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an to wear among the thing that the would notos aid stom the Romans. The ni man in thei state ho refused totahe thisiath was the Druid Divitiacus, ho en to Rome toappea to the Senate, ut falle to obtain his objeci. Soria the Sequani ha been completet successsul: ut hen the victorymas on the Mund that thei allies ad come o Stay. Ariovistus demande first ne hir of thei territory, and thenanother, an prove himself in ther respect an unbearable tyrant There a moreover ver prospect that stili more of hi countrymen ould come acros the Rhine. I Caesar adnot conquere Gaul, it is igiti probable that the Germans Would have done so, and the resulti thei occupation ould certaini no have been a beneficia to aut a that of the Roman speedit prove itself Such is Caesar' vindication sore the aris history, here acts are ni judged by their
these movemenis in Gaul, but the mos important passage is un-
the ear o e tallis of the Aedui, ou brothers, a bein at War, an mentions a decree of the Senate that thoe consulsshould dra tot so the two auis, that levies hould e heldi Without exemption, a Was sua in a Gallic tumuli, and that pleni potentiar ambassadors' Should e sento visit the states
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o Gaul an restrai them rom oining the Helvetii Theambassador chosen ere Q. Metellus Creticus the consul os 69ὶ L. Flaccus, an Lentulus, the son o Clodianus Cicero add with pride that his own tot had salien ut first amon theex-consuis, ut that the Senate ad unanimousi declare that he hould e retaine in the City, and that the fame hingasterward happene in the case of Pompeius. This embassy
perhap never ent, and the Senate' sears ere oon allayed by more reassurin intelligence ro Gaul, herea the consul of the ear, Metellus Celer, asino as et pleased asi ought
to have been, ein disappotnte in his opes of a triumph ad Att. i. o, Ἀ). Later on ibid. i. I, ci I We n Cicero
saying In Gallia speramu eSSe otium.'The followin year B. c. 59 was that o Caesar' consulShip. He made it his potic t conciliate Ariovistus by getling the Senate to conser ponaim the ille of rex atque amicus. At the en of the ea he was appotnted by the eopte unde the de Vatinia to the command of the province of Cisalpine Gauland Illyricum illi three legion sor a term sive earS. The Senate thre in Transalpine aut illi the command of a Murthlegion ei ther hinhing that the eople ould do it is the didnot, or ecaUS the regarde the exodus os the Helvetii asconstitutin a real ange to the Province rom his potnt Caesar himself ill ah up the annals of the wars illi the Gauis. Meanti me e ili turn ur attention to the country os Gaul anxiis inhabitantS.
D. C. xxxviii. 8, Q. Plut Caes. I loes no distinguis belween the two granis Orosius vi. 7 says that Caesar received the three provinces os Transalpine Gaul Cisalpine Gaul, an Illyricum it seve legion underine de Vatinia, and that the Senate added Gallia Comata. Eutropius vi. I says that Gallia and Illyricum, it te legioris, ere decreeda Caesar.
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GAUL Tu Transalpine Gaul os the Ancients was a country ith Boundaries Cell-desne natura limits, ein bounde by the Ocean o the north and west, by the Pyrenees an Mediterranean on thesouth, and by the Rhine and Alps o the east. It was a good dea large than modern France, includin in addition to italmost ait witgerland Alface Lorraine, and the Rhine Pro- Vinces Belgium, and parti Holland. Excepi here it verges o the Pyrenees and the Alps, thematershed
height may be trace in a tortuous in Dom ouilicio orth, dividing the count rint two paris. Firs themonis Corbieres m in a northeri directio at right angle to the Pyrenees. The just bove Carcassonne the chain turn more to the east, hile stili mahin generali sor the orth. It no goes unde the nam os the outhern guennes. The mountainsos Vivarais, Lyonnais, and Beaujolais together ah up the Northem guennes, hici run preti nearly due orth. Aster these come the Montagnesi Charolais and the lowallis of the Cote-d'Or then the latea de Langres, here the ridge is atiis lowest then the hilis o the est bank of the euge, reachingto the Ardennes, aster hicli the chain is laintly continue in amesteri directio untii it reaches the sea ea Boulogne Thischain os height constitutes the watershed of the country. o River-
the east oscit are the basin os the Rhine and of the Rhone to λδδδηδ
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M CAESARS GALLIC VARthe est thos os the eine, the Loire, and the Garonne of the great riversis Gaut it is ni the Rhone hicli flows outh and
find iis a into the J Iediterraneam; the est sto north and west into the Ocean. In addition to the chine of hilis atready spolien os there areothers hicli ary the monoton of the lain. EastWard romthe Platea de Langres run themonis Faucilles, oining them-selves at a right angi to the outher extremit of the ogges, whicli run parallel to the o se of the Rhine in amorth-easterly direction. The Monis Faucilles sorinthe dividi niline belWeenthe basin os the Rhone, represente here by the Saone, and that of the Rhine. South-wes of the fame platea the ighland of the Morvan, a land of trout streams, here the inecease t grow, oin the mainoidge to a long line of lowhilis hicli uno the orth-west right Way into Normandyand Brittany. The separate the basin of the eine Dom that of the Loire. South of this line of hilis, and parallelao it thereis nother an muchaigher ne, hicli staris sto Mon Loghre, includes the mountains of the Auvergne and thos of Limousin,
the ills os otio and the latea of Gatine, and reaches thesea just ouili of the Loire. This chai separates the basin os the Loire isto that os the Garonne Napoleon, Jules 6sar,
River-com The nobi rivers hicli drain these great valleys Orde tomRMς' Gaul what Aristolle regarded asine of the requisites os an dealcountry, amely, eaSineS o Communication etWeen the paris. Strabo, ho a a Stoic philosopher bases an argument so the existence of Divine Providenc on the convenient Siluation os
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have thought oscit habituali as a lanxos snows and ice, muchas e thinio Russi L For his three reasons may be assi ed-one is the ingratne tendene to exaggeration hicli assostered by the practice of rhetoric another, that the Alpswere the threshol o Gaul to the Italians, an affecte theirideas of the whol country the thir is the fac that the
catile os various Ends, and enjoyed a marhed absence of noxious animais litile later than Caesar' time the district bout the Sein supplied Rome illi iis bestiacon Str. iv. 3, 4 P. I9a . In addition to this ealthin the sursace nature had Stoche theminerat s. ground beneatii illi minerals se rea of ricli deposits of mis in the count of the Tarbelli, requirin litile trouble to
O the elimate of Gaul se D. S. V. 25, 26. Posidonius described the worhingis old among the Helvetii. Athen. 4. 23, P. 33 d.
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M CAESAR 'S GALLIC IVARwor them Str. iv. I), o silve mines among the Rutenian Gabali' o fine iron-work among the Petro corii and the Bituriges ubi Str. v. 2, 4). Nam o The inhabitant of this country ere calle Celti or Celtae, stibii,hi Gallii Galatae The astris meret the Gree for assumed
by the Same ame hicli the Roman expressed by Galli ' Asthe Greelis calle themauis ti λυται, so the calle thei home Γaλaτta, hether it ere in France, Italy, o Asia Minor Butthis nam came into se at a comparati vel late period; originalty the Greelis calle the eopte Κελτοί and thei countryΚελτικ δ. his alter is the nam gi ven to France in the fragments of Hecataeus hich have been preserve to us by the geographer Stephanus o Bygantium, ho live about a thousand years later than the authorae is quoting. e findilia Hecataeus as acquainted nolint With Marseille, but also
with Narboniae, and with a toWn called υρnξ, therwiSe Unknown . Herodotus Hecataeus seem to have possessed more desinite informationchii ' bout aut than his sol lower Herodotus, ho umbies plogether the Danube, the elis, the Pyrenees, and the illarsos Hercules'. Stili some important facts Seem to emerge romthe confuSin Statement os Herodotus, namely that the Danube was in his day considere duo come Dona the countr os the elis, and that these Κελτοι ere the eople ho dwel fur thes to the west os an in Europe illi the exception fine, homae calis
Str. iv. a. D. S. v. 27 welis on the wealth os Gaul in gold, ut says that i ha no silver. Amm. Marc. v. 9, Galatas dictos ita enim Gallos sermo Graecus appellat'; App. raef. 3 μεχμ ελτων, ἴς αυτοὶ i. e. Ρω χωοι Γαλάτας
προσαγορευουσι, V. I Κελτοί, σοι Γαλαται τε ad Γάλλοι νυν προσαγορευονται.
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Herodotus is stricti in the right in saying that the Danube Vaguenesscomes rom the countr of the Celis, since iis prings remear chi , 'Π'those of the Rhine and of the Rhone. ut it is important tocat attention to the extreme amenes With hicli the name Celt was employed by the GreekS. Dio Cassius xxxix. 49 expressi telis us that in very early times the eople ho livedon both sides of the Rhine ere calle Celis. He imselfallacis precisioni reservin the nam Κελτο so the Germans, while calling the Gaul Γαλαται Appian iv. I, 2 applies theterm et indifferently to the Cisalpine Gaul an to their Teutoni an Cimbria invaders. Diodorus Siculus, o theother and Speah of the Germans hom Caesar invade as the atiis ho wel acros the Danube v. 5, ). The
fac is that the German to the mind of the Ancients a merelyan exaggerate and more barbaria Gaul. He was the genuine artici unsophisticate by an tincture o civiligation, and lience, a cordin to an ancient riter, he was calle 'Germanus by the Romans Caesar himselsivi. seems inclinelio somethingos his VieW. Ami suci confusion o nomenclatur it a clearly a gain Different have the aut disserentiate stom the Germans by the nam ' 'Galli or Γαλαται Pausanias assure u that thi term Was of Germans.quite late introduction In iis Gree formit occurs ars in fragmenti Timaeus about B. c. 26 ), in Latin in a fragmento Cato die B. C. 49 . Strabo says that originalty the inhabitant of Narbonitisini Narrowerri ere calle Κελται, and that stom them the nam spread in the e. '' 'form Κελτοι to the Gaul generalty He thin ks that the influence of the Massilians helpexto extend the nam of the tribesnea them to thoSe more remote . his accord with Caesar's limite us os Celtae so the Gauis ex to the Province, and throws light o the statemen o Diodorus v. 32,4 1 that only
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We no come to the origin os his amous eople. Other authors Ammianus telis us, had est this subjec incomplete, ut
Timagenes ad threshe it ut diligently, and he himself,illive us the resulis diveste os ali obscuri ty. The utcome of his labours, however, is no suchis to enlighten S. There areth usual eponymous heroes and heroines, and the usual attemptSto assiliate the foretgn eopte to Gree mythology'. Hercules was by ome considere to e thei progenitor Cp. D. S. V. 24); by ther the were trace to the Greeks ho ad anderedhom Troy. Some sal that the were indigenous to the soli; other that Some ere an Some ere not but ad come rombeyond the Danube There is a ealth of theories o choose belween, ut the Ont embarras our choice. Nor is, turnio modern writers hali e findisnything ut surmis o this subjeci. The fac is that the auis have been in France a farbach as histor goes They are as autochthonou a Were the Athenians, hom in ther respecis the resemble. e nowsomething o Gallic emigration ut o France, and nothin os Gallic immigration into t. et us e content then to wn urignorance On hi subjeci, an no claim a knowledge hicli the
Gaul themselves di no possess. Sons o night the claimedio be vi. 18, ci), and sons of night, Wil leave them, ithout an attemptrio dissipate the darknes that enshroud thei origin. Soriar e have been speaking of the inhabitant of Gaul asthough the were a homogeneou people: ut his assumption requires orae correcte or modi fied Since Gaul es idwaybetween Spat an Germany it might be expected that iis inhabitants ouldie found mixed With Iberians on the one sidean with Germans o the ther. The case is ora the preSentday, and it a s atready in Caesar' time. Henc his three
Timaeus ahes the auis to e descende hom Galates, the son fCyclops an Galatea. muller Fragm. H. G. Tim. 37.
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divisions the Aquitani in the outh-west corner of the countrybetween the Pyrenees and the Garonne the Celtae or Galli prope stom me Garonne uinto the eine an Marne and the Belgae to the orth-east et Neen hos rivers and the Rhine. An theser says Caesar disse stomone nother in language, institutions and laWs The Aquitanians, accordin to Strabo
thei case the distinctio os language a radicat, hereas belween the Celtae an Belgae it was light. Caesar oes no avai himself of the ames Gallia Togata, Gallia
in se in his da Cic. Fam. ix. I5, ), o distingui Sh the Comata. Gaul Dom ne nother, Gallia Togata standinisor Cisalpine Gaul, 'hici, Was considered uo thoroughly romaniSed, Bracat so the Province, and Comata sor the restis Transalpine
Tumin no to the angvage of Gaul, e must egi by The Aqui- excludin that of the Aquitanians, hicli i SUPPOSed O aVe his ot been cognate to the Basque dialects of the present day though Celtic. it so appens that the ne Aquitanian ord hicli Caesar has preserve to us, amet soldurii' iii 22, ci), is pronounced by the expens tot Gallic, ascis the cas also illi the nam of thechies Adiatunnus By the language of Gaul, mea the formos the Celtic longue spolien in that Ountry. The Celtic fami ly o languages is divide into tW branches, Language
the ther Kymric, Brythonic, o Britannic. To the ormerbelon Gaelic Erge, and Manx to the alter Welsh, Breton, and in part Cornish. The assinities of the Gallic lanmage are declare to e illi me alter os these two branches. It also approximates to Latin The angvage ho ever has almostentiret perished. Not a single texi remainS, and ni SomedoZen inscriptions It is a triumph sor philologist is the cane stabit Slicio tende a fac a that the ver does no come besore
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9 CAESAR 'S GALLIC IVARthe subjeci, ut aster ii or at the en os the sentence Thegreat quarr so the Student is the proper ames of personSan places, hether preservexi ancient author o in inscriptions even the brand on potiery are huntexup illi agernessilia Something may be leaned rom them But a Rome imposed her laws and institutions pon the barbarians, o alSodid sh mould their ames into conformit With her Wintongue. The resul in the case of themauis is to give us a Statelinessos nomenclature surpasSing that of the Romans themSelves. Vercingetorix Vercassivellaunus, Andecumborius, and ther polysyllabi heroes might perhaps present a more homelyappearance is e ad them strictly in thei native dress. his latini gationis Gallic names seem in ne caseo have te thephilologist astray. Thus it has been argue seo the occurreno os ornis like Biturigas that the Gallic accusative of Stemrg wa rigas. ut it a the lashion amon Roman writers a fashion dictaled by obvious convenience to avail them selveSof the Gree accusative in as in the case of prope name Ofthe third deciension. From Gree names this ashion spread os rei g nam e generat ly, and i qui te sussicient to account fortite form on hicli the theor of the Gallic accusative is based. The tribal and persona names of the auis en themselves tolli purpose of the philologis for the reaso that the are notnon-connotative, ut are compounde of Significant elemenis, the meaning of hich may be made ut by a comparison illithe stili vin member of the Celtic amit o languages orthos in hicli ritie documents are extant They generallyreser o proWeSs in batile, and turn out o interpretation tolerasiost in meaning a the are phoneticali high-sounding Thus the element cam means latile' and rix ling, so that Caturiges means latile-kings' Catuvolcus means 4wis in batile' Catugnatus experience in batile or inown in batile Cingetorix again means ain os arriors, an Vercingetorix exalis his surtheri a prepoSitio equivalent to περ