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God a thei ruter, the were bound like the gyptians, o pay atmo id tythe, Exod 19 4-8. Lev. 27 20 34. Num. 18 21, 22. Deut 12 17 19 14 22, 29 26 12-15. In compliance illi ille uties, hieli naturali sal to the immediate uter of a eoplo, God promulgated fro the cloud of mount Sinai, the prominent
develope an illustrate by Moses. The reward whieli ho uidaecompany the obedient, and the punishmenis, hich should e the
In orde to hee the triae natur of the communit fuli and constanti in ieW, at the eremonia institutions ad reserene to God, o orat a the overet of the universe, ut a the ing
that he table supplied illi in and shew-bread, a the vadtable that the altar a the place, here the provision of the oonarch ere prepared; that the prieSt were the rva servanis, and were bound attendiso oni to sacred ut secular affati s and were to receive, a thei salary the 'st ythes, hiel the e ple, a subjecis, ere te to conside a par of that reveniae, hichWa due o God thei immediate fovereign. Other hings of a lessprominent an important nature ad referene to the Same reatend. Since, heresere, God a the foveret , in a civi potnt os Vie as ei as thers, o Palestine an iis inhabitanis, the om- mission o idolato by an inhabitant of that count , evenis sor- eigner, as a defection rom the tria hing. It was in aetati eason,
Was considere a crime qua in aggravation no that of murder, and M, consequently attende With thoe severest punishment. Whoeve invite or exhorte to idolatry, a considere seditisu8, and was obnoxious to the fame punishment. Incantation alSo, ne-er0maney, an other praetices of this nature ere ooked pon as
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plain of the person thusauili bes ore the judge, though the criminal
Thelaw,ith the penalty attached to it a may be learni Domithergources, had reserenue Oni t the wert acts of idolato it a rat hera m than a religious statute, and the judge, Wh too cogniZanee of the crimo, hil he had a right to decide pon the deeri the unde-niable ac in an ive instance, evidently ent beyon his province, i ho underi Oo tot ide pon the thoughis and seelings of a person implicated independenti of an veri commission of the crime, Deut. 13 2 19 17 2-5. I has been observed that the a Was no S much a religious,as a civit ne The distinctio is obviolis A religious la has reserene to the feelings, and thos laWs, consequently Whichcommandis 1 love God, to exercise aith in him, ando renderhim a earis et obedienco are of this nature Deut 6 4-9. 10:12 11 1, 13. It ought to e remarhed that the severe reat-ment of idolatry, of hich e have ive a statement, a demanded by the conditio of the times That was an age, in hielieaeli nation electe iis deis, no froin the dictates of conscience, but fro the ope of tempora aid. t Was an age, henidolaters ere multiplied, and whe nothing ut the ulmos severit in the laws couldaeemthem from contaminatin the sol of the He
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addicte to idolatry. Bein idolaters the were considere no eSsthan traitor in the Lingdom o God, and theres ore, ere notat betolerated sine there Was a probabilit of thei leading the Israelites to the commission of the fame in Exod. 23 32, 33. 34 12, 16. Deut 7 1-11 20 1-18. The Phenicians er no include inthis dee hostilily, a the dwel o the orthern ShOre of the Oun- try, ere hiat up Within their own limits, and ad occupie none of the pasturingaround of the Patriarchs se learn from Josti. 11:19, that the Canaanites might have avoided the exercise of the Ostitit of the Hebrewsa leavin the eoiant , hiel in truth many of them id Sueli as ursu ed his curse sed to the Phenicians, and were transported by them into Africa, Procopius de Vandal. II. 10 p. 258. II. The AMALΕK1ΤΕ or ΑΝΑΑΝΙΤΕ O ARABIA PETREA'ere in like manne tot destroye with universat glaughter. This a to e done beeaus the had attaehed the wea and Wear HebreWs in their journe through Arabia an because therobberies, hieli,ere committe by themon the solither bordersos Palestine, could o be restrained in an othe way EXod 17 8, 14 Deut 25 17. comp. Judges 6 3-5 1 Sam. 15 1 et seq. 27 8,
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256 g 16. PRINCIPAU OFFICER IN THE HEBRE ITATE. The reason of Ain this iddie course Was that, hile theyhad grante to the HebreWs a passage through their count , theyhad res used to suppi them illi provisioris, even fiald Deut 2 29. 23 5. Asterward in conjunction illi certain Midianitisti tribes, the invited the prophe Balaam to curse the Hebrews, and finalty the allure them to idolatry, i. e. to the crime of reason Deut 23:3-8. comp. 2 9-19, 37. The HebreWs, hoWever, id o feel themselves ut libert to carryin War againSt them, excepi hen provolied by previolas hostilily, Judg. 3 12 30 1 Sam. 14 47. Sam 8 2 et seq. 12 26 et seq. The ultimatet crushed the MIDΙΑΝΙΤΕs, wh had conspired withth Moabites in thei platis, in a ar of readfui severity Num. 25:16, 17 31 1-24. Waraad notaeen determine&on against the AMORIΤΕS, Who had anciently aheninway the region cyon Jorda fro the Moabites an Ammonites by arms, o the wer no in possession o any of the pasturiniland of the Patriarchs. ut a thei Lings, Silionand g, nolint refuSed a re passage, ut opposed the HebreWswith arms, the were attached and beaten, and thei colanto seli into the hand of the Israelites Num. 21 21-35. Deut 1 4 2 2 37. 3 1 18 4 46-49. comp. Judg 11 13-23. Treaties ere permitte With ait ther nations. David, accord- ingly maintained a friendi nationa intercourse illi the ings os Tyre and Hamath; and Solomon illi the Lings o Tyre an Egyphand with the queen of heba Even the religious Maccabee madetreaties illi the Romans. The propheis eve Where condem thetreaties, hicli ere made illi the nations notaecause the were contrar to the la o Moses; ut beeaus the were injurious to the commonwealth, Whicli the event proved, Sa. vii XXXui. XXXVii.
216. PRINCIPAL OFFICER OR RULERS IN HE HEBRE STATE. Many things in the administration of the overtiment remainedthe Sume unde the Mosaic economy, ns it ad been es re Theauthori ty, hieli the had ire violast possessed, a continuod in hibe time o Moses an aster his time, to the princes of the tribes, to the ead os sumilies and combinations os families, an to th
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258 I 217 coNNECTION F THE RIBES ITH AC OTHER.8 5 26. Being thus called pono sustat ver disserent and et ver important ossices, the beeam the Subjecta of that enu'whieli,ould naturali be excited by the honor and the dumtages, attache to thei situation. In orde to confirm them in the duties Whiel devolve iapon them, an to thro a the reates di tande the mean and lui hin principi just mentioned God, after thesedition os orati, Dathan, an Abiram, Sanctione the separationo the whole tribu, hieli ad been previouSi made, to the service of religion and the state, by a mos evident an strihin miraele,
the other tribes Judg. 20 11-46 2 Sam 2 4. Judg 1 21, 27 33. Is an assai concerne the whole or many of the tribes, it a d termined by them in conjunction, in the legislative assembl of the nation, Judges 11 1-11. 1 Chron. 5 10 18 19. 2 Sam 3 17.1 ing 12 1 24. I any one tribo ound iselfinequat to the execution os an proposed plan, it might connec iiset With another, or even a number of the ther tribes Judg 1 1-3, 22 4 10. 7:23, 24 8 2, 3. ut although in many things eaeli tribe existed by tself, an acie separalely, et in thers, the were nited,
and formed ut ne communi . For at the tribes ere bound together, o as to Orm ne hvrch and ne civi community, nesoni by thei common ancestors, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, notoni by the common promises, hicli the had received romthos ancestors, no Only by the need in hiel the stood os mutuat counse an assistanee ut also by the circumstance, that God was thei common ing that he had a common tabe nacte sor his palaee, an a common sacerdotes an Levitica orde for his mini)tera. Aecordingly very tribe Xerteda Ort os inspection ver the thera, a respecte thei observane of the Lato. I any thing ad been neglected O any rongbeen done the particular tribe concerne was amenable to the Others and in eas justice Ouid O be secure in an other Way, mightae punishod illi ar, Josti. 22 9-34. Judg. 20 1 et seq.It is possibie, that a communit thus constitute may be prospe
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ous and tranquil, but it ill probabi Want prompines in securing that justice, hicli scit due, and Wil also e expose to externalan internat ars. e n examples of these eviis during thestime of the judges. In uel a community, it a to e expected likewise, that the more powersu tribes ould e jealous of eaeliother, and rivuls. Accordingi We in this rivalfhi existin be- tween the tribe fraudati, o hicli elonge the right o primogeniture, and the tribe of Joseph, hicli ad D ubi portion, Gen. 49 8 10 48 5 6. The right of possessin a doubie portion, in consequence of hic the tribe of Joseph a divide into thoseo Ephraim an Manasseti, and whieli as equivalent in aut toste right o primogeniture, place these Wo tribes on early the fame coling, and cause them to ook pon eae other illi thecaptious and unfriendi eye os competitors. From the rivalfhips of this in a ad schism snalty rose, hicli undere the nation,
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Examine in reserene to this pollit, Exod 19 7 24 3-8. 34 31, 32. Lev. 4 13 8 3-5. 9 5. 3. METHOD AN PLACE F CONVENIN THE COMITIA. The were convene by the udge or uter so the time be-ing, an in case of his absence, by the ira fiest, Num 10 2 Judg. 20 1, 27, 28. Josti. 23 1, 2. The place of thei assemblingappears is have been a the oor of the tabernacle, Num. 10 3. Judg. 20 1, 27, 28 1 Sam. 10 17. Sometime Some ther place, commoni One O Some celebrity, a selecte a the place of mee, ing, Josti. 24 1. 1 Sam. 11 14, 15 1 ing 12 1. A longos the Hebrews reside in camps in the Arabia militerness, the comitia were summoneytogether by the lowin os the oly rumpeta. Rappears ro Num. 10 2-4 that thealoWin os one rumpet onlywas the signa soris omeWhat Selec convention compose merely of the ead of the claris o associale families, and of the princes of the tribes Thesblowing of two rumpet Was the Signa se convening the great assembly, composed not ont of the head o families, and the princes of the tribes, ut of the lders, judges, and genealogisis an in ome instances including, as has been atready rem ked the wholeiod of the eople. When the HebreWs ad
rim, in is, Whom, sor an os a better term in Englisli, ehave denominat ei genealogisis. J In the comitia, those, hichmet here the eopte ere o present, the rights of Overei - ere exerciSed, ars ere declared, eace a concluded, treaties ere ratisied civit uter an generais, an eventuallyhings,ere chosen Themath os ossice was administere to iis em
bers by the judge, o the in of the tute and the alter in turn iu
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The comitia a te Without instructions rom the eople, on theirown authority, and aecordin to their Wn Views. Nor oes nyinstane occur in hicli the eopte exhibite an disposition to intersere in thei deliberations by Way of dietatin What the ought, or ha the ought noto do Still the comitia ere in the habitos proposin to the eopte thei decision an resolve so thei ratisdation and consent 1 Sam. 11 14, 15 comp. Josti. 8 33 23 2 et seq. 24 1 et seq. When Od Was hosen, a the special in ofili Hebre s it a no done by the comitia, independenti of those Whom the commoni represented, ut by the eopte themselves ali os hom, as et a thei rulers too the oath of obedience, even the Omen and children, Exod. 24 3-8. Deut 29 9 14. The eopte commoni appro 'ed What a done by the Senate, ut
Whe we remember, that God as expressi cliose the ingos the eople, and that e nacte laws an decide litigated minis of importanee, Num. 17 1-11 27 1 11. 36 1 10;When e remember also that he anSWere an solve questions
proposed Num. 15 32-41. Josti. 7 16-22. Judg 1 1, 2. 20 18, 27, 28. 1 Sam. 14 37. 23 9 12 30 8 2 Sam 2 1 that Hethreatene punishment, and that in Some instanees, e actuallyinflicted trapon the hardene and impenitent, Num. 11 33 5. 12:
finalty werio into account that He promised prophetS, Who eret beras it ere his ambassadors, Deut xviii. an after ard sent them accordin to his promise and that in Orde to preserve thetrue religion He governed the whole eoplea aratrihin and peculiar providenee, e re a liberi to a that God a in factili monarch of the eople, and that the overtiment a RoheOcracy. An indeo it is orthyi remark, that a formi govern-ment, in Some degre theocratica in iis nature, as et Suitedio the character of that distant age The io tries that Or-
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262 3 219. FORA GU GOVERN MENT MIXED ΟΝΕ.dere o Palestine, ad thei tutela deities and there existedamon them early the fame connection etWeen religion and the civiliovernment, hicli there existe among the Hebrews There Was his differetice, however, in the Wo cases. The protection, Whic the salse deities ere supposedo assor to the nations in the vicinit o Palestine, as altogether a deception; hile the protection, hiel the true God thre around the children ofISmel, as a realit an a truth. There a lihewis this furtherpoliat os difference, that hil among the Ormer, religion assup sed to e the pro of the state it Was a faci, that among the Hebrews the state a designe to e the supporter and preserve o religion. ut although the overriment of the JewsWa a theociney, it a no destitute of the sua sorms, hieli exist in civit overnments amon men God, it is true, a the Ling and the igh-priest, is, may be allo edis to speah, Washis minister of state; ut stili the politica affairs ere in a reat measure unde the disposal f the lders, princes, etc. It was tostem that Moses gave the divine command determine expressi theirio versa an submitted thei request to the decisionis God Num. 14 5. 16 4 et seq. 27 5. 36 5 6. It was in res e ene to the reat power possessed by these men, Who sorme thelegislative assembl of the nation stat osephus pronounce thegovernmen to e aristocratica L ut rom the circumstanee, that the eopte possesse so uel influence, as O rende it necessaryto submit laws to the so thei ratification, and that the eventoo it pon themselves somelimes to propos laWS, Oro resistitiose hicli ere nacted fro the circumstance also that thelegislatur of the nation ad no the power of layin taxes, and that the civit code a regulate an ensorcedi God imself, independenti of the legislature, Lowman and Iohn Dat id Michaelisare in favor o considering the Hebre govertamen a democrata. In supportis thei opinion, suci passages are examine a the sol
theocratical seatures, was Os a miXed Orm in Ome respectS p-proachiragra a democruey, in thera Suming morem an aristocratical character.