Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu. Vol. LXIII - 1994

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estamos en presencia de una operacion mercantil utres binariOS de hombres ...cada uno dellos ha adquerido 10.000 ducados...is IEE 150J. Asi lo entendio et Di- rectorio de Aquaviva de 1599 at indicar que, ademas de este clemplo de los mer- caderes visimilitudinem trium mercatorum ), podian proponerSe Otros ejemplΟS similaresῖ . Sin querer forZar et argumento, ya que Otras cludades de Castilla eran centros mercantileS y financteros importantes, por suS ferias periodicas, en eSpecialMedina det Campo, en Sevilla la actividad financiera y mercantit, como he indi- cado, era permanente y de mucho mayor alcance, asi como laS ganancias. A Se-Villa, a comtengos de sigio, anuia et oro no solo de Africa, sino de las Indias enmucha mayor proporcion. ASi, por ejemplo, en et trienio 1503 - 1505 llego oro americano por valor de 445.266 ducados y, en et quinquenio l506-l 10, por Valor de 979.483 ducados/3β. Centro comercial internacional e intercontinental de primer orden, era fre-cuente en Sevilla llevar los negocios asociadamente por medio de Sociedades mercantiles de tipo embrionario constitutdas por dos o pOCOS SOCiOS, con Vigeneia temporal previamente estipulada. Algo que ya existia como herencia medie-Val, en et comercio det Atlantico medio Canarias, costas occidentales de

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Africa), norte de Europa Flandes, Inglaterrai y Mediterraneo oriental Italia,

Norte de Africa, istas venecianas det Egeo), pero que se intensifica con et trato con Indias, sobre lodo a partir de 1504. NO era inhecuente la compania mercantit formada por una parria ina

Ya a los comtengos de la presencia castellana en ta Indias, en 1499, se hi- cieron, Con licencia de RodrigueZ de Fonseca, viri es de negocios, entre ellos loscuatro llamados viries andaluces. Uno de los participantes en et primer Virie colombino, Pero Alonso Nino, de Moguer, se asocio con et hanquero sevillano Luis Guerra, formando compania simple segun et modeto de las companias demar. Guerra se hiZO representar por su hermano Cristobal. Tuvieron exito volviendo con una huena cargagon de palo de Brasit, de Paria, y pertas de la ista Margarita, las ganancias fueron enormes. Por et mismo tiempo y para et mismo objeto, Diego de Lepe, Vecino de Palos, Sin experiencia marinera, obtuVΟ licencia de FonseCa y se asocio con Bartolome Roldan, companero de Colon, pero

pudo adquirir otros 10.000. Por su parte, en 1506, et Senor de Tarila, Francisco EnriqueZ de Ribera, vendio trigo, en dos partidas, at Cabildo de Sevilla, por

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neficio de T a 11 millones de maravedis de 18 a 30 mit ducados). Su renta anualestable ascendia, por eSte miSmO tiempo, a 55 000 ducados, equivalente at 43Nde las rentas de la Corona de Castilla en et Reino de Sevilla 12J.458 ducados). Estas ultimas suponian et 1 TR det total de las rentas de aquella Corona' '.

tiva a las riqueZas adquiridas con la consiguiente perdida dei prestigio y dei po-

en Sevilla, Con los mercaderes y con los intrincados problemas de morat econΟ- mica que comportaba el trato de Indias, entre ellos et de las ventas al fiado. LosjeSuitas predicaron contra tos abusos de esta practica. Se hicieron restitucioneS,

incluso por parte de los lihos respecto de to heredado de sus padresy l. Ya tentan los sevillanos siquien los revolvieSSe y quisiese ayudaris. Uno deestos, et rector dei colegio, et P. Doctor Diego de Avellaneda, antiguo profeSorde teologia y rector de la Universidad de Osuna, organiZaba y preSidia casos de

Conciencia en et colegio sobre cueStiones economicas a los que acudian loS mer- caderes con sus dudas. Una de estas cludas de conciencia, en 1563, Versaba Sobre

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un Caso arduo de restitucion de 100 000 ducados. Los mercaderes, deSpueS dediScutirlo con otros religiosos, dejaron la solucion at juicio de Avellaneda, a quien te ocupo la dilucidacion dei caso varias conferenciasyβῆ. Esto da idea de lo que se podia ganar en Sevilla y de la aplicacion practica de los ubinariosis varios decentos mas tarde. Habia caSΟS en que, por raZon de justicia, era obligado et driar sila Cosa adquisitan, no solo en afecto Sino iambien

Conclusion Con eStas notas solo hemos querido contribuir a estabiecer una hipotesis detrabrio para una mayor profundiZacion en ta experieneia vital de Inigo de Lo-yola, muy poSibi emente tenida en Andalucia y, sobre lodo, en Sevilla. Experiencia que pudo haber Hercido su instrio en ta formacion de una mentalidad y unmodo de hacer, asi como un recuerdo vivenciat de una realidad existenciat. Como et buen escriba dei evangelio, Inigo pudo, at momento de Su conVerSion, sacar det arca de sus Vivencias lo nuevo y lo Viri O. Aunque esto Virio tomaSenueva luZ al ser revest ido de to nuevo. SUMMARY

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This hypothesis based on the presence of Inigo with the court in Seu ille explains certain images and language of the Spiritual Exercises. Priego's going out to meet Ferdinandand Ferdinand 's clemency in commuting the death penalty recali features of the meditations of the first week. The arrival in Seville of many knight including ones hom Eng-land and of the common peOple to place themselves under the orders of the King offers extraordinary similarities to the Temporal Mng's plan: the style of Ferdinand 's correspondence, to iis language. The African enterprises illuminate with new features the look of Ignatius, atready generat of the Society, tOward Barbary and his plan against the Berber and Turkish pirates in the Mediterranean for the recovery of the lost military postsin the north of Africa and the expansion os conquest in the region. The delay of the African enterprise and of the crusade to Ierusalem and the determination os Ferdinand todefend the pope and the unity of the Church, in the light of the convocation of the councilos Pisa by dissident cardinals against Pope Iulius II, and the invasion of the Papat states by the Mng of France, Louis XII, recali both potes of the Ignatian vocation: IeruSalem-

The cosmopolitan air of Seville with peopte os ali nations, language and color and iis Sequela of sins possibiy hold up a mirror to the composition os place in the contemplationos the Incarnation. The socio-economic contexi of Seville with the rapid enriching of the merchanis and the ascent in the sociat lauder, which gave both prestige and power, illustrates the relation os riches ainglory-pricle in the meditation of the No Standatas. The preVailing corruption causes One to speak of Seville as the Castilian Babylon and the Spanish Cairo. The meditation of the Three Classes tres hinarios of Men reflects the

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Fr. Samuel Κnox Wilsony ', president of Loyola University in Chicago Illinois, was the driving force bellind the munding of an Institute os Iesuit History at Loyola University in Chicago, but the idea was not completely new. Precedents exist as far bach as the seventeenth century. The Bollandisis 1643 to the preSent) were a group of scholars dedicated to research on the lives of the sainis: the Memoires de Trevoua 1701 - 176T) represented the joint effori ofmany Iesulis: the Dictionnaire de Spiritualite 1932 to the present) is a more recent example. The Monumenta Historica Societatis Iesu hegan in Madrid in 1894 and then moved to Rome in 1929. In 1931 it hecame a part of the Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu, which now includes as weli the Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu and the Bibliotheca Instituti Historici S.I. and sponsors other Iesuit related projecis, mostly but not exclusively pertaining to the earlyhistory of the Society of Iesus.' ' Two evenis during the pontificate of Pope Leo XΙΙΙ hailed the growing importance of historical research for the Church. Ιn 1881 the Pope opened the Vatican archives to scholars.* In 1883, in a letterannouncing the opening of the Vatican Library, he quoted Cicero's famous de- Scription of history

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THE INSTITUTE OF IESUIT HISTORY

At least as far bach as 1908, Iesulis saw the need for scholarS who were prepared not only for the pastoral ministries and teaching on the secondary levet but also for teaching and research at the university levet. In that year Fr. Generat Frang X. Werngy J asked Pope Pius X for permission for scholastics who had completed their philosophical training to attend universities, including non- Catholic universities, for further study in the secular disciplines. PermiSSion was granted on 15 Marcii l 908ῖβ'. Eight years later Fr. Generat W OdZimierZ Ledo

SwitZerland asking for a perfect observance of decree 14, no. 9 Of the Twenty-Fifth Generat Congregation 1906)ῖρ'. The decree expressed the destre of the congregation that provincials should consuli those involved in the formation ofScholastics for guidance in choosing theologians for speciat studies. On 15 September 1918, at the request of the General, ΡOpe Benedici XV renewed the permission of 1908 allowing scholastics atready enrolled in state universities tocomplete their studies and earn higher degrees and allowing other scholastics, having completed their philosophical training, to pursue further studiesῖρ'. In 192T a questionnatre had been filled Out by members of American Iesuit colleges and universities; the resulis were sent to Father Ledochowski. In response to that questionnaire, On T June 1928 the Generat wrote to the AmericanJesulis noting the lack of sufficient numbers of highly trained Catholic profes- sors, and not Only Iesulis. In line with what was heing done in Other countries, heencouraged the establishment of a fund to afford exceptionat graduates an Opportunity for speciat studies with a view to developing future professorsyqy. I oyears later on 8 December 1930, Father Ledochowski remincled the Americanprovincials of his letter of 1928. Iesuits were to be leaders, not followers, in the educationat activities of the nation. The need to join standardiZing agencies and the need for united purpOse and concerted action made it imperative that Iesulis acquire as many higher degrees as possible'q'. Ledochowski's 6Instructio pro Assistentia Americae de ordinandis universitatibus, collegiis ac scholis altis et de praeparandiS eorundum magistrisis followed on 15 August 1934. Article 15 con

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This document became the Magna Carta for American Iesuit research

midwestern colleges and universities.