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membranam tympani rigidam factam, aut relaXatam, aut erosam, aut ruptam; vel tympanum ipsum vel tubam Eustachianum aliquomodo obstructam; vel Propter OSSiculorum, aut membranarum, aut muSculorum
lysi, torpore, assectum; et denique propter varia Cerebri nervorumve vitia, Salva omnino ipsius organi fabrica. Hinc saepe morbus nervosi generis Surditas, SU-bito invadens et sponte decedens. Hine quoque Senibus familiaris, quibus OmneSpartes solidae rigent, omneS
230. Febre laboranteS, illo imprimis febris genere, quod debilitas insignis et branam tympani factum
rigidam, aut relaratam, aut e Sam, aut ruptam; vel
fel Eustachianum tubam Obstructam aliquo modo ; vel propter aliquem ossiculorum,
culorum ipsius labyrinthi, aref
denique propter varia vitia cerebri que nervorum, fabrica organi ipsius omnino Salva. Hinc surditas cest Saepe morbus nervoSi generis, subito invadens, et decedens Sponte. Hinc quoque sum ditas est fumiliaris senibus, quibus omnes solida partes rigent, cetὰ omnes ne Osre purieso sentiunt minus.
230. Hominesὰ laborantes febre, imprimis illo genere febris, quod genus9
230. PerSons suffering stoni severs, particularly that Lind
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stupor comitari Solent, Saepe surdi fiunt: quod sorsitan aliquando, cum aliis signis cerebri valde oppreSSi, Viriumque aegri exhaustarum Recedens, malum signum erit. Plerumque Vero OP-timi ominis est, quamViSetiam sopor aliquis comitetur. Hujus rei ratio satis obscura; neque alia soriaSSe, quam quod talis surditas pendeat a statu cerebri mo bido certe, Sed Sua natUra vix periculΟSO; Cum RCU-tior justo auditus fit propter
aliquid inflammationis Cerebro obrepentis, quae Semper Valde periculOSa eSt. 231. Depravatur Saepe auditus hac potissimum ratione, ut Soni, veluti tym-
insignis debilitas et stupor solent comitari, saepe sunt surdi; quod forsitan erit
aliquando malum signum, cum accedens cum aliis signis valde oppressi cerebri, que eaehausturum virium
aegri . Vero plerumque est optimi ominis, q uamvis etiam aliquis sopor comitetur. Natio hujus rei est satis Ob
ialis surditus pendeat a statu cerebri certe morbido, sed vir periculoso sua natura ἰcum auditus cesto acutior justo, si propter aliquid in-ylammationis obrepentis cerebro, quae cinflammatio
est semper valde periculosa. 231. Saepe auditus depravatur potissimum hac ratione, ut soni, veluti tym- attended by great debility and stupor, osten become deas: this may perhaps be Sometimes a bad Symplom, When comingon combined with other symptoriis os oppression os the brain, and exhausted powers of the patient; but it is generalty agood indication, even is attended by a certain degree os
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rum, audiantur, cum nullus in aere tremor eSt, neque sanus homo quidquam audit. Hoc malum tinnitus aurium Vocatur, cujus Varia genera Observata sunt. Leve plerumque et fugax malum: nonnunquam Vero pertinaX, diuturnum, molestisSimum, diu noctuque VeXat. 232. Tinniunt saepe aures a levissima causa, mentUm
ipsum vel tubam Eustachia- Num pro Parte Obstruente, ita ut impersectus, interruptus aeri aditus concedatur;
quo fit ut hic membranam tympani, vel sertasse partes interiores, inaequaliter, et impetu nimio, seriat. Hinc bombi, tinnitus SpecieS,
puni, campuΠα, lapsuS aquarum, audiantur, 'cum nullustremor est in Lere, neque
Hoc malum vocatur, tinniatus aurium, cujus varia genera sunt observata. Plerumque est leve et fuguae
est) pertinuae, diuturnum, molestissimum, cet9 vexat
diu que noctu. 232. Saepe aures tinniunt a levissima causa, pro parte obstruente ipsum meatum
ruptus aditus concedaturueri; quo sit, ut hic ci. e. is ero feriat inaequaliter et
tympani vel fortasse interiores partes. Hinc bombi, species tinnitus, audiuntur sali are heard, when there is no tremor in the air, and ahealthy person hears nothiug: this malady is called tinnitus, or ringing of the ears, of whicli disserent hinds have been observed. It is generalty a stight and fleeting disorder ;but somelimes is obstinate, long continued, and very trouble Some, and harasses both by day and by night.232. The ears osten ring hom a very slight cause, partly obstructing the meatus itself, or Eustachian iube ; so that thera is an interrupted and imperfeci access to the air ; henceit happens, that it strikes unequally, and with too muchimpetus, the membrane os the tympanum, and perhaps, the internat paris. Hence, bombi, a species os ringing of theears, are heard during the action os gaping, even by a manin perfeci health.
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etiam a sanissimo homine, intor hiandum audiuntur. 233. Frequentior et molestior tinnitus multos morbos, tum sebres, tum nervosi generis affectioneS, Comitatur: partim ab aucto Sanguinis caput versus impetu, auctoque Simul Nero vosi generis sensu, ita ut ipSarum arteriarum ictus audiantur; partim ab aucto
auris labyrinthi sensu et mobilitate; quo fit, ut partes quae debebant quiscere, donec neris tremoribus exeistatae essent, Sua Sponte motus conCipiant, eOSdemque
sentientibus, impertiantur. 234. Oritur quoque tinnitus a vehemente animi affectu ; interdum a Ventriaculo male se habente, nasci- inter hiandum, etiam a Sanissimo homine. 233. Frequentior et molestior tinnitus comitatur multos morbos, tum febrestum ossectiones nerυosi generis e partim ab aucto impetu sanguinis versus caput, que simul aucto Sensu Nervosi generis; ita ut ictus
ipsarum arteriarum audiantur ; partim ab aucto Sensu et mobilitote nervorum et musculorum labyrinthi uti-
debebant quiescere, donecessent eaeciliatae tremoribus Ueris, concipiant motus Sua Vonte, que impertiuntur
bus, jam nimis sentientibus. 234. Quoque tinnitus
oritur a vehemente adiectu animi; nascitur interdum a ventriculo male habente 233. A more common and more trOublesome rina ing of the ears attends many disenses; such as lavers, and affections of the nervolas system: partly depending upon an increased impetus of the blood towards the head, and at the fame timethe sensibility of the nervous system being increaSed, sothat the pulsations of the arteries themselves are heard ;partly upon increased sensibility and mobility of the nerves and muscies of the labyrinth of the ear; hence it occurs, that the paris whicli ought to be at rest, untii they were excited by the tremors of the air, receive motion os their ownaceord, and impari it to Other paris, atready too Sensitive. 234. Ringing of the ears likewise arises hom a powersulassection os the minit ; it somelimes arises hom a disordere l
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tur: interdum a malo rheumatico caput et aures am-
tubam afficere solet: nonnunquam vero tinnitus Solus invadit, malum prosecto
tum hujus tum aliorum auditus vitiorum, saepe difficillime dignoscuntur, non magis propter abditum organi Situm, quam ProPter notitiam variarum ejus partium actionum, quam Parum accuratam habemus. EX Utraque Vero
auditus assectiones neque certe neque facile Sanentur. se : interdum a rheumatico
malo usiciente caput et auro, vel a gravedine quae solet icere tubam: vero tinnitus
Solus nonnunqualm invadit, profecto non e riguum malum. 235. Tamen varioe causae,
tum hujus, tum tiliorum vitiorum auditus, saepe dignoscuntur di*icillime, non magis propter abditum situm
Urgunt, quum propter notitium actionum variarum
partium ejus, quum cnotitium θ habemus partim accuratum. Vero si eae utraque causa, ut multiplices vjectiones audituS, nequc certe neque facile sanentur.
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CAP. IX.- De visu, ejusque varietatibus et vitiis.
236. RADII, ab omni Puneto corporis lucentis vel illuminati quod contemPl mur, dimanantes, Vel res sexi, in corneam Oculi membranam incidunt: qui valde obliqui sunt, reflexi, vel in uvea vel pigmento nigro, quod processus ciliores oblinit, suffocati, ad interiores oeuli partes nunquam PerVeniunt: qui vero rectius in corneum incidunt
radii, per pellucidam illam membranam, et qui proxime
jacet humorem aqUOSum transmissi, ad lentem Crystallinam jam haud parum
refracti perveniunt. vi hu- CAP. IX.-De visu, que de Darietatibus, et deo vitiis
236. RADII, dimanantes vel reseri ab omni puncto lucentis vel illuminati corporis quod contemplamur, incidunt in comneam membranam oculi r
illi rodito qui sunt valde obliqui, re seri, vel suffocati
in uvea vel in nigro pigmento, quod oblinit ciliares pro-CUSSUS, nunquam perveniunt od interiores partes oculi:
transmissi per illam pelluciadam membranam, et operθaquosum humorem qui jacet proxime, jam haud parum refracti perveniunt ad cry
CHAP. IX.- On the sense of sight, iis varieties and disorders. 236. The rays emanating or reflected hom every potnt Osa luminous or illuminated body, which we contemplate, sali vpOn the cornea, a membra ne of the eye : the rays whichare very Oblique, are either reflected, or buried in the uvea, or in the pigmentum nigrum, whicli is spread over the iliary processes, and never reach the inner paris of the eye ;but th0 rays whicli sali more directly upon the Cornea, transmitted through that transparent membrane, and theaqueous humour, whicli iS nexi to it, being al ready Some hat refracted, reach the crystalline lens. By means os this lens,
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177jus lentis, et vitrei humoris
qui proximus est, magiSadhuc refringuntur, et in punctum, Seu focum, ut VO-catur, demum colliguntur, pulcherrimam, distinctam, quamvis inversam, CorporiSunde profluxerant imaginem super relinum depleturi. 237. Haec vero delicatissima nervOSa membrana, ultimum visus organum CSt; et ex imagine corporis in- VerSa Super eam depicta, homo, Cerebrum nervumque
Opticum SanuS, corpus ip-SUm, erectum, distinctum, propriisque coloribus ex-PreSSum, Videt. 238. Varii dantur oculi humores a Natura nihil frustra moliente, quamvis unus ad radios refringendos,
tallinam lentem. Vi hujus lentis, et cui9 vitrei humores qui est proximus, ciuirudiiθ adhuc magis refringuntur, et demum colliguntur in punctum seu inscum ut vocatur , depicturi super retinam, pulcherrimum, distinctam, quamvis inversam imaginem, corporis, unde proluxerant. 237. Verb haec delicatissima nervosa membrana est ultimum organum visus : et eae inversa imagine corporis,
depicta in eam canembranum homo sanus csecundum 9 cerebrum que opticum
nervum, videt ipsum corpus, erectum, distinctum, queerpressum propriis coloribus. 238. Varii humores oculi dantur a Natura moliente nihil frustra, quamvis timu
and the vitreous humour nexi to it, these rays are stili more refracted, and are at tengili collected into a potni or socussas it is callodin, so as to depict upon the retina a very beautiful and distinci, although inverted image of the body, Dom whicli they emanated. 237. I his very delicate nervous membrane namely the retina , is the ultimate organ os vision ; and stom the inverted image Os a body depicted ii pon it, a man who is healthy asto the brain and optic nervo, sees the object itSeis erect, distinet, and expressed in iis proper colourS. 238. Disserent humours of the eye are given by Nature, Who fornis nothing without an objeci, although one would
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imaginemque in retinum einprimendam suffecisset, hoc potissimum, ut videtur, Consilio, ut ab alieno Colore, Uem Una et Simplex lens dare solet, propter radios lucis inaequaliter res ruetOS, Prae emeretur: et Sic homo, qua oportebat neeuratione, de Veris corporum coloribus judicare posset. Certissimis enim experimentis constat lentem, certa ratione Compositam, hoc non levi simplicioris incommodo C rere. Ad eundem finem haud parum conferre Vide tur, Varia Singulorum oculi humorum variis partibus densitas : qua sortasse varia vi refringente, diversa ipS rum radiorum ad refringendum facilitas compenSatur.
eurimendam imaginem iuretinam, potissimum, ut videtur hoc consilio, ut Proz- caveretur ab alieno colore, quem una et simpleae leus solet dare: et sic homo pOS-set judicare de veris coloribus corporum, accuratione
qua debebui. Enim constut cero certissimis eaeperimentis, lentem compositam
certa ratione, non ciarerchoc levi incommodo simplicioris. Varia densitas singulorum humorum oculi, variis partibias, videtur haud parum conferre ad eundem fuem: qua varia refringente vi, fortasse diversa focilitus radiorum ipsorum, ud refingensim, compen
have sussiced to reliaci the rays, and gather them into asocus, and tu express the image upon the retina, as itappears, with the intention os guarding against Strange colours, whicli one simple lens is apt to produce ; so that man, in this Way, might judge of the true colours os bodies, With the necessary accuraey. For it appears DOm Very accurate experimenis, that a lens constructed upon a certain principie, is free stom this serious inconvenience, whichattaches iiseis to one os a more simple nature. The various densi ty of the separate humours of the eye in the different paris, appears to contribute no litile to the fame objeci; aud perhaps by this various refracting power, the disserent capability os refraction of the rays themSelves, is compen
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239. Neque prosecto minima humoris vitrei, qui omnium oculi humorum longe minimam partem efficit, utilitas est, globum Oculi implere, retinamque probe distendere, ita ut sere Sphae
quo Plura ejus puncta im gines rerum visibilium distinctas et uecuratus Recipiant : nam si planior fuisset oculi fundus, vel CHUS- libot sero alius figurae quam rotundae, propter inaequalem Variarum ejus partium a centro oculi distantiam,
unum tantum retinae PVnetum, puta centrum HUS,
distinctum visum habuiSSet. Qui vero in alia puncta incidissent radii, vel nondum satis refracti, Vel postquam in focum semel collecti es-239. Neque profecto est minima utilitias vitrei humoris, qui Omnium humorum oculi efficit longe malimam
globum oculi, que probe di tendere retinum, ita ut fere
representat concaliam sphaeram, quo plura puncta ejus occipiant distinctus et accuriatus imagines visibilium Tenum : nam si fundus oculi
fuerit pluuior, vel cujuslibet ullus figurae quam rotundae,
unum punctum tiantum retinae, puta centrum ejus,hobuisset distinctum viSum, propter inaequulem distantiam viariarum purtium ejus a centro oculi. Vero rudii, qui incidissent in alia puncta, vel nondum satis refracti, vel dimanantes iterum, po3tquam semel essent collecti 239. The use os the vitreous humour is not inconsiderable ; sor) it fornis by sar the largest portion of the humours of
and in accurately distending the retina, so that it nearly represenis a concave Sphere, sand) so that many potnis of it may receive distinet and accurate images of visibie objecis. For is tbe fundus of the eye were more inclinedtψ a plane Suriace, or os any other shape than the round , One pollit Only of the retina, suppose iis centre, Mould have distinct vision, On account of the u nequalidistance of iis various paris froni the centre Of the eye. And the rays, which would have salien upon other potnis, either from notbeing sufficiently refracted, or again emanating, aster they ere onee collected into a focus, Mould have injured vision
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sent, dimanantes iterum, imagine confusa super retinam depicta, visum multum corrupiSSent. 240. Rotundus est OCUlUS, ut radii per eum transeunteSin justum focum prius colligantur quam in retinam
quae sere tanto magiS prominet, quanto planior OCU-lus animali datus est. Quinet rotunditas oculi ad libo rimum et rapidissimum ejus motum haud parum Conserta 241. Mira conspiratio vel consensus inter binos oculos, interque varias oculi partes, observatur. Alter oculus motum alterius Sua Sponte sequitur, hae ratione, ut es utriusque Semper P
ralleli sint; et non nisi ho- in focum, multum corrupissent visum, confusu immine depicta super retinam. 240. Oculus est rotundus, ut radii transeunt per eum,
priusquam incidunt in retinum. Est par ratio promia
prominet fere tanto magis, quanto oculus planior est datus animali. Quin et rotunditas oculi confert haud parum, ad liberrimum et rapidissimum motum ejus. 241. Mira conspiratio
inter binos oculos, que inter varias partes oculi. Alter Oculus sequitur motum alterius coculio sua sponte hoc
sint semper paralleli; et considerably, by a confused image being depicted upon the
240. The eye is round, that the rays passing through it may be collected into a proper focus, besore they strike uponthe retina. There is the fame reason sor the transparent cornea being convex, whicli is more prominent in proportionas a flatter eye is supplied to any kind os animal. Moreoverthe rotundity of the eye contributes considerably, to iis very Dee and rapid motion. 241. A wonder ut harmony or sympathy is obserVed belween the two eyes, and the various paris os them. Theone follows the motion of the other spontaneously, in Sucha Way, that the axes of both are always parallel, and directed