Cato major de senectute; Laelius de amicitia;

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INTRODUCTION. XXIa least a Consenting part to the Xpul Sion rom Rome of Gree kteacher in I 6 B. C. When in I S the amotis embassy camefro Athens consistingis Carneades the Academic, Critolaus the Peripatetic and Diogenes the Stoic, Cato vas a prime move of the decreet whicli the were remove frona the City. Socrates was one o Cato' favori te markcior est . An this is the maninio hos mouit, Cicero ut the ulterances, but Stightly veiled,

a. Scipio P. Cornelius Scipio AfricanuS, the OUnger, WaSno blood relationi the conqueror o Hannibal, ut the adopte dson of his son. It musti remembered however, that adoptionwas much more forma an binding, and produce much clo erties in ancient than in modern times. The et de Africanus asuntortunate in his sons. The ounge of the S attaine to the praetorsiti in 74, ut as immediatet dri ven rom the senate by the censors of that ear on account of his dis reputabie lite. The elder a an invalid wh neve held an ossice excepi that os augur, and die at an early age. He adopted the soni L. Aemilius Paulus, the victor o Pydna the adopte soniore the nam e Aemilianus in memor of hi origin Cato' Son arried a claughter o Paulus, o that the Censor a brought into relationshipwith the Cornelii, hos mos illustrious representative he hadhate an attached. The oun Scipio a bor about 83, and when carce 7

the Hellenisti movement Amon his deares friend were Polybius, the Greel state Sman and historian, and later Panaetius, the Stoic. In Is B.α hen the consul found it dissicultato enlisi ossicer an men or Service in Spain, here great de seat hadbeen Suffered, Scipio volunte ered, and serve with great distinctio nas militar tribune. When the wa with Carthagebrokeout he

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xxii INTRODUCTION.

hel the fame rank, and hone by compari Son illi his tundering Superior ossiceres. Cominito Rome in I 48ae stoo so the aediles hi p, ut as electe ConSulcior the ear 47, and again forim, henae finis hed the war. He is aid o have grieve overthe fatem Carthage, an to have dreade any urther increas emithe Roman territory. In I 42 Scipio a Cen Sor, and acie withalmos Catonia Severi ty. In 34, though no a Candidate, hewas electe to the consul Shi prandiu in command of the Romanarm thenies teging the cit os Numantia in patra The war, ofwhicli his siege forme a pari, ad bee go in otior Ome earSmost dis astrousi io the RomanS, but Scipio spe edit brought itto a conclusion in I 33. While beiore Numantia he received ne isso the murcle o Ti. Gracchus, hos Sister he had marrie and whos cousin he had e come by adoption, ut hos potic helia on the whole opposed though he had occasionali coquet- ted with the democratS. his CourSe cos him the favor of thepeople and when in I 3 he des ire to conduci the war against Aristonicus, ni tw of the hirty-five tribe vote tor his ap- Potniment. In I 29, after a violent cene in the se nate. here helia oppos e the car ing ut o Ti. Gracchus agraria law, hewas triumphanti e scorte home by a Crowd composed Chieflyos Italians hos interesis ad been threatene by the la .

Nex morning he was found ea in his ed. opinion a tolli cause of his death was divide at the time an so rem ain ed. In the Laelius the death is assume to have been rom natural

of Scipio' latend that he was murdered by Carbo. Carbo asterward lent color to the suspicion by ut tinet hi in sel todeath, in order as a suppo sed, o a void a direct prosecution In ancient times even C. Gracchus was suspecte os havin thus avenge his brother' death butio modern scholari an ranklias countenan Ced the suspicion.

Whether the degre os intimac belween Cato an Scipio.

Whicli Cicero assumes ever existedi not. Cannot be determin ed.' See Ioa 4 etc. In De Re Publica et I Cicero De Or. 2, 7o Fam N, I, mahes Scipio alli extravagantly

Qu. r. 2, 3, 3. Os Cato.

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INTRODUCTION. xxiii

There a much in Scipio that ould attraci Cato. Unlike the lde Africanus, he was Severe and Simple in his out ward se. and though a love of Gree and Greelis. yet attached torul that was est in the old Roma character and poli ty. Though an opponenti revolution, he acta si omaeing a partis an of theo ligar hy. Altogether of ali RomanS, e moSt early deserved

Without reproach. In his De e Publica Cicero potnis to Scipio a the dea State Sman, and Osten et se here eulogietes himas an almos perie Ct Roman. 3. Laelius Gaius Laelius born about I 86, as Scipio' most distinguis hed officer eiore Carthage, an his mos intimateiri end throughout lise. The triendshi of the two was ne of the mos iam ou in antiqui ty and is celebrate in the Laelius. Laeliu Wa an able Spe aker, riter an soldier, an devote to Gree learning particulari to the Stoic philosophy. He is illi Cicero the type of a man o Culture. He too is ne of the interlocutor in the De si Publica. iii. SUBIECT-ΜATTER. I. Generat Vie . The Cato Maior alis naturali in to three paris: Preliminary dedication to Atticus, Sora;

Aster D Cato continues to expres his vi ew on id age ithout interruption to the end, and the dialogue thus ecomes

Cicero, addressin Atticus. States his purpos in ritin thebook and the effect of the wor on himself I, 2) the reaSonS

See Introduction to the LaeliuS PP. Vi Vii.

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xxi, INTRODUCTION.

io putting the sentiment on id age into the mouit, o Cato. and the circumStances of the suppose converSation 3j.

Introductor Conversation 6 9.

Scipio declares his admiration o Cato' vigorous an happyol age. Cato repties that the secret lies in followin theguidance of Nature 4 3). Laelius then Sh Catori potnt ut the oad to Such an id age a his own 6). his the old an promise toto, ut irs rem arks that the fauit Charge against old age re generali due o deiecis o character 7). Laelius Suggest that prosperit mahes Cato' declining ear pleasant. Cato admit that here may be sonae truth in his, ut maintain that right character alone an mahe old age tolerable 8, ω.

b) The specia objectio that old me have eah memori es is ans ered by showing that this isdue eitheroo an origina defeci oro insufficient exerci Se 2I-22

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INTRODUCTION. XXV c). Argument rom iaci instances of id me in public an in private lite ho tili eati, ere

Suchos thos o conversatio an literature

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xxvi INTRODUCTION.

mortali ty 77-8STendin toward proo of this are the arguments state in Plato vig the rapidit of the mino' action, it powersis memor an invention iis self-activi ty indivisibi nature an pre- existence 78ὶ at So the arguments attributedio Cyrus, basedipo the ouEA immateriali ty, the posthum ous fame o great me and the

tive belle in immortali ty, o Strong Sive toform an incentive so action 82 and finalty, the spe aher' own longin after immortali tyrandii opem union illi those hom he nceane

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M TULLI CICERONIS

CATO MAIOR

DE SENECTUTE.

I. O Tite, si quii Dei adiuero curamve levasso aquae nunc Id coqui et versat in pectore fixa,

ecquid erit praemi ILicet enim mihi versibus iSdem assari te, Attice, quibus affatur Flamininum ille vir haud magna cum re, splenus dei,

quamquam Certo Scio non, ut Flamininum, MVictori te, Tur, sic noctesque diesque, novi enim moderationem animi tui et aequitatem, teque non cognomen Solum Atheni deportasse, sed humani talem et prudentiam intellego. Et tamen te suspicor isdem rebus quibu me ipSum interdum gravius CommoUeri, quarum OnSolatio et maior est et in aliud tempus differenda. Nun autem visum est mihi de senectute aliquid ad te ConSCribere. HOC enim onere, quod mihi commune tecum est, aut iam Urgentis aut certe adventantis senectuti et te et me ipsum levari volo etsi te quidem id modice a Sapienter, sicut omnia, et ferre et laturum Sse Certo scio. Sed mihi, cum de senectute vellem aliquid scribere, tu occurrebas

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2 CATO MAIOR I.

dignu e munere, quo uterque nostrum Communiter

uteretur. Mihi quidem ita iucunda huius libri confectio

fuit, ut non modo omni abSterSerit Senectuti moleStiaS, sed effecerit mollem etiam et iucundam Senectutem.

Numquam igitur laudari satis digne philosophia poterit,

Cui qui pareat omne tempus aetatis Sine molestia poSSita degere. Sed de Ceteris et diximus multa et saepe dicemus : hunc librum ad te de Senectute miSimuS. Omnem autem Sermonem tribuimus non Tithono, ut Aristo Cius, parum enim esset auctoritati in fabula, sed M. Catoni Seni, quo maiorem auctoritatem haberet oratio : apud quem Laelium et Scipionem facimus admiranti S, quod is tam facile Senectutem ferat ei Sque eum reSpondentem

qui si eruditius videbitur disputare quam consuevit ipse in suis libris, attribuit litteris GraeCis, quarum On Stat eum perstudiosum fuisse in senectute. Sed quid opus est plura Iam enim ipsius Catonis sermo explicabit

nostram omnem de Senectute Sententiam. q. II. SCIPIO. Saepe numero admirari soleo cum hoc C. Laelio Cum Ceterarum rerum tuam XCellentem, M. Cato, perfectamque Sapientiam, tum vel maxime quod numquam tibi Senectutem gravem SSe enSerim, Uae plerisque senibus sic odioS eSt, ut Onu Se Aetna graViu Sdicant suStinore.

CATO. Rem haud sane Scipio et Laeli, difficilem admirari videmini. Quibus enim nihil est in ipsis opis

ad bene beateque vivendum, ei omni aeta graVis Si qui autem Omnia bona a se ipsi petunt, eis nihil potest malum videri quod naturae necessitas afferat. Quo in genere est in primis Senectus, quam ut adipiscantur omne optant, eandem CCuSant adeptam tanta est Stultitiae cinconstanti atque serverSitas obrepere

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II. J DE TENECTUTE.

aiunt eam Citius quam putaSSent. Primum qui Coegit eos falsum putares Qui enim Citius adulescentiae Senectu quam pueritiae adulescentia obrepit Z Deinde

qui minus gravi esset ei SeneCtuS, Si CtingenteSimum annum agerent, quam Si Octogesimum Z Praeterita enim aetas quam vi longa, Cum muXiSSet, nulla ConSolatione permulcere OSSet Stultam Senectutem Quocirca si sapientiam meam admirari Soletis, quae utinam dignaeSSet Opinione VeStra OStroque Cognomine, in hoc Sumu SapienteS, quod naturam optimam ducem tamquam deum Sequimur eique parem UM: a qua non erisimile St, Cum ceterae parte aetatis bene descriptae Sint, Xtremum actum tamquam ab inerti poeta esse neglectum. Sed tamen necesse fuit eSSe aliquid extremum et tamquam in arborum bacis terraeque fructibus, maturitate tempestiva quasi vietum et Cadu Cum, quod

ferundum Si molliter Sapienti. Quid est enim aliud Gigantum modo bellare Cum di ni Si naturae repugnare tLAELIUS. Atqui, Cato, gratissimum nobis, ut etiam 6 pro Scipione pollicear, feceriS, Si, quoniam PCTRIDUS,

didicerimus quibus facillime rationibus ingraveScentem

aetatem ferre OSSimUS.

CATO. Faciam vero, Laeli, praesertim Si utrique VeStrum, ut dicis, gratum futurum est. LAELIUS. Volumus sane, nisi molestum St, Cato, tamquam longam aliquam viam Confeceris, quam nobiS

quoque ingrediundum Sit, Stue, quo perveniSti, Videre quale Sit. III. CATO. Faciam ut potero, Laeli. Saepe inim

interfui querellis aequalium meorum, Pare autem Vetere

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4 CATO MAIOR II i.

proverbio Cum paribus facillime Congregantur, quae C. Salinator, quae Sp. AlbinuS, homine Con SulareS, nostri fere aequaleS, deplorare Solebant, tum quod Voluptatibus Carerent, Sine quibu Vitam nullam putarent, tum quod Spernerentur ab ei S a quibus essent coli soliti qui mihi non id videbantur CCuSare, quod OSSet C-cusandum. Nam si id Culpa Senectutis CCideret, eadem mihi usu venirent reliquiSque omnibu maioribu natu, quorum ego multorum CognoU Senectutem Sine querella, qui se et libidinum vinculis laxato eSSe non moleSteferrent ne a suis deSpicerentur. Sed omnium istiusmodi querellarum in moribus est Culpa, non in aetate. Moderati enim et nec dissiciles nec inhumani senes tolerabilem Senectutem agunt, importunita autem et inhumanitas omni aetati moleSta St.

LAELIUS. Est, ut dicis, Cato sed fortasse dixerit quispiam tibi propter opes et copia et dignitatem tuam

tolerabiliorem Senectutem videri, id autem non OSSemultis Contingere.

CATO. Est istuc quidem, Laeli, aliquid, Sed nequaquam in isto Sunt omnia ; ut Themistocles fertur Seriphio cuidam in iurgio respondisse, cum ille dixisset

non eum Sua, Sed patriae gloria splendorem assecutum

nec hercule' inquit, si ego Seriphiu OSSem, ne tu, si Atheniensis, Clarus umquam fuisses . Quod eodena modo de senectute dici poteSt; nec enim in Summa inopia levis SSe Senectu potest, ne Sapienti quidem, nec insipienti etiam in summa Copia non graviS. Apti S-sima omnino sunt, Scipio et Laeli, arma Senectuti arteSexercitationesque Virtutum, quae in omni aetate Cultae, Cum diu multumque ViXeris mirifiCos ecferunt fructuS, non Solum quia Umquam deSerunt, ne extrem quidem