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he had effecte a temporar reconciliation. An enaciment' presentlysollowed extending the duration os proconsular overnment sto twoyears to ix. his as in direct violation os a la o Caesar. Notice as also ivei os measures introducin a more popular element into the ouris os law, and granting the privilege os appealto the peoples to criminals convicted is io reaso vis ir 9. On September Ly the senat was convohed inconside the proprietyos addinia da to the public thanksgivings, in honour os Caesar Cicero
Sent an excuserio Anton soriis absence, but Anton spolies him illi much violence the nexi a Cicero addresse the Senate, Antonybeing absent. Mis speech, therars Philippic, as a criticis os Antony'spolicy, ree ho ever, rom persona hostilily He complained Vespeciali of the promulgationis measures directi violatin laWs o Caesar, and of the uses made os Caesar' papers ; risuli mixe prais an censures of the residin consul Dolabella ; spoli os Hirtius' illi muchregard and warned Anton What his sale ould probabi beo hepersisted in his actuat course Anton replied on September I Witha violent attachin Cicero's hole career, and lest Rome 'in October sor Brundisium, here three o Mur legion os the arm o Macedonialia tanded. The had been clampere With, probably by agent os Octavius, and receivedonton badly The good understandin be- tween Anton an Octavius lax no Hastem long an Antony ad charged V Octavius illi plottingat assassination Havin punished 'some os the mutinous soldiers, Anton set ut o Rome attende by the fifth legion Τ Alaudae') The legion os Macedonia ere o proceedalong the coas road to Cisalpine Gaul. Anton returne to Rome in about the iddie os November. Heles the greater par of his troops at Tibur, ut rought an scor into the capital Havingaear of the ope mutin of the Martia legio hesummone the senate sor a meeting on the Sth hen e probablyintende to as it sanctio sor decisive measures against Octavius Butheleard during the sitiing that the Murth legion had sollowed the exampleos the Martian δ' and contente himself,ith procuring a vote in honour
u Ad Fam. Iet. 23, 24 App. Beli. iv. 3. 39. App. Beli. Civ. 3. 43 ἔ
Philipp. 3. 2 4 3. 4 Io. Ad Att. 6. 8, App. Beli. iv. 3. 44 and D; Dion Cassius 45 I3 Appendix II, II. δ' Ad Att. 6. Io I App. Beli. iv. 3. 5. V App. l. c. Philipp. 3. 8. δ' Philipp. 3. 3. 64 3 9 5 8-9 I3 9, I9 Appian Beli. Civ. 3. 45 says that he onlyaear of the revolt of the Martia legion
os Lepidus' and with mahin provision, illi the apparent approva os
the senate, o the government of the province during the year DB.c. The mos important nomination a that of his brother Gaius to supersede M. Brutus in Macedonia. Anton then retirexto Tibur , here an attemptini mediation a made by severa senators ho attended him tollis quarters, but salied, Win to the oppositio of his brother Lucius M. He then set ut so Cisalpine aut at the ea os a large orce ' D. Brutus prepare to resis ' him, ut Was oblige to evacuate ne omnaster another, and finalty was besieged in Mutina. io Octavius meanwhile ad raised a considerable orceis veterans in Campania during Anto 's absenc he approache Rome, an onthe invitatio of the tribune Cannutius he en tered the cit and ad&essed the eople, professin his readines to oppos Antony. The Martianlegion ad occupie Alba sor im; and e name Arretium a thegathering-placerior his sollowers 7. Cicero Seem noto have appeare in Rome etween the iddie of October and the this December ' he employed himself in compo in a replf to Antony' attach of September I9. his reply the secondPhilippic aster ein submitte to Atticus sor criticium, a probablypublishe aster Antony ad est Rome Cicero a no satisfied illithe demeanour of Octavius '' and wroterio various provinciat overnor δὲ to confirm them in thei allegiance to the senate. His eiSure a occu- pie in the composition o philosophical δ' orks, ascit ad been earlier in the ear On December o, OWever δ' an opportunit presentediiseis in him sor resumin his duties as a Senator. The ne tribunes of theseople had then come into ossice, an convoked the Senatem that dant tali steps for securing the Deedom of iis deliberations o Januar I. Cicero, however, didiot confine himself to the question, but suggested voles in honour os D. Brutus, Octavius, and others, and commente Severet onthe proceedings of Anton an his rother Lucius. He also proposed Milia the provisions made by Anton for the government of the provinces during the ear 3 .c. hould e realed a nuli and void a suggestionwhichahe senate seem to have approved. O the fame danti addressed si theseople, to stimulate their eal on bellais of the senate.
1 I. M. Brutus and C. Cassius had probabi by this time entere the
Philipp. 3. . Ib. 3. Io Appendici I. App. Beli. Civ. 3. 45 and 46 Dion Cassius 45. 3. Philipp. 6 4, Io App. Beli. iv. 3. 46. App. l. c. Dion Cassius i. c. Philipp. 3. 2, 3I. ' App. Beli. iv. 3. 49 Dion Cassius 45. I 4 Philipp. 3. 4, 8. 7 Ad Att. I 6 8 I6.9; 6. 5, 3 Philipp. 3. 2, 3 App. Beli. iv. 3. 4o- a. 'radinam. II. 5, I
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provinces assigned them unde Caesar' arrangemenis, Macedonia and
Syria Dolabella' to hom Syria ad been granted by a vote of thepeopte about the fame time that Macedonia ad been assigne to Antony, ad also est Rome. Sex Pompeius' ad been induced by M. Lepidus to disban his armyunde a promise of the restoratio of his ather' property, and of hisbein allowe to retur himself to Rome He aited hoWever, sorsome time a Massiliario atch evenis .
1 et O therars os January an important meetin os the senate ook place That bod was convene by the two consul Hirtius an Pansa, sor discussion of the poticyra be adoptem toWard Antony Cicero
proposed to invest the consuis illi sui powers, an to osse an amne Styto suci, os Antony' sollowers a might leave imbesore the sirs os February He also proposed voles in honour os D. Brutus, Lepidus, Octavius, and others. The senate, hoWever, after a long ebate, decidedon Jan. to sendisnvoy to Antony, ho hould require hi to evacuatem province of D. Brutus anda obe the Senate and people. Ser. Sulpicius Rufus' L. Piso, an L. Philippus ere choSenos enuoys, and Cicero's propos is acto honorar voles ere adopted tu hemas much dissatisfied Mith the resul os the proceedings, an expresse his discontent in aspeech δ' delivered to theseopte aster the division in the senate had ahenplace and also in a letter ritten horti asterward to Cassius, in hicli as in one o Trebonius, he complain os the weakneS of the consulars, butpraises the bellaviour of the consul and of the majorit of the senate. Appian δ' charges Cicero illi avin tampere With the instructions
give by the senate to the enuoys, oras to mali them es conciliatorythan the senate had intende them tote. This charge is not hoWever, preferre by any the writer, an Cicero' says that the instructions were drawnis in accordance With the advice of Sulpicius. The nvoys et ut for Antony's camp; ut a the approache it Ser. Sulpicius died δ' his colleagues en on, but id not accordin to Cicero, execute thei commission it sussicient firmness. During their absence Hirtius ' set out to tali me command of the orces destine torelieve Mutina, and Cicero again addressed δ' the senate, o prove thal
App. Beli. Civ. 3. 24 and 26 Plut Brut 24 Appendix II. App. Beli. Civ.
13. Aster the retur os Piso an Philippus, ho ad o been
allowe to confer illi D. Brutus' and rought counter proposais homAntony the senate metrio conside thos proposais Cicero a anxious for an immediate declaration os a against Antony, ut the Senate
substitute sor a the es decide term tumult' greatly to Cicero'sannoyance He trie to promote his objec indirectly by proposing that the memor os Ser. Sulpicius hould receive honours hicli adpreviOuSly been ni grante in the case os enuoys h ha been hilledin the service os their country, and the senate seem to have adopte his Proposall. Shorti asterward a despatch ' arrive sto M. Brutus describin his successsulisperations in Macedonia. During the las monilis os candili beginning of 3 .c., he had been activel employed, and had made' himself master both o Macedonia and of Illyricum H gaine oversome troops hich should have ollowed Dolabella into Asia, and leviedother in Greec large sum os money and considerable store of armSalso et into his han's. In these operation he was essectivel Supported by Cicero' son Marcus, and the poet Horace et a command in his army. Q. Hortensius, overnor o Macedonia sor 44 .c., recogniZed Brutus as his lawsul successor, an P. Vatinius in Illyricum a unableo unwillin to oppos him; ut C. Antonius, brotheris Marcus, tandediat in to assume the overnment of Macedonia by virtve os an appotniment tready reserre to . Brutus, however, deseate him, and
Wrote, a besOre mentioned, to annOunc his successes to the Senate.
In the debat whicli sollowed Q. Calenus ' recommende that Brutus shouldi require to Surrende his army an province to Vatinius and C. Antonius; ut Cicero opposed in this strongly, and proposed that the proceedings of Brutus hould e approve an his authorit confirmed.
The senate seem to have adopte this suggestion. I . Important evenis ere presenti reporte Do the astu.
Dolabella ad est Rome in the autumn of the revious year o ahethe command in Syria, as he had been authorige to do by a vote of thepeople. Some of his soldiersiad been gained ' overi Brutus o theirmarch through Macedonia, but at the head os suci a rem aine salthsul, he marched through the province of Asia', capture it governor Trebonius by a reacherous surprise, and had im putri death When the
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new of this event, hich may have appene in February, 43 .c., reache Rome the senate a convohedra consider hat Steps houldbe ahen in consequence There a a genera agreement a to theatrocit os Dolabellas conduci ; Calenus proposed that he hould edeclare a public nemy, and his properi confiscaled. The Senate Seem to have adopte this proposai; ut Cicero as unabie, Win tolli opposition of Pansa, to secure that the conductis hostilities against Dolabella should e entruste to C. Cassius, os hos succeSssu OPerations in Syria Cicero ha heard 'The conduci os the war illi Dolabella as actuali entruste to the ConSuli , ho ere, aster relievin D. Brutus, to cast tot in Syria and Asia Many no doubi supporte this proposal in the liope that he con- suis attention might be diverted stom Mutina Evenis, however, deprived the Vote os an practica importance Cicero attempted apparently toget it reversed at once by theseople, ut salied, Win to the oppoSitionos Pansa and the ear of the neares relatives of CaSSiUS. O Marci I a despatch arrive sto Q. Cornificius, describin his reSistance to the ossicer o Calvisius, Antons nominee so the govern-ment of Africa The senate approve his proceedings, ut decline to
sente that he would mahe great concessions and by theSe artifices invetgled Cicero into a promis to serve a an enVoy. N SOOner, hoWever, ha he ad that promise than he was ager to retrae it for thelangvage of Antony's supporter.' presenti changed P. ServiliuS another of the enuoys proposed, shewed qua unWillingnes to serve, and the scheme et to ille ground.
The senate at Cicero a compliment δ' on the 19th os Marcii, by votin sor the restoration os a statue os Minerva hicli Cicero ad dedicate in the Capito on the eve of his exile in B. c., and hicli
O the oth V, apparently Pansa les Rome a the ea os his new
Cic. 3I Dion Cassius 38. I7. V p. Ad Fam. o. 6. 3, it Philipp. 3. 7..16. alib. Pansa was not apparently prcsent during the deliver of the thirteent Philippic:
levies. M. Cornutus, the praetor urbanus I as est in charge os thecapital and seems, o the very ay os Pansa' departure, to have convohed the senate so the considerationis despatchec sto Lepidus an Plancus hicli recommende the adoption os a conciliator poticytoWard Antony. P. Servilius spoli against thei recommendations, and was sollowed by Cicero in a long speech ' Cicero arne Lepidus against distoyalty, and read aloud, illi a running commentary, a letter latet addressedi Anton to Hirtius and Octavius Anton complainedbitteri os the hostilit to the Caesaria cause hicli the Senate's measures implied, and invited Hirtius and Octavius to combine illi him
against thei common nemies. The result of the discussion seemst have been that the senate renounce ali dea os negotiations and Cicero rote an account of the proceedings at once to Plancus, and
perhapso Lepidus also To Plancus e sed a tone os friendi re-proos rio Lepidusae coidi expresse dissatisfaction illi the ingratitudewhichae hewexto the senate. Cicero heard about the Same time, PrΟ-bably, sto Pollio ' that he was anxious sor eace, and would OPPOSeiis disturbers; ut that he regrette the absenc os instructions stom
Toward the lose os the monili another letter arrived rom Plancuso more satisfactor impori. Plancus excused himsel so the hesitationos his revious language, alleging that it a necessar to Secure theaffectio of his soldier an os the provinciais e re e committed himselsi a declarationis opinion Cicero wrote δ' to than him, and toexhor him to persevere in his good disposition. He also rote to C. Cassius V to a that D. Brutus as reduce to the las extremityb lamine and that the main ope of the Commonwealth as in thearmies os Syria and Macedonia. 16. Meanwhile Pansa, illi Mur legions ' os recruits dre nea toth seatis War. Some partia engagemenis δ' ad atready ahen place; Antony's utposis ad been rive sto Claterna, and e sterWardsevacuate Bononia ithout a batile to concentrat his orces earerto Mutina H commissione his rother Lucius in t walch D. Brutus, whileae himself prepare to resis the advance of Hirtius an Octavius.
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sent out the Martian legend and wo praetoria cohoris unde D. Carfulenus to scort ansa to his camin; Ser. Galba , ne os Caesar' mur-dererS, en on to announc thei approach, and hen omed by thesetroops, Pansa advan ex along the Aemilian way ill e encountered
Antony, a litile to the east o Forum Gallorum, o Apri 15th An
obstinate en agement illowed in hicli Pansa a severet Ounded,
Octavius mean hile, repulSed an attac made ponti camp. Galba reportes' this action to Cicero, and deSpatches rom the consulSarid rom Octavius arrive a Rome bout the Same time illi his letter.
Reporis had been previousi ny in about os a victor os Antonys thersos usurpatio contemplate by Cicero. The met illi litile credence, however the truth as nown on Aprilis o and Cicero ent up to the Capito to than the god for the victor the had granted 'Nex da the senate' et, an Cornutus rea the despatch os theconSuis Whichiegged that a thanksgiving might be ordere in honouros thei victory. . Servilius '' argue that thei request hould egranted but id not appi the term hostis to Antony, nor the term imperatores ' to the consuls. O this Cicero remarhed' that hankSgivings could only be ordered with propriet in cases hen hoSe two ordSwould e appropriate. He' proposed that thanksgivings sor sty Vsshouldae offered that a monument hould e recte in honour of the soldiers ho ad fallen, and that the promise made to them houldhe sulfille to thei furvivin relatives. The senate adopte theS Suggestions and declare Anton a public nemy. Cicero ad been much embarrasse at this time by the perSonaljealoustes hicli prevalle a Rome Plancus δ' as evidenti discontente by the senates inadequale recognition, as e thought it, of his
services, and Cicero ad some dissiculi in soothin him. P. Servilius
Isauricus, M. Cornutus, and P. Titius, ne of the tribunes, ere allunsriendi to lanCUS.
I r. ster the batiles ea Forum Gallorum, Hirtius and Octavius had brought together the forces hicli the could emplo against Anton '
sollowed in hichontony a completet beaten, an compelle torais the lege of Mutina Hirtius, however, seli' and Pansa die notion aste ard of his ounds. D. Brutus as unableri or an os transpori, and Octavius probabi unWilling, to res Anton harmo his retreat; and the alter a thus able o sor a junctio, at Vada in Liguria illi P. Ventidius Bassus, holad aised threes legion in Picenum and else here, and aster threatening perhaps entering Rome, ad ted his orces to orth Italy. Asteriis union,illi Ventidius, Anton SaWhimself again a the ea os a sormidabie orce, an marche rapidi 'toward Gallia Narbonensis. The senate seem no totaVe Summoned
Lepidus an Plancus to Ital ut Antony arrive a Forum Iulii onMa I 5, and encamped ' ea Lepidus, hos arm Wa posted ear Forum Voconii, an on the Argenteus V. Intrigues oonlega sor an union of the two armies, an Lepidus ither asy', o pretende tobe, compelle by his soldiers' uteries to consent ocit. The nitedarmies muS have numbere nearly o,oo men, maint Veterans and Plancus, holad crossed the Isara δ' o suppor Lepidus against Antony, no recrossed in that river, o June , to wait in securit the arrivalos D. Brutus Lepidus rote' to the senate to lea compulsio as an excuse sor his reachery, ut a declared δ' a public nem by iis unanimou vote o June o. He had ritte eight yy Vs e re his revolt to assure Cicero os his loyalty. 18. During the past monili the senate, unde Cicero'sauidance hadbeen trying, Without much discretion to impat the influence of Octa
Pansa' recruit unde the command of D. Brutus, homas commissionedio prosecute the war against Antony No was a place ound sor
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Octavius o a commission osten, hich seems to have been appotnted odistribute the reward intended so the conqueror os Mutina Cicerohad atready mposei a decree in honour os ex Pompeius, howas no invested with the hie command a se ' A the easter provinces ere almos entiret controite by Cassius an M. Brutus, thesenate' measures Ouid naturali alarm even moderate Caesarians and
thei apprehensions ould e increased by the appotniment os a resti
commission os ten, nominalty to revie in administration o Antony, but reatly Appia Suggest.' to reverse Caesar' actS. Cicero continue to urges D. Brutus an Plancus to energeti cooperation, and Wa encouraged by new of thei union, hich oo placeearly in June ' Thei combined orces mus have uinumbere ' hoseos Anton an Lepidus, ut comprised ni Mur legion os veteranS. The did not there re venture to tali the offensive' hile thei adversaries hopeduo prevail Without a batile Pollio remained inactive ' in Spain, thinhin himself slighte that the senate id not see his id Mean-while the contestis intrigue as agedinremittingi in Italy. Octavius was ordere to suppor D. Brutus, ut ad been offende by the ambiguous language os Cicero, by the preserence Shewn or Caesar's murderers in the distributionis honour an power, and by the persistent essoris madesto strange his soldieristo him δ' avin allowed the effecis os these insulis to ripe in the ind of his men, an having made ver- tures in sor reconciliation to Anton an Lepidus Octavius caused his
The dominant part in the senate made desperate appeat for id to the ossicer commanding in the ast an in Africa Cicero' last letter' preserve to us, is a requesto C. CasSius to come o Italy. From Asrica two legions δ' id actuali land but, as illi Seen, SubSequently ent vero Octavius. The ast letter addresse to Cicero, whicli is stili extant, is ne Vorom Plancus, date Jul 28, in hicli Plancus speias of his reluctance to is a batile, an complain os theambition os Octavius Tetters subsequently written or received by
Cicero have probabi been destroyed by men hos reputation ould have suffered by thei preservation. I9. When a deputatio sto the arm os Octavius arrive in Rome δ' demand the consulfhi soraim, the senate resused hi leaveto stand on account of his age. His soldiers, hen the deputation returned demande to e lexto Rome andae complied y illi their isti. He ad ight legions, illi cavair an light trOOps, and the ne os his advanc cause a reat panic. It was allayed hoWever, sora time by the arrival of the stica legions ' the wer encamped, together illi ne est bellin by Pansa, sor the delance of the ity, and ne levies ere ordered But the Africa legion consiste in great measure os id soldier o Caesar Octavius probabi di notSpare promises, an on his approach the troops hich hould avo opposed hi submitte to im M. The Senate a no defenceless; the praetor M. Cornutus te himself, and Cicero ent to greet Octavius, ho replied to his salutation in ambiguous terms. In thenight a rumour Was spread abroad that two legions ad revolted against Octavius, and Cicero and the senate regaine courage sora moment, ut ere speedit undeceived. Nothin no remained ut submission the necessar sorms erehurrie through, an Octavius as electe consub in his oth year, with Q. Pedius sor his colleague. The neWs of this event producedgreat effect in the provinces Pollio seems at once to have declared sor Anton an Lepidus. Plancus remaine salthsul to the senate sor ome time longer, ill Pollio essected by his mediation a reconciliation etween him an Antonyy. D. Brutus a no quite unableto hold his ground and desertio rapidi thinned his ranks. He resolved, there re t try to orce his a to M. Brutus, and by a dissiculi routo
reache Aquileia, here e seli into the and of a Gaulisti clitesto hom he had formeri done service, ut ho novi ille him at Antony's bidding, probabi in October . et o M. Brutus, meanwhile, ad captured ' C. Antonius, butorealedhim very et a first He secure his position in reece, an aster
App. Beli. iv. 3. 88 Dion Cassius 46. 3. App. Dion ii. c. App. Boll. Civ. 3. I Dion Cassius 46. App. Beli. iv. 3. 9M Dion Cassius 46 45. App. Beli. Civ. 3. 3. Ib. 3. Dion Cassius 46. 46 According to Suetonius Octavius 3I in August Dion Cassius 56, 3 say on the I9th accordin to Hleius a. 65 o September a Perhaps the firs date is that of the senate' decree authoriginthimio stand the second that of the election. p. Dion Cassius 55. 6 56 3o Lange Rom. Alt 3 535-536, agrees it Suetonius and Dion Cassius. Se also Corp Inscr. Lat. I. p. 3Io; Co. ' Veli. a. 634 App. Beli. iv. 3 Dion Cassius 46. 3. App. Beli. iv. 3. 97 and 98 Veli. a. 6 L Dion Cassius i. c. ' App. Beli. iv. 3. 79 Dion Cassius 47. I.
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visitin Asia, returne to Europe, and obtaine successes against
sor his absence ro Ital at a critica moment' The operations os Cassius ad been more important aster the batile os Mutina thesenate commissionei him to ac against Dolabella, homi besiegedin Laodicea. A strict navat lochade os the Same place a maintaine by Patiscus, Turullius, an C. CaSSius, a quaestor Some sme gales ere subsequently betraye to Cassius, and Dolabella illed himself Cassius, aster occupying the place marche toWard Egypt, but a recalle by a letter rom Brutus, and wen to meet hi in the province of Asia
et 1 The remainde os Cicero' lis may bes describe in a se
When Octavius ad received the consulfhip he ascende to the Capitolino mahe the sua vows an sacrifices; ai Caesar's equeststo the eopte thanked the senate sor releasin him sto the restrictionis the aeges Annales, and procure the nactinent os a lex Curiata' to sanctio his adoption Other lam os importanc sol-lowey one removin the utlawr os Dolabella, and anotheri directingilia an enquir should e made bout the murder of Caesar, and fixin a punishment so the principat an accomplices in it. Under this law, the conspirator an others ho ad meret sympathised illithe were condemne in thei absence to exile an confiscation, hicli os course implied the los os command an provinces Lia. Octavius o lest Rome profeSSedi to ac against Antony. But o his a a message reached hi sto the Senate, saying thathis colleague ad proposed the reversa of the ouuaWr of Antonyan Lepidus He signifie his approvat, and the reversat a carriedy. Mean hil Anton an Lepidus, leavin L. Varius Cotyla in charge of Gaul, marche into Italy at the ea os a large army,
and et Octavius ea Bononia, here, in an istand sorme either by the Lavinius o the Rhenus the three generat me to provide so the government of the wester par of the empire so the proSecusion os the war illi Brutus an Cassius for the remova of theirown most formidabie 'nemies, and for the rewar of thei soldiers
M confiscation Thei measures ere agreed pon by bout theend of Octobery, and a despatch Was at once sent of to Romebidding the consul Pedius to ut o death at once eventeen os the Proscribed, includin Cicero. Accordin to Ome accounts , Octa-Vius ad struggle long esore sacrificin himo Antony. A terribie agitatio sollowed the arrival of the despatch a Rome, an Pedius
died stom excitemen caused by his efforis to restore confidence. Shorti aster ards, at the lose os November, the triumvir ap- Peared ', an received a commission to regulate the assair of the Commonwealth sor ve ears. Octavius the lai doWn the consul-ship and P. Ventidius Bassus an C. Albius y Carrinas ere elected
23. Cicero a at this time a Tusculum, an ill-provide vitii money he was anxious o si to Macedonia, an his rother and nephe entere Rome to procure supplie so the ourney, ut erelahen an putri death . Cicero himsel travelle to stura coastedalon to Circeii returne to Astura, and thence salie to Caieta, tanded, and passe a night in his Formian villa. He Was ear os suspense, an distiked the thought os a voyage in inter; ut his flaves persuade him to et them carr him to his hip. eoasdrive bac more than once by ad eather, an returne to his villa, saying, Let me die in the countryo have osten aved.' epasse another night there nexi da a pari sent in earch of him approached, and his flaves made a last essor to carr him to theship, ut vere vertahen in a ood by soldiers, unde the commandos Popilius Laenas, a tribune, and Herennius, a centurion Theslaves prepare to desen thei master, ut Cicero sorbade them, an stretched ut his nec to the Wor o Herennius o Popilius. The lalter ad once been Cicero' client in an action'.
Cicero as ille o December et he had early complete his 6 th year. His ea an hand were ut is, an displaye o the Rostra a Rome aster his ea had received insulis rom Fulvia. Antonysaida his murderer te times the re ard promised them
Veli. a. 66 opp. Beli. Civ. and 3 Plui. Dion Cassius; l. c. ' ischer, Romischeraeittaselia, sub anno. App. Beli. iv. 4. 6. M uet Oct. 7 Veli. a. 66 Plut Ant. I9. App. l. c. ' Dion Cassius 47. : p. 46. 554 App. Beli. iv. 4. 7. y App. Beli. iv. 4. 4 Veli. a. 65: Fasti Consulares apud reli onomast. , sub anno. ' Plut Cic. 47 App. Beli. Civ. 4. o Dion Cassius 47. Io. ' Dion Cassius 47, II; M. Seneca, Controv. 3. 7. δ' Livy. Fragm. 5o, e lib. Ia Plut Cic. 47-494 Veli. a. 64 and 66 App. Beli. iv. 4. Imandis Dion Cassius 47. Mand II.
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MATIUS SUBURBAN UILLA ABO UT APRILI, 44 B.C. 71 A. U. C.)
I. I have come o visit Matius, ho says, with some satisfaction, that Caesar's death Wil causeareat confusion a Teli me an news ou hear, especiali about Brutus. remember astriking remar o Caesar' about him; and that remind me of another referring o m humiliatio unde the late system.
CICERO ATTICO SAL. DEUERT ad illum, de quo tecum mane. Nihil perditius: explicari rem non posse ; etenim si ille tali ingenio exitum non reperiebat, quis nunc reperiet ρ' Quid quaeris p perisse omnia aiebat, quod haud scio an ita sit; verum ille uadens, adfirmatque minus diebus XX tumultum Gallicum, in sermone se sABOUT APRILI. A comparison o Ad Att. 4. 2 4 ith I4 5, 3 mahes this date seem probabie. I. Deverti, I have comem a visit. Ad illum. Probablyrio C. Matius. p. Ad Att. 4. and sor an account of Matius ΕP. II 3, note. De quo tecum mane, sc. Oculus Sum. Cp., o the ellipse, p. 7o, notemni. 7 P. 97, l. 3. Nihil perditius. Probabi Cicero's ords, noth in could e more desperate 'than his tone Boot says of the word si Ciceronis sunt indicant illiam in C. Matium non esse bonarum partium.
a. Ille, C. Caesar. 3. Non reperiebat There is ather ahars transition rom the ' oratio obliqua toth directa in this clause. . Quod haud scio . . sit, ' hic per. haps is the case. Cp. Madv. 453. Ille gaudens, c. aiebat. Se above; adfirmatque. esenb has adfirmabat
5. Tumultum Gallicum, c. 'sore. The wor tumultus was ni applied by the Roman to a war in Gaulis Italy. p. Philipp. 8. I, 3. The ear of Matius ereno justified by the event.
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post Idus Martias praeterquam Lepido venisse nemini ad summam, non posse istaec sic abire. O pudentem Oppium qui nihilo minus illum desiderat, sed loquitur nihil, quod quemquam bonum issendat. Sed haec hactenus Tu, quaeso, quicquid
5 novi-multa autem XSpecto Scribere ne pigrere in his, de Sexto satisne certum, maXime autem de Bruto nostro, de quo quidem ille, ad quem deverti, Caesarem Solitum dicere, Magni
resert hic quid velit, sed quicquid volt, valde volt; idque eum
animadvertisse, cum pro Deiotaro Nicaeae diceret valde vehe-io menter eum visum et libere dicere atque etiam ut enim quidque succurrit, libet scribere-proXime, cum Sesti rogatu apud eum suissem eXSpectaremque Sedens, quoad vocarer, diXisse
eum, ego dubitem quin summo in odio sim, cum M. Cicero sede. nec suo commodo me convenire possit iniqui, Si quisis quam est facilis, hic est tamen non dubito quin me male oderit. Haec et eius modi multa. Sed ad propositum' quicquid erit, non modo magnum, Sed etiam amum, ScribeS; equidem nihil intermittam.
I. Lepido: γ. p. 62, 3. note and, o his positio at this time, Intr. to Paris, Appendi II, 2. Ad sum mam, the genera impore of
atae sat was. a. Non posse . . abire 'that these transactions could notias unpunished. Cp. De Fin. F. etsi hoc . . ortasse non poterit sic abire cum hic adsit. Oppium: P. EP. 7O,s, Ole. 3. Illum, sc Caesarem. .
. Quicquid movi, sc audieris, or
De Sexto Pompeio. his son of the great Pompe had maintaine himself in Farther Spain aster the batile os Munda, and probabi Cicero ishe to e insormedo his movemenis Later in the ea hemas induceda M. Lepidus to landown his
Magni refert, cit is os much import- ance. Plutarch Brut 6 gives the sayingi a disserent and more intelligibi form, υκ οἶδα με ὁ βουλετω. scit is quote by
Matius, the sed seems unmeaning Weshould expect enim. 8. Idque eum Caesarem . . Cum . .
diceret Brutus . Cicero mentions his speech, Brut 5, I. There is sonae doubtwhether it a delivere at the Bithynian Nicaea in 7 .C., or at the Liguria in 45 .C. Meter Orat Rom. Fragm. p. 448, 4 9, pronounce so the former.-In earlier edition Ioetaine Baiter' spelling
Sedens Cicero probabi sat in an ante- chamberetillae Was admitte to an audienceb Caesar quoad vocarer . I 4. Suo commodo, abi modi. For an
accounti Cicero himself, his seeling onsuch occasions, cp. Ad Fam. 6. 4, a. I 6. Haec . . multa, sc. Matius dicebat. Ad propositum, sc revertor. t re sume. Cp. the eginning of this section. Propositum' seem to have another mean
I. I was gladuo hear of the demonstrations at the theatre. a. Matius asino soweli disposed sorseace asso suppose. 3. I Will explain Caesar' remar about me referresto in mydast. 4. Lam goinget Astura by Tusculum and Lanuvium remember me to our Wis and daughter.
CICERO ATTICO SAL. D. Duas a te accepi epistolas heri e priore theatrum Publiliumque cognovi, bona Signa consentienti multitudinis plausus vero L. Cassio datus etiam sacetus mihi quidem visus est. Altera epistola de Madaro Scripta, apud quem nullum φαλάκρωμα,
ut putas; proceSSi enim, Sed minui diu; eius sermone enim s sum retentus. Quod autem ad te ScriPSeram, obscure ortasse, id eius modi est: aiebat CaeSarem Secum, quo tempore Sestii rogatu Veni ad eum, cum XSpectarem Sedens, di Xisse: ego nunc tam sim Stultus, ut hunc ipsum facilem hominem putem
demonstration a the theatre hen a plece
Brutus and Cassitas seemo have been elireceived a the theatre. p. 4. 3, a P puli ἐπισημασίαν et mimorum dicta perscribito.' A simila display too place at the ludi Apollinares in June. p. Philipp. I. I 5, 36. O Publilius Syrus, P. P. O3, a,
2. Plausus p. Ep. II 8, 2 infinit . . fratris tui plausu. 3. L. Cassio. his Cassius Mas tribune sor 5 - 4 .c., and brother of the conspirator, ut o himself an accomplice in themurder of Caesar. ence the applausegi ven to hi amused Cicero L. Cassius ha been a Caesarian cp. Caes. Beli. iv. 3.3 ), ut his conductis this time dissatisfied Anton cp. Philipp. 3. 0, 33 .
. Altera epistola, your seconfletter.' Madaro scripta, sc est.' Madarus,
stom the Gree ραχωρος, bald. Cp. Ad Att. 4. , , here Matius is calle Calvena The Gree Word is sed by Aristolle, Hist. n. . , ad sin. but in a different sense apparently , and occur in the Authol.
disposition such a suit old age, but is very dissicultrio connect with what tollows so asto malae good ense. Moreover, in ira φαλακρωμα seem to e a mere pun OnMatius surnam Calvena The S, apparently has φαλάκωμα, the firS letteraeingreporte to e a correction an processit enim sed minus diutius. I. F. Gronovius ap. relli realis σαλακωνισμ, apparently in the sense of luxury: and relli adoptathis, readin subsequently, processi enim sed minus. Diutius sermone, foll. Iaad noluxurious entertainmentos o suppose; IWent on m Way before suppe time), butno far was delaine by a conversationwit Matius. I this readingi adopte wemus suppos that Atticus ad inte that Cicero ould prolong his sta wit Matius
turbe me. Manut has σαλακωμα - 'inanis
iactantia, Pindulge in no oolis boasis. 6. Quod . . ad te scripseram : p. Da os the previous letter.
7. Id eius modi est, ' is of the ollow
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DPAR V. mihi esse amicum, cum tam 1 sedens meum commodum exspectet p' Habes igitur ψ αλάκρωμα inimicisSimum Otii, is SL Bruti In Tusculanum hodie, Lanuvii cras, inde Asturae cogitabam. Piliae paratum est hospitium, sed vellem Atticam; verum tibi ignoscon quarum utrique Salutem.
107. m. BRUTUS TO M. BRUTUS AN C. CASSIUS AD FAM. XI. I).
D. BRUTUS BRUTO SUO ET CASSIO SAL. Quo in statu simus, cognoscit heri vesperi apud me Hirtius 1 fuit qua mente esset Antonius, demonStravit, eSSima Scilicet et infidelissima. Nam se neque mihi provinciam dare posse
a. Igitur is obscure so the ord os Matius just quote do no justis suc an inserence Boot suggest that the recalledio Cicero the genera impor of the previous letter. Or igitur' may. mean say, resumin aster a remarcon another subjeci. Cp. Madv. 48O. otii, id est Bruti Rather a harin combination. t is explained perhaps by the word non posse istaec sic abire, in 'of the revious letter. I Matius ished Caesar' deat to e avenged he must ishso wa wit his murderers. For a similarus os id est,' cp. Ad Att. 4. 6, 9 accusatorum incredibilis infantia id est L. Lentuli. 3. In Tusculanum hodie re, Lanuvri cras manere, inde Asturae esse. See On
that he stayed longe at o nea Rome than M. Brutus and C. Cassius. 6. Hirtius A. Hirtius a consul designate sor 3 .c., and a devote frien os Caesar Ane therides o Marcii e seemst have lived in retirement, but subsequently combined wit Octaviano oppos Antony. Cp. Intr. to Paris, g Iari 5-17. e Wasa manis much cultivation, an author os an eighth book appended to Caesar's wor onthe war in Gaul perhaps also of the treatises De Bello Alexandrino' and De Bello Asri
8. Provinciam. The province of Cisalpine Gaul ad been destine sor D. Brutus by Caesar, an Caesar' arrangements adbeen confirmed by the senate onmarcho P; ep. Intr. to Pt V li, p. 498. bilipp. 3. I, I Veli. a. 6o Suet. Oct. O.
EP. io . EPISTOLARUM AD FAMILIARES GL 1. 419
aiebat neque arbitrari tuto in urbe esSe quemquam ΟStrum; adeo esse militum concitatos animos et plebis quod utrumqueeSSe salsum puto Vos animadvertere atque illud esse verum, quod Hirtius demonstrabat, timere eum ne, si mediocre auXilium dignitatis nostiae habuissemus, nullae partes his in re publica relin 52 querentur. Cum in his angustiis versarer, placitum est mihi ut postularem legationem liberam mihi reliquisque nostris, ut aliqua cauSa proficiscendi honesta quaereretur. Hanc se impetraturum Pollicitus est, nec tamen impetraturum confido tanta est hominum insolentia et nostri insectatio ac si dederint quod petimus, rotamen paulo post futurum puto ut hostes iudicemur aut aqua et
igni nobis interdicatur. Quid ergo est, inquis, tui consilii p
Dandus est locus ortunae cedendum ex Italia, migrandum Rhodum aut aliquo terrarum arbitror si melior casus fuerit, revertemur Romam si mediocris, in exsilio vivemus Si Pessi is muS, ad noviSSima auxilia descendemus. Succurret sortasse hoc loco alicui vestrum, cur novissimum tempus XSPectemu Potius, quam nunc aliquid moliamur Quia ubi consistamus non habemus Praeter SeX. Pompeium et Bassum Caecilium, qui mihi
I. Aiebat, sc. Antonius. The contextseem to require this, but the change of subjec hom ' demonstravit is strange. a. Militum, i. e. O Caesar' veterans. Many of them seem to have comerio Rome, an Lepidus ad a legio in or ea theci ty. 4. Si mediocre . . habuissemus, ' four retensions ere even Oderatet supponed, i. e. by the senate an peopte grant-ing them provinces. 5. Nullae partes . . relinquerentur,
then Anton and his partyxwould have nopolitica part lestrio play. Stipfle. esenb. does no thin that 'his' an have themeaning here give to it, and suggest 'illis,' ipsis, suis, o sibi. Andr prefer. illis, and refers tori 6 of this letter for an instance of the applicatio of that pronoun O OPPO-nenis. He rem arks that sibi or suis Would e more naturat, ut that illic is
used rom the writer' potnt of vie . 6. Versarer . . postularem. Thesetenses are no epistolary, ut reser to the time of the conversation it Hirtius. Cp. hanc se impetraturum pollicitus est, belo . Placitum est CP Ep. 33, 4, note. 7. Legationem liberam: p. p. II,
3 note. 9 Pollicitus est, C. Hirtius. Hominum, C. Caesarianorum.
IO. Insectatio. Not apparenti Cicer nian, inderhan persecution. Forcell. II. Aqua et igni . . interdicatur. his was equivalent to anishment. P. P. I9, and Smith, Dict of Antiq. sub voc 'ΕXsilium, p. 5I6. I a. ut consilii. O the gen. CP Ep.
I 3. Dandus est locus fortunae, Memust iet to fortune. Forcell. p. also Cic. Pro Quinci. I 6 53 ' aliquid loci rationi et consilio dedisses.'I4. Rhodum : p. Εp. 88, 5, note. Aliquo, some here o other. Andr. CP Ep. Oo, 3. note. Melior. Rather curiously used forineo three possibilities, as opposed to pessi
16. Ad novissima auxilia, to themos desperate expedients. i. e. civit War, an co-operation with Bassus and Sex. Pompeius: On hos ente rises, P. Intr. O
IO5, 2. I 8. Quam . . moliamur, than no try ome decisive measure.'Ubi consistamus, a Place here e
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tempore ad eos accedemus, ubi quid vale n. QNΠmV
Cassio et te, si quid me velitis recipere, recipiam; IOStulate mlto Hirtius ut faciam. Rogo vos quam primum mei
. Tribatis nam non dubito quin de his rebus ante horam quar-
Uenire possimus, quo me Velitis venire, ο ς bix mum Hirtii sermonem placitum est 'ii' '' a
nobis Romae esse publico praesidio: quod illos no concesIo Suro non puto; magnam enim invidiam us aciemus Nihil
tamen non postulandum putavi, quod aequum SS Statuerem.
O mi Attice, vereor ne nobis Idus Martiae nihil dederint praeter laetitiam et odii poenam ac doloris Quae mihi isti m
I. Hoc nuntio, .e. by the neWs os Caesar' death. , Firmiores futuri, Will grow Stronger. Satis tempore, ' early nough. Ine ablative is used adverbialty orcell. 3. Si quid . . recipere, is ou isti me to malae any engagement Wit Hirtius. De his rebus, o the topic I have discussed, o ou prospecis Androthiulas that the writer refers to the thought of inplyinisor a libera legatio. p. l .
Τhe solio in passage seem to e a Postscript Writte aster the interview mentionedius above had alien place. o. ublico praesidio, Wit a uardgranted by the State. milierb. Abi modi. Illos the frienti of Antony. 'Io Magnam enim . . faciemus, weshali malae them very unpopular, ii it appears that the liberator cannoti a Rome in alat without a uard. Facere invidiam is a rare phrase, accordinxto Forceli., but is sed by Asconius ad Orat in Tog. Cand. p. III, invidiam sacere competitori a passage to which Professo Nettieshi has calle my attention It is also sed by Juvenal. Cp. Sat. 5, 22 Anne aliam terra Memphitide sicca Invidiam sacerent nolenti surgere Nilo Τ'I3. dii poenam ac doloris, thesatisfactio of ur ate an indignation.' Gen. Possess. CP ΕP. 4. , Ole. The X- pression paena doloris occur in a sightly different sense in Ep. 8 7. Istim, stom Rome.'
adseruntur quae hic video a πραξε - καλγῆς μέν, τελους δέ lScis, quam diligam Siculos et quam illam clientelam honestam iudicem: multa illis Caesar, neque me invito, etsi Latinitas
erat non ferenda, verum tamen Ecce autem Antonius ac
cepta grandi pecunia fixit legem a dictatore comitiis latam, qua Siculi cives Romani cuius rei vivo illo mentio nulla. Quid Deiotari nostri causa non similis Dignus ille quidem omni regno, sed non per Fulviam. Sescenta similia. Verum illuc referos tam
claram tamque testatam rem tamque iustam Buthrotiam, non
in Caec. I, 2 cum . . ita . . e ea Provincia decessissem ut Siculis omnibus iucundam diuturnamque memoriam quaesturae nominiS-que mei relinquerem, actum est uti cum summum in veteribus patronis multis tum non nullum etiam in me praesidium . . arbitrarentur. Also Intr. to Pari I, Q. Illam clientelam, to have them sorclients.' p. In Cat. . II, 23 clientelis provincialibus. 3. Multa illis Caesar, c. dedit. Cp.
Latinitas. The grant of the Ius Latii to the inhabitant of Sicil by Caesar seemst be ni referre to here Cp. Merivalea. Ia O the privileges conveyed by it,
cp. P. 3I, 2, Ole. . Non ferenda. An intolerable measure. I prefer Nieland' interpretation etwas nichi et duidendes to that of r. Jeans motis proper meaSure to PaSs. Verum tamen. An aposiopesis. P.
Madv. 47 d Obs. 6. Supply it Was Seles to Oppos it 5. Fixit legem . . latam, had clawposte u as havin been carrie by Caesar a Dictator in the comitia. This as inconsistent Wit Antony' supportis a motionmade in the senate hy Ser. Sulpicius to the effect that o decree o grant of Caesarshouldi registered aster therides o March. Cp. Philipp. I. I, 3. . 6. Cives Romani, sc lacti sunt. Thic law does modi seem aes have been
carried oui. Vivo illo, c. Caesare.
7. Deiotari . . non similis' Mas notthe casei mydriend Deiotarus simila Τ' On Deiotarus, cp. Intr. to Pan IV, νω Philipp. a. 37.
omni regno, of an amount os Overeignty,' of his holeaingdom. Cp. Pro Sest. 27, 59 cum . . videant . . se Ortunis spoliari et regno omni posse nudari. Anton restore to Deiotarus par of Armenia hic Caesar ad taken way Cp. Philipp. 2 l. - 8. Per Fulviam Antonyra iis, Fulvia, Was charge wit procuriniso mone decrees of Anton in favour os Deiotarus. p. Philipp. l. c. syngrapha . . Per legatos . . facta in gynaece quo in loco plurimae res veniere et veneunt.' Illuc, to the assai I mentione besore. Cp. Ad Att. I . II, a ' de Buthrotiis et tu recte cogitas et ego non dimitto istam cu
Refero. his is them S reading, ut I return seem an unusual sense of the word Oreti has eseror.' esenb has me besore resero.' ut Manut. Mithwhom r. Loc agrees in defendita re- sero, explain it a meaning haec ideo dico ut ostendam cum haec de Siculis
et Deiotaro fiant . . rem fore non serendam si nos tam testatam rem . . Buthrotiam non teneamus.' r. Jeans remarks that refero is uret transitive, Whether e re
Tam claram tamque testatam, soclear and wel attested. O the alter Word, p. Ep. 8, a note.
9. Buthrotiam. Caesar had imposed aheau contributioni the town os Buthrotum in Epirus, and when the inhabitant di notpay t. offere thei land to his soldiers. But Atticus advance mone to the Buthrotians, o receipt os,hicli Caesar issue a decree in thei favour, attested by many eminens Romans It ad io ever, notbeen executed, and Cicero ope that Anton might be induces to carry IV ut. Supile. Cicero asterward wrote o behalso the Buthrotians to Cn. Plancus, roster