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lions or is the dissiculi gere to great o be solve by nature's methods, the would produce sto thei fides a nise, hichlia iis private heath in the scabbar os the word, and withthis ut the meat. Such of them a dwel nea riversi the ea would have fish sor inner, hici, the roasted an ate illi sali, vinegar, and Umin. The made no se of il, hicli asrare, and the aste sor hicli the hadiso acquired. At a dinner- part the guests ouldae ange in a circle the an of greatest digni , hether rom militar distinction, irili, or ealth, occupying the post os honour; extra him a the host; and then the res accordin to thei rank. The enclimen hocame their hield stood bellin them, While the qui res eastedi a simila circle opposite to their masteri Athen. v. 36 p. 52).
Strabo iv. Q inform us that the auis sed a reat dealos milh in thei diei and that thei chie meat a pork either Desii or salted. He describes the long-legge pigs, hicli are
the prope Sense of harin an abundant suppi os the means of ς' lis an coinori his it was also in antiquity, speciali Whenita refources lia legum to aes developed aster the Romanconquest aut besides his, ancient Gaul seem to have been a veritable Et Dorado in iis suppi of the preciOu MetalS.
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IO CAESAN'S GALLIC VARDiodorus D. S. v. 27, I, a describes it riversos running
with gold. e have ali eady had occasion to notice the extensiveus os old in ornaments and the sacre treasures that existedi various paris of the country. The auis ad a strange habit o commi ting these reasures sor ase-heepin to thelahes. When the Romans o possessionis the comtry theselahe were sold by the state, and the purchaser Sometimes discovere mill-stones os solid silver Theoreasures a Tolosa, whicli,ere ached by Caepio, are sal to have been of the valueos 5,oo talenis The consiste os unwrought old and silver, a lac Which, apari romother arguments is sata to theide o Timagenes that these reasures ha been rought home by the Tectosages Dona Delphi. Wheneve we rea in Liv ofa victor OVer auis, e re pretiy ure to e tol asterwardso the amount os gold an silver that was carrie in triumph. The arm os the aut utere richi adorned illi these metals and when Bituitus see p. 73 was carrie in triumph in Rome
His ather I uernius mad so much money to spare that heincerode through the plain scaltering old an silver rom his carto the assemble multitude os his countrymen. The Same ostentatious monarch enclose a pace of twelve stades quare
in hicli there ere vat filled illi costly liquor, an tables serve&With Mod continuoiasty for ali comers durin severa dayS. minstret ho came to late so the good cheer et thenaonarch in his car. e celebrate the royal magnificence an dbewalle his own missortune Bituitus as o leased that hecalled for a purge of old, and luniit to the inger, holichedit ii as e an beside the car, and then burs into a gratesulchant, declaring that the very ground which was pressedi his chariot heet was productive of gol and lessing to men. These torie come rom the twenly-thir book of Posidonius.
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mining This is reserre to illi admiratio by Caesar both in connexion illi the Aquitanians in particular iii. I, Q and with the auis in generat vii. 22, Ἀ), ut the reade ma stillhave ocula demonstrationis it by a visit to the Uus6 de Satnt- Germain. The researches conducte by M. Bullio on doni Belavra unde the order of Napoleon III have thrown speciallight on this subjeci' The Gallic mode fauildin also, illi it miXture of stone Mode fand WOOd, a Suchis to attraci the attention o Caesar, ho μ' 'ης devotes a Whole hapter vii. 23 to describlia it. The ridge ver the Rhone at Geneva l. 6, 4 ma possibi Brid res have been os Roman construction, ut there is no nee to SuppoSe o, since e in mention Osirid ges verywhere in thecountD , S Ver the Aisne ii 5, ), Loire vii. 11, ), Allier
Loni beso re thoe arrivab is Caesar the presen coe os the se of Phocaean Settiement on the 5 Iediterranean coast ad imparted certain amount os culture to the auis his is to e seen in the se of Gree letters a mentione di Caesar, in the heepingos accounts both public and private i. 29, o vi. 4, Q). The politica organigationis the auis, divide a the were umber of
into a number os tribes, ho ere in a chroni state of a V ς With one an Other, a no Such a to promote progress The
Extraci rom a letter Domi Bulliot: Nous destre quelque motAsu leur metallurgie. Elle 'elai guere molns avance qu en Europe, it in unotecte. Les aqueduc que 'at rencontres demontrent qu'iis formalent des reservolrsiour utili se rea comme moleur de cour hydrauliques our emanelage durier. Leur Mur de fusion Our te mineraux talent munis demusseries hydrauliques donnant a se u courant 'air continu iis pro- duisaient, en un mot te seu directement d'apres la methode dite Cataloene. Ι 'interet de nos fouilles est de constate te resea de traueaux minutieux de Eduens de Bibracte our colliger ea et la latre servi a leur metal-
Iurgie. 'ai publie, ito a n peu plus de vingi ans, a debui des fouilles unmem Oire Surdes premieres decouvenes metalluriques, dans e Tome I des Memoires de la Societ Eduenne nouvelle serie .'
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constitution a decidedi aristocratical Euer no and thenhoweve u e meet illi a tribe that was unde hingi government.
Thus Galba it was hin of the Suessiones, and besorehim there had been a Ling Divitiacus Teutomatus vii. I, Q)was hin os the Nitiobriges, and his ather Ollovico had reignedbesore im Ambiorix an Catuvolcus ere ings of the Eburone v. 24, vi. I, ). Adiatunnus is sal by
Caesar o have hel the supreme command whichiight meanonly that he was generalis the orces, ut Nicolaus os Damascus calis him in of the Sotiant m Sontiates Athen. vi. 54 b, p. 249). There appear hoWeVer o have been a great move-ment toward Deedom ust besore the time os Caesar' invasionos Gaul. Thus the Sequani had been unde a Ling Catamantaloedis i. 3, ); the ancestor os Tasgetius ad rei gne overthe Carnutes v. 25, ); Moritasgus ad been in of the
Senones, in SucceSSion to hi progenitorS, hen Caesar came
into Gaul v. a). The descendant of these dethronedmonarch constitute a disturbin element in the country. The were ready to scheme, lihe Casticus i. ) for therecoVer of a saliter' foverei gnty, o to accepi a the hand os Caesar the throne rom hicli thei ancestors ad been expelled by their own eople, as a the case illi Tasgetius and Cavarinus, the orme os hom ai sor his temerit With his
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sway vii. 76, ci). I We ne a litile more bout the matter, we might be able to distinguish more clearly be tween thelegitimate an hereditar hin and the ambitious an hoclimbe to a precarious fovereigni through the favour of thepeople. That there ere plent of men in aut at that timeready to play the despot' par is lain rom sucti cases a those of Orgetorix, Dumnorix, and Celtillus, the fallier of Vercingetorix.
Vercingetorix imself was proclaime hinc vii. s a theresultis a ide-spread popular OVement, an a gallant, thoughbelated efforti patri Oti Sm. It was the missortune of the aut that the were so torn by actions. factio a to render an essective combinatio impossibie. What
Tacitus sal of thei brethren in Britain- dum singuli pugnant, universi vincuntur' Agr. Ia)-was me also of them, and thesam histor repeate itfel in the conques of reland by England The ver firs remar that Caesar has to mahe in his description of the auis vi II has resereno to the factions that divide states, hamleis, and even single ouSeS. CaeSardi notano what these factions ere bovi, and probabi the Gaul them selves ould have had dissiculi in insorminthim. From the political, no v turn to the Socia organigation os Classes. Gaul, hicli is curiousi suggestive os the Middie Ages, with iis three classes of prieSis knightS, and nobodies. The ille that Caesar has to a about the wo alter a b Seen in vi. 3,l I, 2 an vi. 5. It is the forme that must occupy urattention, a the do his sor in reatin of the we hali edeasin also illi the religio os Gaul, illi Ome notice of whicli his chapter mansiti terminate. Though Caesar speak of the pri esti and earnescias unde Druids. ille single nam o Druids, et e Iad Do the consentient testimon os ther authors that a distinctio has to e drawn
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IO CAESAR 'S GALLIC VARbet veen three order in his class. Strabo calis these threeorder Bardi, Vates, and Dryadae. Those ho illi Strabo are Vates obitrii in re by Diodorus Siculus calle μάντεις, and by Ammianus Marcellinum euhagis, Whicli is supposed to representili Gallic name Str. v. D. S. V. 3I, Da , A. M. V. 9, ra). The disserenceis unction etWeen theSe three ordersis represented thus. The bard Were instret an poets, hochanted the deed of heroes o the lyre and devoted heir Diendsand nemi es t eulogyi execration. The Vates ere diviners, who ere belleve to penetrate into the future is means ofaugury and the inspectionis victims, and to explore the SecretSos nature. The Druid proper ere the ighes of the three Orders. They ere philosopher Who to the physiology ornatural Science of the Vates superadde the study of thics. One ould like to have been present at those meetingit Rome in hicli the Druid Divitiacus expounde his notions os philosophyrio Marcus Tullius and his rother Quintus Cic. Div. i. 9o, but, Scit is, e musti content to kno meret that the Druid taught the doctrines of the immortalit of the oui and of the universe, but thought that the alter as able to e con
Relivion. There is no doub but that the religioni the Gaul containediti it igher element than that of the Greeks and RomanS, in spite of the lood an barbarou rites by Whicli it Wasdesiled. The classica nations ven to the ries for thei ritualand to the philosopher o legislator so thei morality but in the Gallic religion these two factors ere combined. o thelayma among the aulS, Whether genti O Simple, religionpresente itself a the guide of li , clothed in the a sui sanctities of the unseen orid, and informe by a knowledge to hicli hehimself id not aspire Henc the Strong old that it exerci sed ver the ind of the masses. The Druid were a realspiritua power like the Catholi Church of the Middie Ages.
They could intervene o the batile fiet an Sto the age of
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i inportant private SuitS, Speciali thos sor murder. ere
Was ver the thought a stillis life so that men equippe their relative so a ne existenc by burning or burying illi thema stoc os implements. Sometimes even the setilementis debis Was transferre to the aster-worid, hicli a no consideredequivalent to a postponement sine die Val. Max. i. 6, cio). Isti seemed intolerable hen the love was tost the pyre a there, Whicli ould enabi the mourner, notato die, ut to sive illi him Mela iii Dis). The ni real measure of belles is liat a manis prepared to ac upon. Appi this test, and w shalli forcedio admit that he belles in a suture lisse a hel in hos dimages illi a tenacit to hicli it has neve since attained. The precis formis the doctrine hich Was inculcated by themetem Druid Was, e re told, metempsychosis vi. 14, D. S. v. βyς ψ i' a 8, χ) Herei thei teachin resembled that os Pythagoras, but there is no evidence to ho that the included in sit transmigration into animal o S. Pausania. X. I. charges the auis illi a rea care C ζζOs bu
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besore been bound by the oke. The pri est cla in litteraiment, Solemni climbed the tree, ut down ith a oldensi chle the bough, hich was augiit beneath in a litte manile. Aster his, the victims ere immolate and the God were implored to prosper their own is to thos to hom the hadvouchsa Mit. The uice of the misitetoe a supposexto ea cur sor sterilit and an antidote toloison Plin. N. H. Vi 95,
Ashury. Fro the earlieSt time the aut Vere addicte to augury, and thei diviners ere reputexto excet in that arti Divitiacus, in conversing illi the Ciceros, professed to e able o foretellthe suture parti by augur and parti by conjecture. The Celtic Caesar has devote a chapter to the od of Gaul, ut the Roman were o ready to read theiriwn divinities into hos of
Li V. V. 34, 6 4 Justin xxiv. 4, augurandi studio Galli praeter
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Whom e says was thei chie deity, has been suppose to e Teutate or asso is these two are the same), that o towhom the Cyclopea temple, hicli crown the summitis the
Pu de Donae, as dedicate vi. 17 n)' Apollo appears fro inscription to e in Galli Belenus J Iars has been identised illi Esus, and Iupiter illi Taranis, the thunder-god Lucan l. 663.
Is e may credit an author like Lucian, hos objec is The CelticalWay literary, and neve scienti sic there as a Celtic dei tycalle Ogmios, hocin utward appearance resembled Hercules
he had the tu in his right hand the bo in his est thequive o his ach-oni there a this reat difference, hewas a Wigene oldian illi a bald ea an such hai as astes to im persecti white. When Lucia firsi a this figure, he thought that it was a caricature, and that themauis erehavin thei revenge o Hercules for his able invasio ostheir country When in earch of the herd of Geryon. Further inspectio revealed another curious eatur in the picture Thegod was ramin asteraim a Crow of peopte by means os very fine chain Whicli,ere attache to their ars and the timo his longue. InStea of bein reluctant, the seemed tot following gladiy. As Lucian age in perplexit at hi Strange representation, a Gallic philosopher, ho spolie Gree perfecti Well, undertoo to expound it to him. illi the auis, Logos asno Hermes, but Heracles, ho was a Stronger, and the odwas old, ecause though and speech were ripes in id age
It would have been et so the Gallic religion is it ad been The Galli- allis innocent soliis. aut it ad also iis iide an darker 'μ'ς fide. here a the oracle of Sena, an istand of the coastis Brittan with iis nine priestesses calle Galligenae, at vowed toperpetuat chasti , ho could rous by thei spelis the winds and
Plin N. H. xxxiv. 5 mentions a colossa statue erecte in his own timerio Mercur among the Arvemi The artist' nam was Zenodorus. Lucian, HerculeS.
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Were alSo strange rite among the women of the Namnetes.
On an fland a the mouth of the Loire, on hichiso male tot might read the hel strange orgies o Bacchus, O Whateverdeit correspondexto him in the Celtic Pantheon. Oncera earit a thei custom to unroos the temple of thei deity, and re-roo it again the fame a besore the sun ent doWn. ach
Human eople ho rare ratioche at the dea os human sacrifices amon a ZCe horare more or es responsibi for us, an forwhom e there re seel responsi bie have trie to explain WayCaesar' account of human sacrifices in connexion illi the Druidi religion vi. 16has referring to an epoch earlier than hisown There is nothingioweverrio countenance the notio that Caesar' account is no Stricti contemporary. When e is referring to a time prior o his own, he is caret to tellis so,a in Vi. 19, Q, here e Says that the custom os urningsaVOurite lave and retainers ora the pyre of a chie was ali eady thingis the past. In spite of the ostening os manners hichwe have ali eady ad occasion to notice etween the time os PoSidonius and that os Caesar, there seem no reaSon to Oubibu that human sacrifices ere a frequent practice in Gaul atthe time of the conquest. Religio is Such a Conservative orcelliat people ho are ther is civilised ill no stirin stomCommittin atrocities unde iis sanction. The dogma that inles for the se of man man's se e rendered, the ill
rooted in the Celtic minu like a polson-plant ver ready to bearfruit in death Cicero in 6 B. c. Speak of human SacrificeS