. utiliter in utilioum this commutatio of the lood-seudini a money payment asina luantage for the publicieace. IO. utata, in connection mitis accordinito Holigmania, in pro- fortion D. Ia hoApitiiA: Compare Caesar, B. G. i. 23 is si em iolare fas no= putant; qui quacumque e cauSa ad eo venerunt, ab injuria frohibent, Sanctos abent; isque omnium omus paten victusque
24. calicti Caesar Says B. G. v. I , locis 'sti inimis . . . lavarentur in intinctus Warin aths,ere common among the Germans in the middie ages. Schweiger-Sidier.)26. Aua cuique menaa this probabismeans that like most halse civiliged peopte the ate by themselve and where the pleased notat a common table. 27. Diem noctemque oontinuare, furn a Danae nigra intione. 29. Taro ConviCiis a Stron contrast to the more fouthernnations with whom a stigii dispute is argued with loud orcis and violent gestureS.
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3I. KCiACencti principitius this expression has been much debated, ut appears to refer to the electionis the magistrates referre to in Chap. XII. theseianquet were a Sorti Caucus for thediscussioni candidates, as wel asither matters of public interest, cte PACE . . . et Bello an also famil alliances, jungencti amnitatilaus. It is tot notice that the electio was no made so alimite time, but for life or at leas foris long a the perSon possesse the requisite strengili an vigor Waltet p. 27 ih for his repson the wor ascinoo, denoting properi the reception into a bodyof men, o Corporation is preciSel in place. 34. SimPliCES, sen ear ed. 35 acthuo qualifie AECreta. 12. a. alva utriunque tempori ratio est, ac time receives uidue consi eration Temporia is objective genitive.
13. infeSta : .e., ointextoward them. Ι7 quamvi qualisie auctaCis. Ι 8. quo mirere, a maller of Surfrise quo relates to the Clause Among the Roman games of chance were oni allowed infestivities, etc. 22. juvenior his form is common in late Latin. 24. fictem, honor. 25. ET Commeroia tractunt, arari os T
26. Ceteri serviA these ere seris bound to the sol an tolabor, ut therwis Dee like the Roman colonus A ach ad his home an assigne toti land for,hicli e lai in produce anuother articles a ver inito formis servitude, strongi contrasted with the excessive crueit of Roma houSehold StaVery. 27. Escripti per familiam miniateriis the Roman ouse-hold had a large number of flaves, each Withiis duties precisely and minutet defined.