De vita et moribus Julii Agricolae et De Germania: Agricola and Germania;

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24. regia utilitam restibit utilitati, a ἁπαξ εἰρημένον although thenominative alone O the dative is frequent p. note ch. 13 7. Chapte 45. 25. pigmam a prope inmotum P. Ote Astr. 10, 20 mare pistrum, the aliud mare e in here Sed ecause Oceanus in the precedin chapter ll. 9. 2. 22 designated th Baltie. 26. Cluctique terrarum Ortiem : P. yr. ,3 2o Oi northerii Caledoniaci ii ipso terrarum ac naturae siὶe. in lictem is pro nec by the fa t. 2 T. Cactentis for occidentisci Poetie. p. Verg. Aen. IV. 480, Oceani suem iuxta solemque cadentem Hor Carm. III. 1, 27 inanil. IV. 701. nly the Summe Sol Stice chore, as in Astr. 12, 28 ff., alieninto account for themidnight Sun probabi no Roman ye ad ever

444 dies hebetarat sidera Val. Fine . 1rνογὶ V. 37l. Sonum . . .

auctirici his hissing ound was supposed to e due to ille que ne in Ofth solar ire in the ocean. It is ii Si referrest o b Epicurus,

σίδηρον ἐν δατι therealter frequently e. g. Posidonius in Strabo, III. 1, 5 Stat Silv. II. 7, 25, strido, remque rota cadentis audis Juv. XIV. 280. Tacitus stanus alone in attributing the allege phe- nomenon to the risin Sun, ut P. Our re lay Germ. TayeSan bruch. EmErgentis Se solis eae Oceano, alSO DOeti ior orientis Solle Aratoa, ii l. Sese emergens Sc. Sol).2. formasque equorum Tacitus aut Orities may here have been mistest by the Graeco-Roman conception of the eliario horses O Helios a least there is nothin to correspondo cit in Germani mythology, and Tacitus himsset is sceptica a to the truthii the Statoment. 00beloW. Tactio Capiti : .e the corona adiuta o Helios Thesupposition that Somesam information abolit the aurora borealis gaveris to the notion is uritonable for th author i Spe attingi sulariSe. Persuasio superstition popular belle s. The ori is iten Sed in asimila sense by Tacitus, in contrast Osdes, and fama vera, . g. Diu

3. HuC Sque . . . natura: O O this potu on ly, and by true repori, aetend the oorid. p. the interest in passage in Sen Rhet. Suas. I. 1, aiunt . . . ultraque Oceanum i ui sus ali litora, alium nasci orbem . . . facile ista sustuntur . . . ita est rerum natura, OSt

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omnia Oceamis post Oceatrum nihil. Tacitus held to the disk-sha pedioran of the arth p. notes Astr. 12, 32. 1. The confident aSSertion, et fama vera, an possibi be duo to the information furnished by A icola' circumnavigationis Britain. g. Ergo i. e. Sine ille Ort is iere at an end I no turn to the eas of the Ballic Suedici marisci liis designation to tho Baltic Occur Ont here. p. note ch. 43, 19 Suebia. AEAtiorum gentea: the bolonge. to the Balto-Slavi grou aut are the anceStors of the old russians, Lithuanians, an Letis. Thei language, hich to theuntra ined ear o traders for it is to thum that Tacitus information is ultimatet to e tracsed bach so unde like Celtio, ould e alone Sufficientu Stam the Aesti as non-Germani Q ut theriae that languageis ne i the principat criteria o etlinica disserentiation is a comparativel modern discovery, ani TacituS error is, thereiore, quite

S. lingua Eritannicae propior the ritisti Aland were conceived as uelimeare to these region than the are, and liene thel inguisti relationshi o Aonio Otho Celtic longue illi that of the Apstii the more readit suggesto itfelici unscienti sic observerS Whohail parit otii Pollen. s. atrem cteum i. e. m. deorrim, S in Ann. IV. 64, apud aedem Matris deum. In ali probabilit here the fame a the Terra mater, orMayna Mater Idaea, mentione eli. 40, 3, here Se note TheSe Ult SWer cloari distinguished by the Romans, ut the w arin Oi animal symboles by the devote es of the Mayna Mater and tho simila praetice noted among the ostii ere sufficient for the interpretatio Romanato identis th two deities. T. forma aprorum geAtant ille boarmas a Germani symbolii courage. Cp. 6Owuli 304.

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11. latiorant: the culti rate. AS a transitive Vert, Or elaborrere, the veri, is qui te common in poetry ut in the ense callet for here,

cannot menn eashore ep. eloW l. 13 , he usual interpretationwhicli regarus his clause a a genera State ment more closol dos ned by the peXegeti agri te. t unienable There is in ali probabilit areferetice here to seu sfheries, at eas Adam of remen lith 0ntvry stili says of the Aestii, pellibus abundant peregrinis and acitus himseli spem to allude to the Same occupation in ch. 17, 12, hore exterior Oceanus et lyn0tit m mare designato tho Ballio. Tli identical liras occur Astr. 30, 30.

norum. This Statenient flati contradi et ali iliat e now of lio provena nee i amber, o the lioenicians rought it at a very early

dato rom tho Ahores of the ori Seu nor id Pytheas, ited by Plin in his elaborate account of this substance N. H. XXXVII. 2, 11, 31-51), RV referetice to any ther regionS; nati it a th0rethat tho Romans ecam aequa in ted illi it in the expedition os Drusus 1 D. ). Tli iaci that aditus pentis ni of the alti e Aestii in his connection a impi that in his time the colloetion

oeuturus, sintars biit a Taeitus, mistocli his authorities, rogaritodine Aesti as Suebi Germans, he naturali took laesum to e theia

Word io sucinum. p. also lin. N. H. l. c. 42, eritim S . . . ub Germanis adpellarii taeSitni. 13. quae natura Se sit quaeve ratio gignat: υ hut is it character Or 0hat processii res ris to t. 1g. ut artiaris i. e. iis, ut in barbaris, res is to e expecte iamon burti trians Forolii frequent Se of it. P. note h. 2 8. 'noli subjective dative, se note h. 3, 30. QuRESitum OmPET- tumum ille forme refers more particulari to natura, lie alter oratio. p. note eli. 2, 2. Tli folioWingis ne of the extremel te vpassage of the Germania allude to by later riters ior Cassiodorus, in a letterito these ver Aestii, ives them tho information hiuli theyare here Sal to liave lacked hoc quodam Sic t Cornelio scribente lestitur, ete.

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15. tu, te the ancient amber trade of the orthmea a in thoiand of the Phoenicians, and thereiore i hoary antiquity. Under tho nam Oi λεκτρον, amber i mentione repentesti in Homer, e. g. Odyss. IV. 73 XVIII. 296 also in Herod. III. 115, εξ ἐσχάτης πίπης . . . τι ἡ λεκτρον. SubSequently it a brought ouili vertant, onerout lead in to ille laeti ea, the ther through the territor of the Venecli, tho solitherii Deighhors of the Aestii, O Pannonia. P. Sp. Plin. N. II. l. c. 43, Veneti primum famam ei rei fecere proximique Panno triae. Fro moliat odoWA it ould Seem that amber a an artici os adornment a no generali introdueexamon ille Romanstill the time impro anxit is pon his fac that Taeitus, ignoring aSh does the olde Northio trade, apparenti base liis therWiSe un-Warrantest intement. Quin etiam on the annStrophe, P. Olech. 3, 29. Eiecitamenta probabi a Tacitean coinage, found Onlyhere ani in Apul Apol. 35. The more vulga mari pi rgamentum, laused . g. by liny, .c. 35. 16. ACEDat lay efflected. In his ense speetali frequent in Cicero. In Tacitu again, An n. XIII. 55. -uria nostra the Roman ore of luaeury. ectit nomen Sc. sucilio brouyht intosashio γι, reptile. Titi mea ning of nonheu i generali common. With the thought, p. lin. N. H. l. c. 49, 3 ornitibus denique aliis vitiis aut ostentatio aut usus filacet, ii suciihi Sola deliciarum cou- scientia an Astr. 12, 11 f. Ipsi in nullo usu amber raceleis, amuletS, utensiis, eapons, et: haVe been Ound in grave On Aestia territor belongin to the tone age. Tacitu Wa here mi S- informed. 17. Tucte legitur, informe perfertur i. e. t is athere in iis rough, natura Stato, and rougiit o Rome incit Slia pelos form to bothere manufactured Rude an insomne are again combinei in Dial. 18, 5 20 12 γινι. XII. 35. pretiumque mirante ACCiPiunt: so Adam otia emen says of the Aestii in generat auruli et arssent unι

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21. Cluctuntur, includuntur. Simple or compOuni Vorbs re notioseabi froquent in his hapter See bove, l. 3. T lessunt, testitur for Ontessunt, contestitur 23. sudantur Or insudantur 25, labuntur for delabuntur FeCunctiora: ather fertile. 22. IuCoAque : Se esse, eaSil Supplied irona the inesse tolloWing, particulari a the latior is equivalent to esse in Orienti AECretia in the remote restions of the East. So Amria Mare. XXIII. 6, 33 Indiae secreta penetraret. P. also h. 41, 18 Hist. III. 63, secreta Campaniae tura Dalsamaquo irankinconse came rom the Arabian Sabaseans Verg. Geory II. li), balsam hi est iroin thegardens fuericho in Palest inse. 23. Auctantur a re distiHed rom. For the paSSive ep. Ovid. Met X. 388 sudataque lissu tura. 2 g. quam matter chich. 4Cini soli the lose proXimit oi the sun is naturali inferret irom lineo, sonum, etc. In virtve ithis alleg0d iaci, iis uat a correspondingi intensifled, and enceb0liove to eras offective a theatra temperatur of the a St. Formsimila pseudo-seientis explanation o natura pho nomena Parn edwith a similar atrii superior linowledge, P. Astr. 12, 1 f. 25. latiuntur . . . Exunctant: e bould Xpeet the Subjunctive, Dut the instieative in oratio obliqua is ne of the characteristic eatures O Taeitean Style actuErsa, contraria. O iten ; illi litora,

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menta in V Ue, o mari, risu en). In lirest the reat' Orosi is, itis aid that Suione rest nant usque ad terram feminarit m , ni Adauios remen, dolabiles identitying, albet erroneoiasty Aesilan withtho lan o tho A0stii telis A that it a siluat seu terrae feminarum

proxima, an inhabited by a raee o Ama ZonS, consterning Whom horetate many aDulous tales. In te of thi ignoraneo, a late a thellth century, Tacitus simple Statem ent Alio v a commendabie Aelf- rostraint. The Sitones ere unquestionabi Finns no Germans, ut Tacitus restri et the lalter O the mainlaud. Continuantur foliore closet y pon. 3O in tantum Oiten in Taeitus for the more Sual tanti m. Se noto Diui 2, 15 in quantum 24, 27 32, 16, in autum.

on Ιεύκη Pine), an istan in the lower Danube. They ero a merobranuli O the Bastarnae. ut their Germani Charaeter a viij ustly rogardei a doubliui. p. Strabo i. e. Polybius 2 VII. 3, 17, σχεδόν

τι καὶ αυτοὶ του Γερμανικου γένου δντες Se οἱ Βαστάρναι), εἰ πλείω φυλαδιηρημένοι . . . Πευκῖνοι. But in Plin. N. H. IV. 13, 28, 9, tho constitute ne of the sive roups O Gerniani tribes. Engctorum: tho lator laus, calle Menden by the Germans themselveS, Whicli is

supposed toto a generio name, mea ning nomads. Fennorum thes iniis. his is thoi earlies m ntion and thoi nam Oeeur in notator Roman writer. 2. Sarmati here Sed in a Widor ense than ii peti. 1, 2, here

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Conulati . . . Oectantur : by interm arriastes the hau to ome extent acquirρd the Omel appea rance of the Sarmatae. his fac isgi ven a the ni ioatur that mi glit ossibi militate against the assumption o the Germani charaetor Oi the Peucini, in te o What

I. 79 praedae mustis quam multae intenta . . . tu diue praedae. B. Erigitur rises, the PaSSive being n Oiten in ne itus used ars amistille. O rising round o. g. h. 27, 29 Verg. Aen. VIII. l6, λι- Silia . . . eris itur Hist. V. 6, praecipuum montium Libatiun eristit se Iudaea). Although Ptolemaeus also penic o Οὐενεδικὰ ρη.tliere are no Ountain o any Si Z in these regiones, Dor oes Tacitus

11. Sarmati α apud Sarmatas. P. h. 45, 14. a 'buris Theusual interpretation, liteli akes illi a n Shorten est compariSOn comparatio con m/diaria tor Sarniatarum moribus is incompatibi e illi vivmitibus in plaustro contrasted illi domos istunt Thismodo i ii is fisen Scribest to ille Scythians, a raee losely relate lio, ii notridentica with, the Sarmatiaris. P. Pindar fruum. 72 82),

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examplo of the ianuisul ideatigation O unknoWn Orther races Rocharacteristic irili ancients from Homerio Wn. p. Introd. p. I xiii. At ille Gurmani traiis Oi the Fenni are accentuniel, hile the ethnica distinctions a re ali caretuli enumerate an investe With a halo of romanee Some o ille color of the pietur Seem to have been contributed by Lucretius. Se belOW.

13. O . . . non . . . non : H ille naphora here and againcit. 19.22 See Introd. p. lxvii. Penatem i. e. the haVemo iam ii lii orsiXed habitations. p. h. 15, 8 25, 1 f. viCtui herlaa: .e theyhavem aniculture, ut ueli egetable oo a they use roWs i ld. This could O courSe be rue Only O the Summer, ut Tacitus habituali ignores tho inter in his neeount of the remote orth, do ubilessbecauso the information vallabie to im as originali gathered by trader Who ould visit hos region Ont in summer See l. 8 .and note h. 45, 26. The Stight contradiction et Neen illis Statementand l. 15 f. must noti to elosely presse in a deScription O largelyimaginative particulari a it ma have been in pari caused by the Lucretian reminiscone cite below.1g. Culatio humus cubile tor cubili is intentionali used to markthe lose of the asyndeton, simila devices ein characteristicii Taci- tenn Style. The Same PhraS Occurs, e .g. Curi. III 2, 5, 15. Witti

bone This is sal to have been the practice of the Sarmatians Fausan. Ι. 21, 5 and the Iunc Amm. Marc. XXXI 2, ), an it is stili in v guo in Lapland and inmortherii Siberia. 16. alit the veri, is here perhaps sed in tho figurative ense sylvin occupation to for to Santha both mei and women partook of

the amo i a gratuitous an Seli-evident Statemunt, noto mentiontha partem . . . petunt Ouid thus De an intolerable tautolo . The hole passage impi describe an active ut-door lite talien pior the mos part illi the chase passim : in ali lirections derive frOm pando, to spreail. In Tacitu this meanin Oeeur Ont herean Hist. I. 81 Anu. VI. 50 XI. 32. Comitantur : Se feminae virOS. Partem fraectae petunt alliterative. The entire Statementi confirmedi Procopius 6th century), whose descriptionis the Fenni in generat is in remarkable agreement illi the accountii Tacitus.

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1 P. altu . . . Contegantur olii S Whother rue o falso, is also oni applicabie O the uti inter Senson. The paSSage Seenis O be anoelio O Lucret. V. 955 f., cavssuit montis silvasque colebant Et frutices inter condebant squalida membra Verbera ventorum vitare imbrisque coacti 970 i. membra uda dabant terrae . . . Circtim e foliis ac frondibus involventes 98 ff., saecla ferarum Infestam miseris faciebant saepe quietem . . . intempesta cedebant O te paventes Hospititus saevis instrata cubilia fronde ferarum imUri-umquo ObjectiVe genitises. p. Plin. Epist. IX. 39, 2 sus ityium aut imbris aut solis Anii. IV. 60, malorum sussuffiit m an note h. 16, 30, here receptaculum is also sed illi suffustium.1B. aliquo, quodam, RS in Dial. 39, 10, aliquis Oratorum campus. Tamorum, et e Witti the State ment, P. Herod. IV. 23 υπι δενδρέ , δὸἔκαστος κατοικηται Se the Scythian Argippaeans). Similar uis mademi iret harii, aro foundis. g. mong the aragassian Oi Siberia and the Laptandors. ut ni in Summer. 19. Aenum TECeptaCulum: i. e. Si longe capablem hunting. 2O. Eatius arditrantur: i. e. Sic se . vivere a. ingemerct agris temere in astris. P. Heret. V. 209, bidenti Instemere Verg. Georss. I. 45, aratro instemere Hor Epod. V. t instemens laboribus. The dativo alter compotini verbiis in poetry and OSt-AuguStan proSeirequently rised in a locul SenSe ayris, domibus here. p. alSO

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23. remittitoillimam actseCuti Aunt: P. Astr. 4, 2 l, et limitque, quod est docillimum, ex sapientia modum illi ne voto quictem opus Aset asseOrdin to Socrates, O uestre litile is clivino. ut liewho destres east is noni est to the odihead These inli-human Sav- age haVe, OWeVer gone Ven beyondoliis. Tacitus in his lietorical tot has here reaclied the rotesque. p. lio WeVer Justin II. 2 9, of ille Scythians, haec continentia illis morum quoque iustitiam edidit nihil alienum concupiscentibus, quippe itidem clivitiarum cui ido

est, ibi et usus . . . O illis naturam dare quod Graeci oussa sapientium doctrina tiraeceptisque philosophori in consequi nequeunt, ciHtOS-que mores incultae barbariae conlatio usi superari tanto plus in Hisproscit vitiorum 'noratio quam in his Dynitio virtutis. 24. Cetera iam alaulOAM: al else rom here on belonys to esse nil, in19lying that the recedin Statem sentes ore, in Tacitus judgment, satisfactorit authentio. Hellusio a Plin. N. H. IV. 14, 27, 90, probabi montion thesanae Hople under tho nam Hilleviones, ut heplaces item in eandi navia. Sionas the SS. havse different renuings, uehis Elisuas, hieli is referred by omen ut Deither

cannibal S, Ama Zons, and giant s. ors mytholog is significanti fullo like reatures It is however qui te poSSibi ilia ille particula laether reportodia have been a sed upon the impresnon hieli menc0verost With the hinsit ili beast masto iapon Roman observers. simila statomen is found in ac Ann. I. 24, ambissuas honuinum et beltiarum formas, an ille ut incompertum, et in implios that he was no qui te prepare t rejeet these reporis acina POSSible. 26. in ectium relinquam Aulus Gellius N. A. XVII. 2, 11 Say that in medio a the more common, ut ilia the aecusative Aprobabilius sistis incautiusque itieing usedin the analog of the Greeli

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