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among the aut a notorious' Diodorus Siculus, Strabo. Mela, Lucan, Minucius Felix, and Lactantius have ali somethingtosa a ut them. The firSt os these riter insorm us that the holocausis os,hicli Caesar Speah. vi. 16, D , 5 were offered toth godsint intervat os sive years D. S. v. 32 f in He agreeSwith Strabo in saying that the containe other victim besides men Liv confirm these ther authorities by Speatan os captives ein sacrifice by the aut in Asia Minor Liv. xxviii. 47 ad fin.). How oon these barbarities mighthave die out had the aut been est to them Selves, e cannot teli forins a matteris fac the were suppressed by the Roman
i his time vestiges of these grim rite remained Thoughmurder a no longe committe in the nam os religion, et human victim a move u to the altar, and the initiatoryrites performe upon him. It is interestin to notice thalamong the Romans themSelves simila practices ere Ialyossiciali abolished by a decree of the Senate passe in the
CaeSar. Font. Q quis enim ignorat eos usque ad hanc diem retinere illam immanem ac barbaram consuetudinem hominum immolandorum Plin. N. H. xxx. Ia 3 DCLVII demum anno urbis Cn. Cometio Lentulo P. Licinio Crasso cog senatusconsultum actum est ne homo
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BRITA IN Britain To the early Greelis and Romans the ver existence of Ourio tho. 1 Sland Wa unkDOWn. e haVe the X press statemen os Greelas and Dio Cassius to this effecti anxit is confirme by the silenc os 'm δ' extant riters That Herodotus ne nothin o Britain is plain rom the passage in hicli e consesses his ignorance os the extrem paris of Europe iii I 15). H does indeed mentionthe Cassi terides, though ni t doub of thei existence. The Cas But is Herodotus ad known and belleve in the Cassiterides, would this have been equivalent to knowin and bellevin in Britain y his is a question to hicli it is no eas to returna definite answer. It is certain that the marhet os the Mediterranean a supplied with ti a sar bach a the time os Homer, by hom the meta is requently mentioned , but herei came rom as a Secret hicli the Phoenicians hept to them-selves. Al that Herodotus il commit imsel toris the belles that it a brought rom omewhere in the far est os Europe. Other in his da were content illi the Statemen that it camesrom the Cassi terides or uin-islands.' ut here ere these ZThe old view, hici has embodied itfel in ur ancient atlases, was that these ere the cili Istes. ut a these fland them-Selve preSent ery light trace of ancient mining the coastis
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BRI IN I 15 Cornwali has been thrown in besides, which may have been regarde a simpl a large istandielonging to the fame grouj Hence our histories of Englari are on to egi With
v. 38, ), after describin the Cassiterides a lying of the
coastis Spain, bove the country of the Lusitani, goes o tosa that a great dea os in vas also rought rom Britain to Gaul, and then e conveyed by an vertan rout to 2Iassilia
an Narbo That Diodorus is here sollowing Posidonius maybe regarde a certain rom the coincidence of his an age andos the sequence of thought illi that os Strabo iii p. 47 .who is conses sedi doin So. Accordi to Strabo in another passage iii p. 75 the Cassiterides are te in number, and lienear ne another ut o Secto the norm of the arbour of the
Artabri. I he says in another place ii p. IIo that the aresomewhere in the latitude of Britain that is ni par of the genera error hicli ad hi imagine the wester paris of Britain tocii opposite the Pyrenees. Mela, himself a Spaniard, treat os thes istand unde Spain, putila them of the count os the Celtic tribes, among Whom e rechon the Artabri
Bunbury, Hist. of Anc. Geog. 879 Vol. i. p. o Later information l. e. tha that os Herodotus , however, leaves no doub that the istandstans designate mere the cilly fland together illi the sdjacent ninsula os ComWall, hic was erroneousi supposedo M a largerisland of the fame roup, and rom hic in realit at the in Was
iii in Celticis aliquot sunt, quas quia plumbo ab dant uno omnes nomine Cassiteridas adpellant: cp. iii Jox in ea sc ora primnm Artabri sunt etiamnum Celticae gentis, deinde Astyres.' Celticum promunturium is Mela' nam for Cape Finisterra, iii. J 9 Ia. In xxiv. o 56 h says that it ac sabulousi related that tin was rothom fland in the Atlanti and that it a no known to come hom
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1r6 CAESAR 'S GALLIC IVARSpain, say that the are te in number, and definitet places them in the ester Ocean, as opposed to the Cantabrian, orthe vater on the orth coas of Spain, ad ling the latitude and longitude on his own system of themiddie ne. This revie of the evidenc has serve to homus that in themind of the ancient riter the Cassite rides ad nothin todo illi Britain, excepi in s sar a Britain iiset was assumedio e ea Spain. e thus seem dri ven to the alternative
vie , adopte by Si Charies Elton that the Cassi te rides Were the mali fland that ring the a of Vigo ut
this te labour unde great dissi culties. For, is e re toaccepi the account of Strabo, ni one of the en asin deserti Ste, the est bella inhabite by men ho ore lac cloalis, with tunic reachin to their Dei, and with gii dies round theirbreaStS, ho aiked abolit illi flaves lookin like the Furies of the Gree stage, and who live in nomad-sashion os theirsoch an hercls. In ex change so tho produce of their in andiead mines an for the shins of thei catile the received Ottery, sali, an bragen esset Dor the merchanis. The Roman S, Strabo telis Us, at ast disco vere the localit of the fland inspite of the desperate efforis of the Phoenicians toae emit secret, and when ublius Crassus 4rossedive to them, he Mund the
About these gland I have been lavoured illi the folio in notice obtaine by the Rev. R. . M. Pope. D. D. Dom his rother, the Englisti Chaplain a Lisbon. VI an no no information about the number osisland in the a of Vigo. There are fland at the entrance, hi chstretch sor some distance long the coast, anxit is a mere matteris personallane a to here the Ba end S. The fland are ver bare, almost altroch very rugged. I have of course een them osten, passin clos tothem There may be a sew goat and possibi fishermen o them-nothingmore. I have neve hear of an traces os ancient mining on thesislands pleni o the main land norma any one ho I have aske teli me allinformationis sueti potnis in Spat an Portuga is scant an uncertain.
The larges istan is I daresay, a miles long by about Iiroad, and thenex abouto mile longi S mile.' The suggestionis the late r. Bunburn Hist os Anc. Geog. vol. i. p. 45, note ), that his Publius Crassus a Caesar' lieuienant, illhardi commen itself to the studentis Caesar Crassus ha a great deal
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inhabitant extremel peaceabie, an laught them to navigate the ea hicli separate them rom the mainland though the distance a greater than that to Britalia These ast ordsare quite ut os heeping illi the vie whicli ould identi sy the Cassiterides illi the istand about the a of Vigo hat then are e to do hen disiodged quali fro etther hypothesis a to the whereabouis of these mysterious standii I seems that e must sal bach upo the position os Herodotus who id not know that there ere any Cassi terides. The Cassiterides in ac mere originalty oni a name hereb the Greelis ought to satis thei cravin to no Whenc the Carthaginians go their in As the trade a conducted homGadeira, the were naturali associaled illi patri ut thecoast os pari is ver bare os flands, and it a dissiculi toaccommodate them there Hence Strabo end them out O ea.
an modern geographers have unti latet relegate them to the Scili Istes Lille the istandis Delos before it a chained the Cassi terides fioate at ill the name as a movin name hethat os Thule. To attempto localis it is a vain arias a tollunt sor Panchaiam so the hingdom os Prester olin. Still the Phoenicians mus have go their in stom someWhere Did theandri the go any of it Do the ritisti Istes, it ould account rh qm
clites,itness, it must e consessed is a very hahy one bellagRusus Festus Avienus, a mos confuse an confusing riter of
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113 CAESARS GALLIC IVARmetrica geography, who is assigne to the alter hal os the
urth centur os ou era. In his ora Maritima, a poem in iambic verse addresse to a outh amed Probus, he laim toliave derive par of his information Do the record of thevoyage of Himilco the Carthaginian
Haec olim Himilco Poenus Oceano Super Spectasse semet et probasse rettulit: Haec nos, ab imis Punicorum annalibus Prolata longo tempore, edidimus tibi ' I2- I5, emsdorfThis Himilco as dispalched by the Carthaginians to explore
the coasis o Europe at the fame time that Hanno a Sentround Africa. e have no clue to the date of theS voyages
beyond the vague ord o Pli ny Who says that the too placein the mos flourishin times of Carthage' Pli ny says nothingas to the distance to hicli the oyage of Himilco extended; nor oes Avienus asser that he reache the ritisti Istes, butoni that he came o ome fland calle Oestrymnides, whichwere ricli in in and lead. w days sat stom here, the poetgoe on to Say, a themoly Iste inhabite by the Hibernians, and nea that again a the fland of the Albiones
Propinqua rursus insula Albionum Patet.'-II 2.
The estrymnides themselves are declare to have lain ina ba unde a roch promontor running outh, and their inhabitant are describe as a vigorous an prou race, killedin mining and much devote to trade, ho navigate vastwater in boat made of shin, hereby e re remindedi thecoracle used by the Britons. In lac is, were to amalgamate the two ources of the in trade known in Caesar' time-Spain and Britain We hould have omethin correspondin to the descriptio of AVienuS. Accordin to Avienus there Was a trade Leptis With the
N. H. i. I69 Carthaginis potentia florente; v. Punicis rebus
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BRITA IN I 19 Oestrymnides, both by the Tartessit, hom e regard a theearly inhabitant of Gadeira an by the Carthaginians. Apart drom the Phoenicians and thei possibi trade illi Pythea ofCornwall, it is to a Gree that he honour o discovering the MRββ λδ British Istes belongs It is characteristic of the Gree minxas contrasted with the Phoenicia that the motive hicli rought
Pytheas o Massilia has been calle the Humbold os antiqui ty. Accordin to his Own statement a preserve to us in quotation Do Polybius in Strabo ii p. Io ), e visite ali
Gadeira Cadig to the Tanais ' The scientific resulis of his
voyage appear o have been publi She in Wo orks, ne ofwhicli, sin referre to a Tu περὶ του Ωκεανου, hile the theris calle Γῆς Περίοδος Or Περιπλους'. As Pytheas occupies o unique a position illi regarda our His date. own country, it ecomes of interest to ascerta in his date asnearly a We an Polybius complaine o Eratosthenes sorputtinisaith in Pytheas adding that Dicaearchus id not Str. ii. p. o ). NO Dicaearchus as a disciple of Aristolle Cic. de Leg. iii DI ), an his death is ut omewhere bout B. c. 85. I sollows that Pytheas himself mus have lived besore this, though ho much eire t is impossibi e to say. This conclusion is confirme by li ny N. H. xxxvii. 35),who Says that Timaeus 352 256 B. c. accepte Pytheas'
opinion about amber. I the ome travellers of later date Pythea deSerVed more His eredi-
credit than he obtained. His character has suffere at the bilixy-hand i Polybius and Strabo. Polybius declared that the
Line 83 Hie Gaddi urbs est, dicta Tartessus prius.' There is manifesti something ron about his las assertion. These orks, it a be sumi sed are the 'dia ' o Pytheas, hicli Some riter spin os
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I 2 CAESARS GALLIC IVARalleged extentis his travet was incredibi e to egi With seeing
that he was a private person an a oor man. Even Hermes
himself adde the historian could not e belleved iste aid that he had travelle so sar In answer o his objectio ithas been conjectured by modern writers that Pytheas may have been Sent ut at the expense of the Massilia state, as Hanno an Himilco ere by Carthage. Strabo Seldo mentions the
iliano say that te ad belleve Pytheas ' ' He classes im p. Ioa along illi Euhemerus an Antiphanes as a profes-Sional imposior, addita in another place p. 295 that he had used his linowledge of astronom an mathematic to obtain creden e so fiction As regard Thule Strabo himself laysclaim o no nowledge, ut assumes that Pytheas mus havelle about it, ecause he had Ee about places betteranown iV. 5, Q, p. o I). ut hen e come to inquire into the specisi charges laid by Strabo against Pytheas it is su risingho litile e a findo justisy ali his censure One mi S- statement hicli e bring home o him is that the tength f
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ERITA IN I Inorthwar o Britain, and ear the rogen ea ' Str. p. 63 ad init. Cp. Plin. N. H. v. IO ). In thi regi On, a We are
the accurae of his astronomica an mathematica vieius illi regar to the Countrie hordering on the rogen One, and quotes ithout dissent his observations o the paucit Ofvegetable an animal se, as ne advanced OrthWard the Sustentation os se on coarSe cereals berries, and OotS, themanufactur os mea Dom cor an honey, here theSe eret be had, and the se of large barias in place of threshingiloors, hicli ere rendere useless Win to the ain and
the abSeiace of sunshine iv. 5, 4, p. o I). Other eminent writer in antiquit accorde a sarcies grudgin acceptanc tothe statements of Pytheas. Eratosthenes ad som doubis asto the extent of his traveis, hicli might et be inspired by the mentionis the Tanais, butae accepte him as an authorityon Britain and patri Hipparchus is repeatedi censured by Strabo sor his belle in him; Eny nowhere question hiS veracit an names imas an authorit so three o his books. In more modern times his reputation has been armi defendedi, his great countryma GaSSendi. The ni mentio of the ritisti Istes that occurs in an Xtant Polybius Gree author prior to the time o Caesar is in Polybius ni 57).
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I 2 CAESAR 'S GALLIC MARThat philosophica historian ad imself travelle in Africa,
Spatia, and Gaul, and e promi Se to correct ome of the erroneou notions os his predecessors illi regard to the westem extremities of the worid, hen e reache a convenient Oint
in his reatis iii. 58, 59). Unsortunately the par of his historyin hichae redeemed his promise has no come down to US. The De It used indee to e supposed that the ritisti Iste had had the honour os ein mentione by Aristolle. ut though thetreatis De Mundo emanate sto his school, it certaini didno procee fro his en, an critic are no no inclined toplace it much earlier than the Christia era It is there iii Dia)state that in the Ocean, ut fide the illars o Hercules and Myon the coianir of the elis, there are Wo Ver largeisland calle therariti sit Istes' Albion and Ierne. The Britisti e ma note in passing that on thei firs introductio to ς' the literar public os Europe England and Ireland were uni ted Under a Common appellation. It the Britisti Istes' os,hichboth Polybius and the Peripatetic riter speah a a CollectiVeterm for England and Ireland together illi the malle istandsthat luster round them. Although,illi Caesar the larges of these Sland has engrosse the common designation, et Plinyremind us that Albion a the prope nam of the fland whichis no divide into England an Scottant', an it is unde thisname, in iis Gree sor ' ουίων , that the geographer tolemytreat oscit Beginnin his map o Europe stom the west that author deal sirst illi Ireland whicli e calis 'Iουερνίa, and then
Dispule a For a long time ver litile as nown to the Greeh about D ii, ii Britain, ut the intereS i excited a in proportion to their Was an ignorance, an a livet controverS Was hept up amon me os
Albion ipsi nomen fuit, cum Britanniae vocarentur omne de quibus mox paulo dicemus, Plin. N. H. iv. IO2.