Cato major de senectute; Laelius de amicitia;

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INTRODUCTION. xi

notes ii suppi a refutatio of the allegation That Cicero fhould attemptrio rite in an Stylei ut his own S Xceedinglyimprobabie.

The conversatio is suppos edo tali place et Nee Cato, Scipio Africanus the ounger, an Laelius, in the ea be fore Cato' death, i. e. Is B. Q when e a in his ighty-fourthyear, Scipio be in about 33 and Laelius a se years olde r. I. Cato M. Porcius Cato a bor in 34 B. Q at theancient Latin tow of Tusculum Litile sanown of his fami lyexcepi that it a plebeian, an possesse a mali patrimon in the territor of the Sabines, clo se to the farin o M'. Curius Dentatu S, O ne i Cato' great heroes an modeis. The eadso the fami ly, o far a memor extended, ad distinguis hedihemselves as ough Warrior an hard sarmers. Among the Sabines, ho even doWn to the times of the Empire e re iam edi simplicit os manners and the practice of at the sterner Viriues, Cato passe thos portions of his life hicli, ere notoccupied illi bus ines of state. Fron his earli est days heloile in his own fields, an contente himself,ith the ardest rusti liis. Vet even in his boyhood Cato mus have passe l

in Greela, Such an education a was tot obtaine oni in thecapital He re u to an hood in the comparati vel quieti 3T quartum aio aniatim et me himself sayS Festus, p. 28 IJ octo sim mn f. Lael. II memina ei iam a rincipio in parsimonia

Catonem ante OIIam est mo tuus atqzι in duritim atque indiιstria mecum et cum Scipione disserere omnem adulescentiam, abstinui agro etc. colenaeo, saxis Sabinis silicibus m

Cicero always indicates this pastorandis atque conserendis. Cf. daten cf. DI Somemthe writers Geli. N Oct. u. 3. 23. a Livy, ive, probabi Wrongly, ε See Cat. M. 44. an earlier date.

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xii INTRODUCTION.

Cato as of the age lor militar Service bout the time of thebatile of Lahe Trasimenus, and entere the arm then a a common soldier. The rs expedition in hichrae is definitelySaid o have alien par is that o Q. Fabius Maximus Cunctator against Hannibal in Campania, in I 4. Thi Roman Commander a a man entiret alter Cato' heari an becam oneo his modet in public te. Betore an during the early years of his soldier' life Cato Succeede in inning Some reputation a an orator haVing practi sed firs in the provincia Couris ea his home, an after-ward a Rome. This reputatio as ellis his great force of character procured forti a powerili fe-long frien d and patron, M. Valerius Flaccus a state Aman of the old Roman conserUati Ve- democrati schoo os politios the eader of hicli a Fabius Cunctator Through the influencem Flaccus, possibi with theaid o Fabius, Cato ecam militar tribune, an Serve withthat an unde Marcellus in Sicily unde Fabius again a thocapture o Tarentum in O9, and unde C. Claudius Nero a thebatile of the Metaurus where e contribute materiali to ita at great victory. In o Cato began his politica career,ith the quaestorshi p. st AS he was a novus homo an a mani Amali private means, it vas no mali distinctio that he had force his anto hic in Plut C. I; Cat. M. DI 8 32 himself the ille the Roman

Cato imself p. est. s. v. ordi Dena OStheneS'. narius Say qalid mihi eret si non Io. o stipendia ab ordine omnia orae, In scio Cicero Mahes alienarius meruissem semper ' quaestorshi sal in 'o3. but he Io. refers to the election, noto the I Plutarch may e tria ted actuat yeari ossice. Cato at the age of 3 had won for

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INTRODUCTION. in

his hirtieth year. The tot assigne him a quaestor to Scipio, then in Sicil an abo ut o Cros ove into Africa The hance

intimatet connected illi the part in the Senate oppos e to Scipio, hicli ad been attemptingo bring hi in to tria for theatrocities committe by the Roman arm in Southerii taly. But in additio the wo men ere so ulteri different that there was no possibilit of the quaestor standin in that filial relationto his consul, hi ch old Roman custo required. As in ancialossicer, Cato complaine of the luxur an extravagance hicli Scipio allowed not ni to hinas et buto his army. et the

ground it se eme to Cato that the old Roman discipline and po ero endure ardeships ere eing wept way. The dispute was en de by Scipio allo in Cato to return to Rome,so me authorities a iro in Sicily, ollier frona Africa. ACcord- in to one riter, he camelo me by way o Sardinia an brought the nce illi hi in Enni u the poet. In I99 Cato a plebeia aedile, an exerci sed illi severi tythe police urisdictio pertaining to that ossice, et o acto in

popular approVal, Since he wa chos en praetor for 98 without the sua intervat. The province of Sardinia as ent rus ted tollim, and e strat ne ever nerve o mal de his overnment pre-Sent a Strong a contrast a possibie illi the lax and corruptadministratio of the obles ho ook Scipio for thei patieria. The troops e re sterni disciplined an law-bre alter of very kind severet deat with in mone matters the Strictest e Conomyprevalled ali giit iro provincials o Roman ossicers ere so bidden. The praetor the great representative o Roman ΟWer, passe Dona town to town attendedi a single Servant. In I96 Cato as occupie with his an vas for the consulsi ip Nepos or pseudo-Nepos , im on a Campaigia TuSC. I, J.

Cat. I. Biit Cato ised Ennius a sol dier: Cato insterward mades it in hile Nobilior employe him Scharge against . Fulvius Nobi Poet. lior that he had ahen Ennius With

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xiv INTRODUCTION.

of the year 93 to hich he was electe in compan with his frien Flaccus Cato a therars noetis homo electe since C. Flaminius, the consul oi 2I7. t is probabie, though notcertain that he paved the way to his electio by carrying the firs of the wes Porciae, restricting the right o punishin Roman citi gens. During the whole of his Caree Cato howe alii gli sense of the importance of the individua civis Roma=tris. one of the rs ossicia acts of the ne consul was to deli vera et Spe ech to the eopte against a propos a to repea the Oppian law, as Se twent years eiore the object of hich wasto prevent lavisti expenditure ni res an adornmenis, particularly by omen. e have a livel reportis Cato' speech stomLivy' pen, parti founde on the speech a published by Cato himself. The earn est lead in in favorii simple manners and

econom falled aster havin almos cause an ope insurrectionon the par of the omen.*The two ne provinces in Spain Hispania Citerior an Ulterior, e re stili in a very ungetlle state. The eare province Wa made a consula province an assigne to Cato the praetor lio go verne the farther province as also place unde Cato'sjurisdiction. Heiore leavin Rome Cato carrie acla for protecting the provinciat irona extortion. During the whole of his yearis office e practi sed illi the ulmos exactnes his principies of puri ty simplici ty, and econom in public assairs. He is sal to have starte laom his ous o the ourne to Spatia i thoni three servants but whenie go a far a the forum, it struch him that suci an attendance a Scarcely orti, o a Romanconsul Sorae purchas e two more flaves o the poti In the Same Spirit, betore returning e Sol his hors that the state might not be at the expense of transporting trio Italy. Cato was nocles caret of the revenu than of the expenditure Helarget increas e the producti venes of the mines and ther

It is dissiculi however, o fix authorities place it after Cato' reth date of this enaciment. Some turn rom Spatii.

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INTRODUCTION. XV

properi belongin to the State an ali good captured rom theenem ivere sol for the bene fit of the exciteque r. O leaving the province Cato made an unus uali large gistrio ach Soldier,s in that it was belle for ait o bring home silver than formie to bring home gold. The provinciales ere thoroughi Content illi thei ruter an e ver aster looked on him a their est friend. The arm was hept in the Strictes discipline Somedisorderi conducti the equites a rebuked by Cato in alitterharangue, hich e after ard publis hed Parti by crati, parilyby good ea lers hi in the eld, Cato brohe the strength of the

turbulent natives an returne to enjo a ell-earne triumph. λIn the fame ear I94 a rilliant triumph a celebrate byFlaminin US.

Scipio, probabi uneas a the reat reputation qui chly onb Flamininus an Cato, secure his secon Consuls hi sor theyear I94 but falle to achi eve anything remarkable Cato probabi spent the three ear alter his retur so the mos pari athis Sabine arm. When the war against Antiochus roke ut, he oo service along illi his frien Flaccus o the staf of the consul Glabrio. and by a dissiculi march ver the mountainsbrohe in o the ing's rear an So a Chiefl instrumenta inwinning the rea batile o Thermopylae, by hicli Antiochus was riven ut o Greece. Immediate ly after the batile Catore turne ho me illi de SpatCheS. e have diman uncertain informatio that he oo the et Onc orowic again, but his

From his timeo his eath, fori years later, Cato a theleadin figure o the Stage of Roma polities. In eason an dout of eason e attache abuSe or innovations in peechesaddresse to the se nate, theseople, o the Couris. Soon after his return rom Thessalfhe Structa heavmbio at the uiarepublica honor-hunt ingramong the magiStrates, of hichahe example

i. e. he was e tu consularis. I, but Cic. Cat. . Coo Says res It was a the time a common thin lunus militaris. ior ex-Consul tonahe service under

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xvi INTRODUCTION.

ha been seti P. Scipio Africanus Most provincial go vernors drove heir subjecis into ar sent lyin de Spatche ho me abo ut thei victori es, and lai me a triumph. In I9 Cato attachedivitii succes the propos a to grant a triumpho O. Minucius Thermus, ho ad atready triumphed ver the paniard aspraetor, and alter his ConsulShi in I93 hadsought against the Ligurian S. Cato' nexi victim as his forme commander M'. Acilius Glabrio, lio came forwar at the fame time illi Cato, Marcellus a sono the captor of Syracuse). L. Cornelius Scipio Nasica, T. Quinctius Flamininus the conqueror o Macedonia and Cato' frien L. Valerius Flaccus, a Candidate so the en Sor-shimo IS9. Cato by his violent speeches procure the tri alii Glabrio for appropriatin the pliander capture in Thessaly, and himself gave vide iace concerning Some propert whicli ad dis-appeared. Glabrio de nounce Cato Saserjurer butye reti rediro his candidature. O this occasion Cato an Flaccus falled, Marcellus be in electe a plebeia an Flamininus a patrician

In the nexi ear I 88 Cato acted in the Senate illi the partywhicli trie unsuccessivllyrio eius the triumph to the wo consul of 89 M. Fulvius Nobilior an Cn. Manlius Uulso the forme of hom ad gaine non e ut triflin actuantages verthe Aetolians, hile the alter ad disgrace the Roma nam eb mahin War v ithout authori ration pon the auis of Asia Minor, and ad also suffere a humiliatin deleat rom omeThracian obberiand on his home war march. Not disti earlened by ill success. Cato an his friend determine to Strihe athigher game. L. Scipio Asiaticus orosi agenus) the brotheros Africanus, as asserte in the Senate to have appropriated 3oo talent of public money hen in command against Antiochus Lega proce edings ere alien notonly against AS iaticu S. but against Africanus otio bellaved illi reat violence an larrogance. In the en d Africanus illidre to his Counir estate, whil his brothe was condemne to pay a heau fine. A death strohe had been ei ven to the almost kinetly authorit o AfricanuS, ho neve again Showed his face in Rome The proce ed-

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INTRODUCTION. xvii

ings against the Scipio Seem to have begu in I 87 an no toliave been complete betore I 83. Nearly twent years ad pas Sed Since the conflict e tween Cato an Scipio egan an no it ad ende in a complete iriumpheso Cato. But the ne modes of whicli Scipio a thechie patron e re to Stron to e Conquered, and Cato pent the res of his se in figlitin a ope les batile against them, though lie fought for a time illi the Strongest,eapons that theconstitutio supplied. In I 84 he a CenSora long with Flaccus, who seem to have allowed his Colleague ut liberi os action.

Ever portion of the censor' dut was carried ut o the ostsevere and old Roman principi e S. Seven Senators e re degraded, amon them L. Flamininus an ex-Consul an brother of the 'liberator of the Hellenes, io serious mi Sconduci, at SoManiliuS, an X-Praetor, o no orse offence than that fhavin kisse his ite in presence of his augiiter. . Furius Purpurio, ho ad actuali compete with Cato so the Censor-ship, a puni Shed sor diverting a public aqueduci fortis private advantage FlaccuS a nam e leader of the senate in the placeo Scipio Africanus no dead. o reviewing the equites, Cato remove fro that od L. Scipio an many other on Various charges 'his ne had allowed himself to grow o falcior hors emansii ip that ad falle togroo his hors properi P anotheria neglecte his arm another again ad made an uiatim et jeS O the occasion of the revie itself ith the ordinar citi gen Cato deat jus asharshly. In his censori an edici he harpi re prove the extraVagance prevalent a private Dasis. At articles o luxu , Auchos laves purchased a fanc prices, luxurious Clothing

taxation. In his a Cato revenge himself for the repeat illi Oppian laW.

Cicero's statem ent through g 7 here Cato calis his enemyout the nreati se concerning the amicissimus, re audaci ouSty in relations etween Cato an Afri exact.

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xviii INTRODUCTION.

In lookin after the properi an income os the state Cato tollowed the fame principies e ad acie o in Spain. Hereduce the expenditur on public ortis a far a possibie, and too care to et a the iussirice the right to collec the revenue. Encroachment on the propert of the nation ere Severe lypunished. Not by et only, ut by Constant speeches, iussis Once of gri mnes an humor, id Cato struggle against the degeneracyo his time. He conclude his periodis ossice illi a Seli-laudator harangue, and assumed the ille Censorius, while his statue was place in the templemi the goddes Salus illi an inscriptionassirining that lae ad reforme the Roman nation. But in a very brie time ali trace of Cato' activit a CenSorWa Swep away, excepi that afforde by the numerous fe- longquarret in hich he had involve himseli. In tes than woyears ne of his victims, Purpurio, as employed by the senateon a igh politica mission, hile nother, L. FlamininuS, satamong the senator at the games in defiance of Cato' sentence. Yet Cato rem aine by a the mos powerfui member of the se nate. Titu Flamininus, his ni important rival quicklypas sed ut o notice. Sociar a there a an democraticopposition to the senatorial ligar hy, Cato a the eader of that opposition to the r a inde of his life But at that periodno great politica movement agitate the state ithin; early the whole interest of the time was centred in the fore ign relationso Rome. O matters of foret g polic Cato offere but litile opposition to the prevati in tenden cies of the age, though on particular occasion he exerci sed great influence. ut his voice was at ali times ouill hear on ali questions os moralit and public order He supporte the lex Furia and the lex Voconia, the objectis,hich was to prevent the dissipation o iam ii proPerty, and the ex Orchia, directe against extravagant expendii e posses the tities of 26 me is sal to have undergone Speeches deli vered during or con- 44 prosecutions and o have been

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INTRODUCTION. ix

ture on eas is also lae ex Baebia es ambitu the firs serious attempto chec bribery We ear also that Cato bitterlyattache Lepidus, Censor in ISO, O erecting a permanent theatre in place of the movable bootiis e re sed Theiullding was actuali pulle down. e re tol that fro timeo time hede nounc ed the miscloings of provinciat overnors. In 7 hewas ne os a commission sive oriringin to justice three ex- praetors ho ad practi Sed ali anne os corruptio in Spain Alinos the las ac of his life a to prosecute Galba sor cruelmisgo vern mentii the Lusitanians Thecliues of Cato' spe echessito that he played a reat par in the deliberations of the senate concernin foret g affairs, butin his figlitin days ereove an he wa unfitte sor diplomacy, we have litile explicite vide nee o his activit in his irection. At the en of thethir Macedonian arte Succe SS fuit oppo sed the annexationis Macedonia. He also Saved rom destructio the Rhodians, hoduring the waria plainly des ire the victor o Perseus, an in the early dayS, When the Roman Commanderchad ii successit ad deept wo unde the hole Roman nationi an osse to mediatebe tween them and the hingi Macedon.

Cato ad ali his life retatne his seel in os enmit to the

Carthaginians, hom Scipio, he thought had reale to tenderi y. In Is he was ne Dan embassy sen to Carthage, and came ac fille mitti alarmin the prosperit of the city It is sal that haleve was the subjectin hichie was asked fortis opinion in the senate, he tway en de his speech with ceterum censeo Helen am esse Cartha inem P. Scipio Nasica, the son-in-law of Africanus, and the representative of his poli Cy, alWaysshou ted ut the opposite opinion, thini in that the ear of Carthage had a salutar effecti the Roman populacerat large. But the deas of Cato prevalled, and a Cruel poli Cy, Carried ut with nee dies si rutati ty de to the extinctionis Rome 'sareat est rival Cato id not live to se the conclusionis the war hedie in I 49, at the age of 84 or 83 years havin retatne his mentat an physical vigor to the last. He had two sons, one byliis first ite, an one by his second wise, born when Cato asIo

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xx INTRODUCTION.

years of a Q. The et terrion to hom man3 of Cato's Work were addres Sed diei a praetor-eleci, et ore his ather'. The ther a grandiather of Cato Uticensi A. The literar activit of the old Censor a great, though his teis ure as malL In Cicero' time a Collectioni Is spe eches was stili extant. The tities of about o are Stillanown to S, and of Some e posses acie fragmentS. Cato' greatest ork,however, a his Origines the first rea historical ork writ teni Latin His predecessors ad been meret Compiter os chronicies. The work was ounde on laborious investigations, and compri sed the histor o Rome rom the earli est times per-haps do to 3 B. Q las etllas nolices of the histor of other important Italia State S. Further, Cato rote of Agriculture, to hich he was enthusiasticali devoted. e stili ave his De Re tistica, a collection os maxim looSely triin together. He also composed work on tam a Sorti educational encyclopaedia fortis sona and a collectionis iit Sab ingS 'Aποφθεγματα, drawn rom Gree as etl a frona Roman OUrce S. Plutarch seem to have nown a collecte edition o the pungent an proverbia ulterances for hicli the censor as

himself. In te of Cicero' treatis e the Cato Maior it is neces Sarnio Sa Someth in o Cato' relations illi the Greelis an Greeli literature. The ancients ive iis meret vague talement thathe ni began to learn Gree in his id age. The expreSSion muSti liberali interprete is a se em clear, the wbole i his ritings howed the influence of Greel literature. It is certain, however, that he horoughi deteste the Gree nation Thishatre Was hown in Ct more than once do ubi Cato as