A History of the Commandments of the Church

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All these regulations prove that there Was notaW in the proper sense, imposing a strici obligation. Peoplo Were inrited to communicate frequently, and those Who did not recesue at least three times a year Wers demed poor Christians, but they Were Christians neveriheless. Α large number of them receiVed the Eucharist only oncea year. Α- this Was not a neW praetice. At theend of the murin centu , the author of the treatissDe Sacramentis testi fies to the custom. Ηs laments over it; ho granis he Was beller informed

than Theodore of Canter Vin that many Greeis

exeommunieati sunt, sacramenta corporia et aanguinia Christi au- menda aunt, et in Coena Domini, et in Paraa ve, in vigilia Panchae et in die Resurrectionis Domini, penitus ab omiabus eommunicandum, et ipsi dies paschalis hebdomadae omnis aequali religione colendi sunt.' THEOD T. AURELIANEN. Capitulari

xli. MANAI, t. XIII, 1006. ε Capitia. xxix. MANAI, L XIV, 957. Mysa Eoaeri ι ., Concit. Anaan. , c. xli. MANSI, t. XIX, 192. εο Corpori et sanguini Dinninico quotidie in quadragesimλmajori si deberetis communicare consulitis : quod ut stat Dominum

omnipotentem suppliciter exoramus, et vos omnea vehementissimo exhortamur, at tamen mens in affectu peccandi non sit. . . .

Interim tantum quadragesima, quam mos Ecclesiae majorem appellat, omni eat die aervato superiori tenore communieandum.' Aa oonsulta Buisarore. ix. Migne, P. L., t. αα, 983, 984.

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. - Si quotidianus est panis, eur post annum illum sumis, quemadmodum Graeci in Oriente facere consueverunti Ami quotidis quod quotidio tibi prosit.' De Sacrament V, iv, 25. Migne, P. L., t. XVI, 452. Sunt autem intra sanctam Ecelesiam qui raro communieant, et qui quotidie. Faciat autem unusquisque quod Meundum fidem suam pio credit ea- faciendum.' Ds Emisai tiria Omo., I. III, e. xxxiv, de Eueharistia. Migne, P. L., L CR II53-1154. 7 TMODULTI AURE AI N. Capiιυι- xliv. vigne, P. L., t. CV, 205.

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Yet, litile is litus, Ming in communion three

tom that the generaliw of the fiathlal domplied With it ; the negligenes of the lineWam manifesteditseu rather is insuffcient preparation than by

33 Sunt item plerique . . . qui hoc sacramento partim incuria, partim desidia adeo se a trahunt, ut vix in anno, nisi a tribus tantum festia praeclaris ex consuetudine Potius quam ex devotione faciant. GNAE AUREMANEN. De Inatitution. LM-ι., I. ΙΙ, e. Hiii. P. B., L UVI, 202. . JONAE AURELIANEN., ibid., 202. Cf. nou. Morere lari et ismpori in Formann. μωμαι. Post ann. 960, α xu. MANSI, LXVIII, 433. 40 'Quater in anno, id est, Natali Domini, et Coena Domini,

Hacha et Pentecosta, omnea fidelea ad eommunionem corporis Maanguinis Domini ac dero admonete.' RATHER. VERONEN. Epist.

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but three communions on the great sensis M Besides, an attentiis reading of tho conciliar and other documents sh-s that these three communiona have netiner the fame importance nor thesams degres of obligation. The most important Was incontest ly that of Easter, Whether it Wasreceived on Holy Thurstay or the folloWing Sundam Easter Communion is alWays insisted upon, Whereas the speciat preparation to bo made for inscommunion os Chrisimas or of Pentecost is lassfrequently mentioned. Caesarius of Artes speahsos ins Chrisimas communion; but most Writers mention oesy the Easter Communion, Which is smetimes prepared for by the ossice of Good Fri-

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εο Cono. Toletan. IV 6333, c. Vii. BRUNS, L I, 224.ε. In Coona Domini a quibusdam perceptio Euchariatiae negligitur. Quas quoniam in eadem die ab omnibus fidelibus, moeptis hiaquibus pro gravibus criminibus inhibitum est, percipienda ait, ecclesiasticus usua demonstrat, cum etiam poenitentes eadem die ad percipienda corporis et sanguinis dominici saeramenta reconciliat.' conciι. Cabilonen. H i 813 , o. XIVR Mo-- ω-- Consilia, t. II, 283. 47 Aliud quoque ponena regina juasit, ut ostenderent qua ratione dio sanctas Paschae secundum morem sanetae et v tolicae Ecclesiae sacramenta corporis et sanguinis Christi numero negligerent. In die resurrectionis Dominicas ad Hua me am in catholica fide accedentes, carnem et sanguinem agni immaculati Jesu Christi, non ad judicium aed ad peceatorum sumimus r missionem.' Gno. Bootien. ia ut 1076 , Metio M. MANSI, LXX, 480.

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olarios mors frequent communion Was required.

ciat in Origin, had graduald extended iis sphers

3 Ut omnis populus in Pascha et Pentreoste et Natali Domini poenitentiam agat et communieet ; elerici vero in omnibus majoribus Datia oommunicent. M. Stris ien., e. iV. MANSI, t.

4s Aliis saepius, aliis rarius mos est eommunicari. Statuta tamen Patrum sanciunt ter in anno communicandum, die Natalis, Haehao et Pentecostes. Sacerdotes tamen frequentiva opua est confortari; lateos autem ter saltem.' Senteni., I. VIII, c. Vii.

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204 THE COMMAMMEMS OF THE CHURCHos action Myond the limus of Franes, but tho Ia ity and negligenes of a large number of Christians in murse of time had suppressed in practiosos tWo communions of Christinas and Pentecost. Then, ouiside the sphere os influence of the Coum est of Ams, ins paschal communion alone re- mained obligato .

Was to render the disciplius uniform by requiring nothing more than the minimum unisereatly Meemed. The councii combined the prescriptions concerni confession and communion in us ---ου-nrst canon, Omnis utriusque sertis. The Albgations imposed are: firat, every Christian Ofelther sex ino has attained ius age of discretio must receive ins Eucharistic Communion atERSter; second, ho or sta can be exempted is inspastor oesy by Way of exception and for reasonabis

motives; third, dis edisnee is punishabis is ado te penalty : exclusion from Churin during lde,

alioquin et vivens ab instressu eosteriae arma

tur in and privation os Christian burial astor death

et morisns christiana careat sepultum in. Although the obligations concerning annuat confession and paschal communion Were united in ons Prscepi, there Were notabis disserenoes bet enthe ,ο ; the most important being that ins pastor could, for a reasonabis motive, permit his paris,

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206 THE COMMA MENTS OF TM CHURCHheld at Palencia that it be read every Su Virom Ssptuagesima to Easter. yris decres Omnis had created a neW legislation, but it did not maho inis legislation irreconcitable With the old, and hince the particular emacimenis regardi communion Were trealed asinose concerning communion had been trea ted. Τhs decree on penanee had not mentioned thepreri s particular legislation, and therefore had derogated or changed it only in as much as iis dispositions Wers in contradiction With the amesent disciplius. Similarly, the constitutions orsynodat decrees Which required a more frequent reception of the Eucharist Were not abrogated by tho Lateran decree. The diocesin laW remalaedin force and as obligatory as besors ; in disobey it exposed one to the existing diocesan penalties ; the Lateran laW Was Only a minimum conoeded to insnegligent Christians, the fines limit os toleranee :not to obey it exposed one inerit ly to excommunication.

nesι. Palentis. Valladolid, 1322 , e. xxvii. MANSI, ib., 722. Ter communicare teneantur: in Paacha, in Pentecoste, et in Natali Domini . . . quicumquis Rutem --l in Rn- . . . ad minua ad Pascha, Euchariatiae sacramentum non acceperit, nisi consilio sui sacerdotis duxerit abstinendum; et vivana ab ingressu Ecclesiae arceatur, et mortuus christiana careat sepultura. ' O-stitution. moardi . . c. XXV. MANSI, t. XXII, II 15.

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and those of St. Edmund of Cantectur β' EIsmisere, at Albi lar instance, an attempt Was madeat reconciling the ancient particular With the ne generat discipline. Confession Was made obligatory at least Once a year, but Communion Was to bereceived three times, vila: at Chrisimas, Easter and

sion Ahould precede communion: UIta quod confessio communionem Praeeedat.

At Τωlouso it seems ins diocesin authorities tried is est lish a singularly severe discipline for Min the Lateran canon Omnis V Was to serve RS a ProP. A decree rsse ling the omnis in tenor obligod est Christians to go in confession and z-munion thres times a Dar under pala of ingsuspect of heresy. Τhis particular discipline Wasso carefulty couched in the phraseology of the gemerat decree, that the inattentius Gader might

imagine, in reading it, that he had before his ins