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pou eriles astringenis, Oak ωα sor eqample, or galis, Ire much inserior in thela tonio power to other Substances, hau ing Iitile or no astringoncy; while there are potversul tonios Whicli do not produce the umnediate effecis of astringenis. There appears, there re, to be a Dundation sor est lishing Such a class as astringenis, though it is very dissiculi top0int out the preciso nature of their operation It must beadmitted, perhaps, iliat astringenis pom S a power Os Sugating or condensing the animal fibre. Tite very sensationthey excite in the mouili appears to be a sussicient picos opthis, and it is farther ost lished by chemicat facis. That they like se aci as permanent stimulanis, is proved by theirpo ver os removing intermittent severi and other states of th System connected with debility. The one pοwer may bo conceived to modi θ the other; and to this modification, orto their combinia action, the effecis or astringenis may be
Dar in adu ced an hypothesis, that they aet by produc-ing absorption ; this accounts sor sonae of their effectri butnot for others, particulai y their psi ver of stopping haemo
Astringenis, Dum the pori ers tho possess, are applied tensively to the t atment of diseases. As Stimulanis, acting Qth considerable permanor e, in
debilitating evacuatio S.It is however sor restriaining evacuations that astringenis re usualty empi ed. IIaemorrhago, Where it does not arises r0m a solution Oi continui , depentis on tho contraction of
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the extremo arterial branches not being susscient to resist theimpulse of blood froin the largor branches, a deficiency os contraction generassy owing to a debilitated state of thesevesseis. AStringentS, as Stimulanis, Alow and penninent in their action, and not Sensibiy encreasing the force of the circulation, are calculated to obviate sucii a state ; and illis maybeorther promoted by thela corrugating pomeri extended by sympathetio action to the vascular fibre. Helice theti usa in menorrhagia, haemoptysis, and othur discli arges os blood ;though they like vise frequently fail, froin their operation be-ing too How and seeble, to resist the impetus of the circulation, or colanteraci the fio v fiona a ruptured vessol. In epistavis, or bleeding Wouniis, they are more p0Werfui, they can be more directly applied to the pari. By a similar operation, they checla serous effusions ; hencetheir use to restrata colliquative gweris. In diarrhoea too th perer to operate by checking tho effusion of fluid Domthe exhalent vessella os the intestines, and thus diminishingthe encreased stimulant operation, whicli Dom this cause is exerted on the moving fibres of the canal, and encreases iis peristallic motion. In the lalter stage of dysente , Where an encreaSed evacuation appears to be connected with debi-iity of the exhalent vesseis, the P cautious aflministration is advant: eous. Arid in passive inflammation, attended withenoreased Serous discliarge, as in gleet, and in sonte sermsor ophthalmia, the topices application os astringenis affordsthe most successsul mode of treatinent. In the administration os astringenis, it is an obvious caution, iliat they ought not to be applicd to checla evacuations
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Some narcotics, as optum, have somelimes essecis apparently astringent. maen encreased discliarges talae place
om irritation, these remedios, by diminishing irritabilio, tessen the discliarge ; they aro thus service te both in haemorrhage, and in diariscea arising hom that cause. Buttheir modo of operation is obviousty different froin that ofastringenis; and in the cases in whicli they are os benesi astringenis would he less useful, and only by an indirect ope
Astringenis may be subdividia into those belonging to thomineres, and those belonging to the vegetable tangoms, whicli differ considerabb Dom eacla other in thela chemicat prope ties, and probabb ther ore in the mode in whicli they produco thela astringent effeci. All the vegetable astringenis of any considerable power contain tannis, and hince it has hem considereri perhaps Witti justice, as the principie in whicli their astringency resides.
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phurio Acid. I his acid used to bo obtained hom the deia compos ition os sulphate of iron, the Green Vitries of conata merce, by heat, and heiace the name of Vitristic Acid ii hichwas givon to it. It is now sol med by the combustion offulphur. The sulphur, reduced to pori der, is mixed withfrom one-eighth to one-tentii of iis meight of initrate os potasti ; the mixture, in sinali quantities, is Lindi d upon a hol-low stone, placed within a large leaden chamber, the bottomos Ἀ hicli contains water to the depili of two inches, and
phur is supported partly by the Oxygen of the nitre, paribby that of the air whicli is admitted; the sulphinic acidwhicli is produced, is absorbed by the water in the bottomos the chamber; and when the liquor has arrived at a certain degrec os impregnation, it is Withdra n, and concentraledsiust by evaporation froni leaden trouos, and astematas byhoiling in Hass retoris. The use of the nitro in this modeos conducting the process is indispensibie, and. it Was sup- posed tu operate simply by asso; ding oxygen to the sulphur, and thus enabling tho combustion to procoed at a lower temperature, and with a less Deo exposui e to the atmospheric
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air. The theory of iis action howeVer appears, i rom thevery probabie viow of it given by Clement and Deformes,to be rathcr more complicated. The produci of the combustion of the Sulphur is principalty sulphurous acid, whichcan. scarcely be condensed. But by the partiat abstractionos the o gen of the nitrio acid of the nitre during the combustion, nitrio oxido gas is evolved ; this diffused throughthe chamber combines with the oxygen os the atmosph ic air, and fornis nitrous acid vapo , Whicli reacts on the sulphu- lrous acid, communicates to it oxygen, and converis it into sulphurio acid. Sulphurio acid prepared by this process is of the speciscgravity of Ι.850, and at this degree of concentration hasboen estimated to contata 21 of water in 100 paris: thereat acid is compos d of 42 of sulphur and 58 of oxygen . The acid, in iis usual state os concentration, is os a thicla consistence, and has an apparent maCtuOSity ; it is colourlessanti transparent ; is hioly corrosive, and possesses est thegenerat acid properties in an eminent degree. As obtained by this process, it is not perfectly pure, but contains a Iitile sulphate of potasti, and somelimes a litue sulphate os lead. The quantities of these, however, especialty of the lalter, are very inconsiderable ; lli are in a great me ure separa ted when the acid is diluted, and lience this dilution notonly renders it more convenient for administration, buttilae vise more pure. Sulphuric acid has a very Strong attraction to water, Sosis to imbibe it rapidly froin the atmosphere ; and heuce thenecessi ty of iis bcing Lept in bostles Woli stopt. It is alsoliable in acquire a brou ii colour froni the contact of thesmallest quantity of vegetable matter. . As a medicine, this acid is cmploy d as a refrigerant, butprincipalty as an astringent, and in this propcvty it is undo tedly superior to any othex acid. It is used as tua aS-
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tringent to checla the flow of Nood in haemoptysis, and theeolliquative siveat in hectic sever ; indications which it fui fils bellor thau any other article in the Materia Medica.Ιt is Sometimes also used in menorrhagia and diabetes ; andas a tonio, Dunded on iis astringent propexty, in dyspepsia. In iis concentraled state, iis dose can Scarcely be mensured. In the Pharmacopoeias, it is illexesore ordered to he diluted. According to the formula sueti by the Dublin and Edin-burra Colleges, the Acidum Sulphuricum Dilutum consists of one part of the strong acid with seven of water; it is given in a doso froin 10 to 30 drops. The London Collego, without any sussicient reason for the deviation, have ordered, under the fame name, an acid diluted with not much morethan sive paris of water. The Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticum consists of the acid diluted with al hol impregnat-ed with aromatios, and is given in a similis dose. From iis astringency, this acid is frequently added to gargies, whichare employed to checla salivation, 'relieve relaxation os theuvula. Externalty mixed with laxd, in the proportion ofhalf a drachm to an cunce, it has been used with advantage in psora, and it has also been given internalty in the same
Osso. Prep.-Αcid. Sulph. Dil. Ed. Lond. Dub. cid. Sulph. Aromat. Ed. ARGILLA. Argil. THIS earth, in iis pure forin, is insipid and inert; but in iis saline combinations, at least ali of them whicli, si ona their solubili , are sussiciently activo, there exisis a greater or leta degree of astringent power. The Boles, of whicli the Armenian Bole Bolus Armona) is the clites, are argillaceousearth, impregnated with oxido of iron; th vere at onc
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THis sest is composed chiesy of argillaceous earth and sulphurio acid, the acid being in excess. It likewige always contains, hoWever, a portion of potasti, whicli is essentialeven to iis constitution, and in some of the fornis of it motu illi in commerce, a sinali quantity of ammonia. It is se dnative, essiorescing generalty in the interstices of what isnamed alum state; or it is prepared frona What are nam datum ores, whicli consist essentialty of clay impregnated with sulphur, or sulphuret of iron. The ore heing calcined is ex- posed to atmospheric air ; the sulphur absorbing oxygen, fornas sulphurio acid, whicli unites With the argillaceousearth of the clay, with a porti0n of potasti Whicli the ore osten contains ; or is this aikali is not present in sufficient quantity, carbonate Or sulphate of potaSh, Or somelimes eveniaturiate of potasti, is added to afford it: Sometimes too a portion os impure ammonia, obta ined by distilling urine or hones, is empl0yed. The liquor after these additions is conccnt ted by boiling, SO as to yield, on cooling, the alum in a solidstate, of a crystalline structu e, though of no regulis forna. This sali is in large masses, tran arent, colourleSS, and vitreous in appea rance : it has a styptic t te, M ith a degrocos gweetneSS.. Frona the excess of iis acid it reddens ille vegetable colours. It is solubie in eighteon paris of colit, and in less than two of bolimg water. The variety termed
ments, emorescent on the sui sace, and of a reddisti colour.
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haemorrhagies alid serous evacuations : it is thus sven inmenorrhagia, Leucorrhoea, and diabetes ; and in leucori licea, is perhaps more succeSssul than any other astringent. Itbas likeWise been used, though less frequently, in intermittenti CVer, and in colica pictonum. Iis dose is froni 5 to 10 gratiis. The addition os an aromatic is generalty necessa , to prevent it Dona exciting nausea, when it is given in the So
of this is 3 or 4 ouncos. Externalty alum is frequently uSedas the basis os astringent gar es, and of injections used ingleet; and dissolved R illi sulphate of Zinc or copper, it se SVery Styptio solutions, employed to checla haemorrhage by direct application. Osic. Prep.-Sulph. Alum. EXs. Pulv. Sulph. Alum. C. TH--Liq. Alum. C. Lond.
TΗ1s earili is found abundantly in natu e, in severat States is combination. It is usualty obtainod by exposing ny of iis native compounds u illi carbonic acid, challa, limestone, 0r m ble, to a heat gradually raised to a degrec of intensitysussicient to expel tho ac id : the lime rem aliis more or tesspure. It is solubie in Wator, in sparing quantity; abolit
700 paris bcing required sor iis solution. Yot even in this Weuk Stute os impregnation, the solution whicli is known by
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ΤΗΕ various kinds of carbonate of lime, Chath Creta Alba), Crabs Claws Chelae Cancrorum), Oyster Shelis Testae ostreorum), are not unfrequently used in diarrhoea, but they evidently prove usefui, not by any real astringentP0Wer, but by correcting tho acidity which so frequently