A copious Latin grammar, tr., with alterations, notes and additions by G. Walker

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in the ominatiis. rum nimia illaec limitia prosecto evadet in aliquod magnum,

him, ill procoeda fome great missortune, Will have a very u fortunate issue. e mustio theresore sari evasit in virum doctum, has hecome a learne man; ut evasit vir doctus, orsactus est vir doctus, whicli is more usual.

3. Passives, hic meana be names o called, and include the notionis existe e sor,bat a man is, hecis alio callia, and the contrary e. g. When a man is cane Ciceri, consul, AngM., he scio, accordinit our opinion Testius sorco passives

long nominor, vocor, octior, amiamed or Called e g. egovOCor Dominor, Cicero non omnes qui vocantur studiosi lit rarum, sunt vere studiosi earum. O these belong also dicor, nuncupor and usurpor, hiclidas is somelimes used sor dicor orvocor e g. Cic. ΟT. 2. I l, quem Laelius, is, qui autem usumpatur i. e. vocaturin praetor regit. Also perhibeor, i. e. vocor, commemoror; a Plaut. Stich. 2. Ilercurius, Iovis qui ninsetius perhibetur, i. e. vocatur uiam perhibetur mean the sameas raresitur, and esse M undostood then nuntius, id talo. esse, nes perhibetur: someumes esse is used Minit, Cic. Tusc. 1. 12 Plaut irin. S. Q. 66 Stich. l. l. 25: et this ellipsis

perhaps nee IIOt e suPPOSed, Since it osten stand wiuio ut esse e g. neesminus Agesilaus ille perhibendus, Cic. ad Div. 5. 12 vos perhiberi probos, erent. Ad S. 5. R. f. Plaut... Gell. 7. TQ an since e osten fin such expression asquem perhibent Ophiuchum nomine, Cic. Nati Deor 2 42. ex Arati vatem hunc perhibebo optimum, Cic. Div. g. 5,mo noniinatives may eo properbie used with the passive . Further, adpellor iste nam , called, e Gesor addreMed; as, Cicero adpellatio est pater patriae Deiotarus ad illatus est rex, is stiled hing Alexander, qui Magnus adpellatur. To theseb

. long salutor nn audio, used sor adpellor; as, saluto Consul, pio perly a greete a Consul, i. e. am stile Consul. Horat Art. 87, Cur ego, Si ne lueo, ignoroque poeta salutor'wher ore a Psulta a poeci Hor Epist. I. 7, 37, eaeque pater sere audisti coram a. e. adpellatus es, ibo has hines thenam Ofiliastiem stiled 'cing sester in curas esse quod

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w the Λ ominative. 339 audis, i l. I. J6 17 nepos Veneris audiet Apuleii, et. 6.177. Uni. s. ibid. 5. P.

4. Passives hicli denote tot tamen or nam . to an thing, e .g. an ossice δ α Or, a Cordinito the Roman soma, to hepro laimed or declared a chosei these in thei sens are liheso lor,hat a mancis Chosen to he hecomes. Ociliis hin os passives long legor, eligor, creor, designor, nominor, renuntior M. e. g. Cicero creatus est consul, Clintro electus os conmi:

frater eius designatus est retor: Cicero renuntiatus esteonsul&c. te. As these passivo underi. 3 and 4yto be made, namedor chosen, have two nominatives, i. e. a subject an predicate nominative, their actives also have a doubie accusative; as, tus cisti me sapientem: ego reddidi te licem homines vocant me consulem Romani creaverunt Ciceronem consulem M. :see Seci. 7. m. n. i5. 2 a M. 5. Finalty we fines nominative os ille predicate asteria sive inicli signisy, t betahen sor, esteemed thought judged,

matur M. doctusci mater habetur proba tu videris sapiens: frater mihi videtur astutus homines saepe videntur tales, quales non sunt Socrates inventus est innocens et o repertus, deprehensus est soror tua iudicatur docta. ut these nominatives

do nes depend immediates in the above pastives uiam pem haps on habeor, numeror , t upon esse omitted, ita is ostenalso expressed e g. ego existimor osse infelix tu videris esse

sapiens fiate videtur esse astutus Socrates in v Entus est esse

innocensim Ichas ulready been observed Sect. I.*2, iliat the fame case sollows esse hicli precede it, or that the predi. cate aster esse is in the Same caseos the subjeci, and theresore

in the subjeci precedes in the nominative, the predicate musimo alio in the nominative. et esse perhaps nee no beundemtood Mili habeo or numeror, o muli ita ver Whicli tanquam man supposta as, cognoscor, deprehendo

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Wὰhe ominative. invenior M., as,ie is known a antpright man cognitus re perius, inventus est vir Probus. Note. e must alio remark of ille passive las est , iliattheir actives tata aster them two accusatives; as, habere aliquem

d tum, to a Count m . One leamed sor habere aliquem pro docto cognovi te sortem invenerunt patrem sortem existimant te doctum : E SECt. 7 hi. n. 15. 3, 4. ut non of

these actives, excepi habeo, properi govern two accusatives; since esse is underet d as, existimant te doctum, sor existinmaniae esse doctum theresere te esse is the infinitive missi an accusative, and doctum aster esse agrem Minae precessing ω, cognovi te seriem Brimmovi te esse seriem M. Esse is ste quently expressed, butio aster habeo: edo nes findi eo te

esse doctum and theressire it habeo, esse must nothe under-stood may a the Same o numeruIe, Cognor Cere, EPI hendere, invinum, reperire M., as of habere.

ΙΙ. Τho predicate like ille copula. i. e. the intermediate verb, agrees Wit the subject in numbera e g. homo est mortalis homines sunt mo tuis bona sunt praeferenda malis. Except Where tho predicato is notused, o cannotae supposed in ille plural e mali cives sunt vocantur Mntina reipublicae redimia comiuncta vocantur ur. Nov. Collective nouus have osten the predicate in tho trax; si pars in crucem acti, pars bestiis Mnecti sun0 SQ. Iug. 14. i5, and essewhere This alio occum somelimes Milia subject in the sing. connected with anotheri eum; as, Nep.

ΙΙL ohe predicate When it is a noun adjective a promun adjective ora particise agrees in gende missi

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die subject as, pater est doctu, mater est et wrtua; hae sestes sunt nostrae.

Note Even, ni is a substantive, it Mes the fame, is pos s eoas, aquila est regina, no rex: - est dicendi magister, nox nugistra exertatutis est optima magistra Velitis osten no possiHeia, pecunia est auctor multoruni malorum: see Sect. I. 2. I. g. That the predicate, hen ibis Jolata to isto or more subjecta os disserent endere, agroes missi in masculine gendesi

IV. A nominative is also used aster offer verbs, whichiops not exacti v expres the predicate, but a ceditari quality, hin&or manner of the idea containe in the ver ,hic is properinita predicate it is a sortos apposition, Where tanquam may be supplied a IJaster adpareo: Virg. Georg. l. 404, adparet liquido Ultima in aethere Nisus; of Whic theorde is, isus adparet sublimis, Nisus appor alas M. 2. asternaseor Cic. Quis p. red. 2, a parentibus - parvus

sum procreatus a vobis natuSuum comula isti e tamquam consularis to this belong alao parem Sum procreatus 3. aster alto Cic. Μur. 6, nemo enim sere su tat sobrius, nisi sorte insanit i. e. tanquam sobrius: 4. after venio Cic. Rose Am. 38, verru in decemprimis Agatus Cic. ad Div. I6 7, cum omnibus, eaevectatu que ne mea: 5. aster arma capere: Iav. 5. 4 primavigilia in te a mas ruentes i. e. numero frequenti 5. asterire Plaut. Pseud. 3. 2.57, it urciEnatu cubitum And soin more instances Pas, tristissimus haec 3cribo, Plin. Ep. I6 rex circuibaipeis 'onsevi,s tanquam pedes, Curti 7 3. I7 cum pedes ire in hostem, Virg. M. 6. 881. Thus Virg. n. 3. 24 vId ego - cum OrPOra medio reaupinua in antro frangeret ad saxum S c

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0s thes minutive. cidit pronus, he fel sorwatas, o his face, Ovid. et. 8 379 caderet supinos Suet Aug. 43 apes cadunt praecusites, Virg. Georg. 4. 80. So Sall. Iug. 14. 10, laeti pacem agitabamus. o these speciali belongcertain adjectives Whicli are joinexto verbs, iusteados the correspondiniadverta a primus lar primum, ubtimus se ultimum, solus and unus se Urum, aritum M :as, hoc pater primus dixit, his the faster ira said frater discessit ultimus, myirother departesiast ego hoc scio solus, Latone know this pater unus domi r mansit M. This usage is quila Ciceronian, and in beimitated. o these belonis e raster lem usual as

nocturnus, matutinus, VeSPertinus, O noetu, mune,

vesperi: Virg. Georg. 3. 37, non lupus insidias explorat ovilia circum, nec gregibus noctu in obambulat;

cumgemit ursus ovili V. Opus necessarn needsul usesul, is properi a substantive os,hicli oesy the noni and accus Meessed in his sense though many belleverit no other than the Sub4t opus eris, ora it alWays solio salie ver sumas ' predicate n- , except Where me accus and inta, sive are requisite, Where it must be an accus sive itis use in Wo way l. personalty i. e. it hastam minative of the subjectiefore it as, liber est mihi opus,

libri sunt mihi χpus quod mihi opus est, id tibi non opus est an so thmuo es the tenses libri mihi

opus suerunt, erunt, c. liber opus erat, fuit&c. thisis the more usual and simple forna 2. or imperSonalty, like interest, pudet c. as est mihi opu MN ' est

mihi mu libris and thus inrough ait enses erat

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heri milii opus libris fuit c. Whero it is evident that the verbisust alWayibe in the singular Both orans areusual in the ancientis an in both usages, the person, to Whom mmethiniis necessa , is put in ille dative: for instance, I. Subjectin the Nominatium Cic. ad Div. 2 6 9, si nobis, et auctor op est et- gubernator: Cic. Invent 2. 9, huius nobis exemtu perinust opinsunt: so, multi opus sunt bomes, Varr. R. R. LM8 m litea opus sunt tibi, Plaut. Capt. I. 2 6 quidquid opus esset, Cic. ad Dis. 5. li sponsae ratem, aurum, utque ancillus opus esse, Terent me ut 6. I. 20 so ep. Area, quis amicis suis opus fuerant ad Pompeium proficiscentibus, omnia ex sua re familiari dedit Liv. I. 4 I simul, quae curando vulneri opu4 Sunt - COII parat

ωσιωte tua nobis opua est, et consilio, etesiam gravitate: ibid. 3. 3, praesulio,irmior opu esse ad istam prori clam Cic. it. 19, primum erat nihil cur properato Hesset Terent minut. I. I. I9, nihil opus fuit monitore ibid. Andr. I. l. 6, nihil istac opus est arte: Cic. Phil. 11. 10, expedito homine opumest Liv. 24. 9, quod cum summo imperatore reipublicae puta esse sciret Virg. 6 26I nunc ammua opu3, Mea, nunc ' ι- firmo, se est Also the ablative os ille parti pass. is ostencioine to opus est instea of the Supine in uishich also is properi an abl. opu Olfacto, sex facti seri, it is necessar Die done e g. quaeritur quid opu sit facto, Nep Eum s prius, quam incipias, consulto deliberation et, ubi consulueris, maturet Icto opus est lar consuli,seri, Sall. in I ita facto et mmturato opus est, iv I 58 cur properato opu esset, Cic. it. I9 quam quod facis est πω, sorseri, Plaut Amph. l. 3. P quinque opu est inventis mini' sor

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minas inveniri, Plaut. Pseud 2 4 42 opus est tibi hac enita, Plaut. Pers. 4. 4. 36, sor emere or emi, thou must

filiis opus est puella servata se puellam aereari, Ovid. Am. 2. I9. I Where quid and quod semio beaccusatives aster facto used for lactu se here ter.

Though icis equali correct V unite the nominativeor ablative With opus, yet os pronouns and nouns adjective in the neuter, the nominative is preferred, becauSeste ablative mighthe supposta of another gender: e.g. haec opus sunt, mustio a sunt se is his an multis Wore used ille micti e suppose m c. o sem. Thus quid, si quid aliqua opus est are preferreda quo, si quo aliquo opus est eus e pus sunt M., tot quis bres opus sunt c inles Where there canae neso, scurity as, emi ea, quibus mihi opus fuit, here ea proves that quibus is neut so, opus est mihi sis, quae tibi non opus sunt; here quae shοWs that iis is neut.:on the conuary, sis mihi opus est, quibus tibi non opus

est Woiadae obscure. The neuter os nouns and pr nouns adj. Whicli are used substantively and over a genitive, a tantum, quantum, c , must alWaysbe in the nom. as, tantum mihi opu est, nes tanto: m. vi opus est M. The immer must early be actu tomed to translate in serm libro or liber est mihi opus M. in disserent Ways as Phave Medis a book, I Wanta book a book is necessunt meraco. Whereine,DWant somethiniis ut in tho dative, and the stingwante in the abi. o nom. Ι is supposed that be abi. is overne is in undereisod.

observations. l. Insisad os the nom. or abi somelimes an infinitive is used: a Cic. ad Au. 7. 8, iuid opus est de Dionysio tam valde

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dignis opus est graphio lassare tenendo liv. Am. 1. 1 l. 23 also the ac iis . illi the infinit. a Cic. ad Div. 3. 33 2, nihil iam opus est exspectare te so the to eXpect opus sit,

hi deesse amicis, Cic. Am. 24 hoc stari et oportet et opus est, Cic. Att. IS. 25 quounque molliari opus sit, Plin. H. N. 28. 13. Also ut is used; a Plaut. Truc. g. 3. 7, mihi quoque priolassitudine opus est ut larem ibid. 6. is, nunc tibi opus est aegram tu te adsimiles ibid. 5. ii, opus nutries ut utrem habeat. q. also nil opus with a gen instea os abi. e. g. Liv. 22.5i, ad consilium pensandum temporis opus esse ibid. . I, Durui argenti opus fuit Ilere some adduce Cic. ad Div. lo. 8. 5. Planc sed aliquantum nobis tenu ris et magni

laboris et multae impensae opus ierunt, ut M. it seem un- lihol that in agni lithoris si, ould begoverne b aliquantum, theythere fore imagine that i sollows opus. Is magni ad Menomitted laboris Ouid properi have folio e aliquantum: henc Plancus in the caretessnes of the epistolar stile may have referred magni laboris to the fame word But perhapsior

Iaboris, in id rea labores, hicli, id harmoniae veWwell,ith magnae impensae in Whicli case bis passage would noti pertinent. Ernesti adopis the re incla res minus no reserito his place those passages here opus means orma mean the πο- thes sinera sor then it regulari tatas agen. Ovid. Art. 2. Id, NEC minor est virtus, quam quaerere, pari: tueri Casus inest illic hic erit artis opus, here illaeth b itines os ari as, sanariis est, ibis the busrnesior mork of arte hicli perhaps in the en approximates in ari,ill benec avry hince thenare notatome censured who translate

opus est there is nee os, and thin iliabit is here Mowed by a genitive. 3. Opus is alio ound with an accus. of the ining e. g. Plaut. Truc. i. l. 7l, quid isti s 'Apositum puerum opus est tim lem perhaps esse e undosio , puerum esse suppositum so ero opua est curum, Plauti Truc 5 10 unlescit begovem

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am unite in opus; ut here, must underatan ad quid, propter quid, quod M. the prepositio bong omitted Plaut.

Aul. 4. 9. I 3, nam quid mihi opus est vita, qui tantum aurite didit i. e. ad quid Terent Andr. 4. S. 23, si quid est quod opera mea opi s sit vobis, sor ad quod, or in quo Tho following Passages ure more singular: ep. Eum 9 Conveniunt duces,

quaeritur, quia opus sitjaeto, hacis in be done Plaut Amissi. i. a. 7, cilius, quod non facto est tutis i. e. opus sit, quam quod non facto est opus. e may inquire of what case are quid and quod They ma be nominatives, sor opus secto maybe translateri necessa rio do in bici, way the abi is ostenusedibut facto, Whicli here has mani cly the sense of the supinei u may be ahen so the supine iself, ascis the ancients hadused both facto and lacti and thus quid aiad quod, illi theaCCus. Overne hJrit. his latis explanation Seems preserabie, since suCh expression as opus est facto, maturato MC. Ostenoccur, of Whicli some example were cite besore: and we also

sin the supine in ii, Med in the fame way e. g. si illud, quod maxume opus est luctu, non cadit, erent. Ad 4. 7. m. 40 For opus est mihi, we inmetimes ibouo rareb find opus habeo aliqua re e g. Colum. 9. i. serae graminibus, stugibus opus habent, have Medis. 5. li is se Levident, that opus a b used Minout a uaselialowing e. g. si opus esse videbitur, Cic. ad Div. 5. li:

non est opus, emit Iloaul. i. a. s.

VI. The substantive usus use, need necessity, is osten used like opus in the fame sigIusaeation, and with a dative of the person an ablative of the thingneeded e g. naves, piabus tuus non est, Cic. Att. s. 6 naves quibus consuli usus non esset, Liv. 30 4

nunc manibu3 rapidis, Virg. En 8 44Ι viginti iam usus est filio argenti mims, Plaut. Asin. l. I. 76 nunc

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w Memmitive. 347 usus facto est mihi, Terent Hec 3 1. 47. hus uSusan opus stan together, Plaut Amph. I. 3. 7, citius quod rum facto est unu fit, quam quod facto est vim It is commonly supposed that ita ablative aster usus aia opus is overne by in omittes this, however, is merely conjecture, since in is no found wit them. Perhaps the ablative is usin cause utoriovem an ablative. Usus is also Oine to a nominativo, ascis

supposed: e. g. hoc neque isti usus est, et miserae suppetias feret, Plaut. Rud 4. 40, utiles hocae an abi live s Mus est pecunia, Plaut. Cum 3 13 Pecunia may be a nominative or an ablative. Usus is also AL

in the use of the Genitive. The use of the genitive is so various, ibat it is almos impossibi is observe and bring forward ali statbelong to t. t sollows, viz. in the orderit Construction, nouns substantivo and adjecto' pronouns, Verbs,