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of the rar. The ames os laces in the fame Way iel a meanin unde the comparative method. Briva, hicli occursat the en oscio many ames of towns, means 'sord, as in Samarobriva the sord of the Somme. Magus, nother Common termination, mean a seid, as in Rigomagus thehing's ield. Briga is a burg or stronghold; unum a ill-sortress as in Noviodunum H Newcasue), Xellodunum, Vellaunodunum durus a sortress a in Octodurus. We must inquire no into the physica characteriStic of the Sige of thepeople ho spolie his language. UautS. The irs thing that structa Gree o Roman observe about the auis a thei sige. Caesar has commente on his
D. S. v. 28, δε ταῖς δὲ σαρξὶ κάθυγροι καὶ λευκοί Lix xxxviii. 28 ausa
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4, and thi bring usin to ur ex topic namely that os population. The Gauis ere tronii numbers as et a in sige Str. v. 2 Veget i, ). Os thei man tribes Diodorus D. S. V. 25, ci estimates the larges at bout oo,oo men, and thesmalleS at 5o,ooo Strabo say that the Belgae could formerly Supply oo,oo figlitin men a more moderate estimate hanthat o Caesar, ho credit the Bellovaci lone illi Ioo,ooo ii. , a), though the contingent actuali promised by the Belgae amount O 296, Ooo, hicli is perhaps the ource of Strabos statement. O the basis of the figures supplied by the Commentarie. i. 29; i. vii. 75), the Emperor Napoleon III has calculate that the population os aut in the time o Caesar
D. S. V. 28, M. xv. II, rutili luminumque torvitate terribiles.
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Fro the physical e no turn to the menta an moralcharacteristic os the Gaul. The portrai ture of them asin nationis drawn illi a surprisin unanimit by the Gree and Roman
sulnes about the aut hicli ad hi more formidabie in ζ'' appearance than in reality He was 'sul os found an sury,'whicli, lihough the di no signis nothing,' et omelimes allowed the persormance to sal shortis the promise It was his habito try to righten his enem besore the ra by ancingand lashin his arms; like the Homeric heroes too, he would deli ver arangues tendin maliges his opponent an to gloris himself . The Roman earn to discount the terror of his appearance, his Domnin sace, his deep, ough voice, his
threaten in altitudes, and Liv compresses into a Single pregnant Sentenc the experien Ce of his countrymen hen e speah of
the aut ac nata in vanos tumulius gens' Liv. V. 37, ra). The irascibilitW and uuarreisomenes of the Gauis a Carried Irascibilitae. Arist. . . iii. 7, E. E. iii I, 23. e must remember, OWever, the extende mean in of the term Celi as used by the Greelis. What Aristolle says of the Celis figlitin the wavesci saidi Strabo vii. of the Cimbri. The account hic Pausanias, evidently followin Some Greeli historian gives of themauis attachin the Greelis a Thermopylae reads
tiae a sentence of Aristolle o δε ἐν ργη τε επι τους ναντίους καὶ θυμωμετα ουδενος λογισμου καθαπερ τὰ θηρία, ἐχωρουν. Aelian V. H. xii. 23
dwelis o the Molis rechlesgnes of the Celis. Liv vii. 23, m gens serox et ingenii avidi ad pugnam ' Sali Cat. o
natura gens Gallica bellicosa.' επ αυξησει μὲν ἐαυτων, μειώσει δε των αἰων D. S. V. I, Q. Liv. v 37, flagrantes ira, cuius impotens Si genS.'
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Decline of the martialspiritamong the of the past in Caesar' time
tradition The Celtic auis ere supposedo have been corrupte by the eighbourhood of the Province and the importation o foretgn luXuries. While the strengili os the aut consisted in the impetuosi tyof thei attach, heir weaknes la in the want of Stayin poWer 'Their earis e re apto lain and their odie to ag henthings er goin against them. The are credite too illi
endure it R. The suddennes with hicli the Gauis ould adoptimportant resolves iii. 8, Io was partis a genera instabilit os
Character. The were subjecto severisii fit os passion, andrushed into measures of whicli the goon a reaSOno repent. Ibi able like to undue elatio an undue depression the are describe a. insufferable in victor and cowedi des eat .' Curio sit Was nother marhed eatur in the character of the Gauis, hicli combine some times illi thei natura temerit to
Agr. II mam Gallos quoque in bellis floruisSe accepimus mox segnitia cum otio intravit, amissa Virtute pariter ae libertate.' iii I9, n Liv vii Ia, iis corporibus animisque, quorum omnis in impetu vis eSSet, parva eadem languesceret mora'; ibid. v. , gens est, cui natura corpora animoSque magna magis quam firma dederit; eo in certamen omne plus terroris quam virium ferunt.' Liv xxvii. 8, Ἀω intolerantissima labori corpora.' Str. v. 4, Q. p. Hirt. B. G. viii. 3, ut Vix iudicari posset, utrum secundis minimisque rebus inSolentiores, an adverso mediocri casu timidiores essent'; D. C. xxxix. 45 a πληστοι γὰρ λογίστως οἱ Γαλάται
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hurr them into unwis action. the the Athenians theywere aliVays ager aster Something ne si V. 5 Vii. 42, ).CaeSar describes the common eopte a gathering round themercliant in the countr toWns an forcin new Dom themwhether the liked i or not so that the demand ometimes create the supply the uppe classes adopted the more politicco se os ashing the stranger to inner, an proceedin tointerrogate them asterivard. D. S. v. 28, 4ὶ. There a a great simplicit an opennes os character abo ut Simplici ty
than the paniards. The conques of Gaul a bem about Subdueda centur later tha that of Spain, ut it u a concluded earlier. For the paniard hept up a cattered guerilla arsare, protectinghimself in his mountains, hereas the Gaul came on illi sire an sury, an Shattere his hole strength at nc against the Roma legions Str. v. a). nother reaSO so the comparativel eas subjugation os the Gaul la in thei inabilit tocombine Thei interna animosities ere os more importanceto them than the exclusion of the foret gner. It was the Aedui ho brough in the Roman invader, and the Sequani,ho brought in the German. Though it fuit Cicero' purpose, hen defendin FonteiuS, Piet andi denounc the aut asin Sacrilegious race, the are generali PR mψηΥ taxed illi the opposite X treme os superstition vi. 16, ). Gentes superbae superstitiosae is fiat Mela iii. 18 says of them They seem indee to have been religious in their Way .
Str. iv. , is αλλως δε πλουν καὶ Ου κακοηθες. Liv. v. 6 3 seu religione etiam motis, cuius haudquaquam negligens gens St.
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love o acqui Sition seem to have been turne into the aser channe os econo ny Theyaecame ealthy, butio luxurious. Doubiles Gauis ere amon thos provincials hos insuSion into the Senate Tacitus Ann. iii 55 regard a in part thecause os that holesome decline in luxur Whicli ega under VespaSian. Cupidi ty. A race o addicted to the lunderis other and always readyto SerVe O pay, could no expecto escape the reproach os cupidi ty. Accordingly e find this charge brought against them Some of the ancient,riters . Intemper Another vice illi hicli themauis ere axe was that os intemperance, displaying itfel in an undue indulgence of the three physica destres. The auis ad good eason to earthe introductio of wine, o the took o it illi a natura avidi ty, and preserre to drin i unmixed illi ater Diodorus telis us that the Italia merclianis illi thei habitual reed sor ain ooked pon the auis love os in a a godsend, and ould Sometimes receive a lave in retur so acia os wine Those ho could not assor Wine satisfied their oravingsor stimulanis illi es generous, ut stili intoxicating, ever- ageS, Sucii a bee made rom arte or heat, hicli Posidonius telis us the calle corma M.' his as ither run plainor eis miXed illi honey. As to the exuat relations os the auis, e have o much round o go pon. What Caesar says of thei marriage-la seem to impi a developedstate of samii Ese, and yet in the fame hapter vi I9 he speahs
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os them a though the were polygamous. Diodorus is pretiynearly alone in Chargin them illi extreme profligacy, and Withthe nnatura vice hicli a so common among the Greelis and even among the Romans' The ancient riters love to wel o the Savager of the Early Gauls-ho the would han the ead os their nemies rom V gςyy thei horses neclis, and the nai them p on theiriouse S, asa unter does the trophi es of the east he has laim; an howthe would preserve hos of the most amous stowing themaway in a boX, an delightin to ho them to visi tors, homthe would inform illi pride that he had resusexto part illi them sor heir eight in old D. S. V. 29, Str. V. 4, 5 . Diodorus telis us these things Without mentioning is
authority, ut hen e tum to Strabo e in that the comesrom Posidonius That philosopher relates o he osten a human head hun uino the portat of houses, and hoW, thoughthe si gli a firs gave hi a turn, et he oo got Sed to t. Posidonius visite Gaul ome thiri or ori years e re thetime os Caesar. The manners of the Gaul seem to have been mitigate in the intervat, or e domo derive his impressionis
the practices connected illi religion os,hich, shal speah
Even at this early period of thei development the leverneS.Cleverness. of themauis attracte the notice an admiratio of the moreaduance nations illi ho the came into contacty. Theylia their own philosophy, their Wn poetry their Wn Orator I, and theiriae mechani aris independenti os instruction romothers, and weano ho thei aptitude so imitation impressed
D. S. v. 3I, 6 7. Str. iv. 4 f 6 Seem tote quotin sto Diodores, or
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IO CAESAR 'S GALLIC IVARFrom his generat helch of the character os themauis emus no advance to Ome more Specific mentionis the manners
an institutions in hicli that character reveale it self Theserelateri Warrandieace the student of the Gallic a theso e naturali irome sirst. Cavair of The pactous plain os Gaul ad it a counir naturally
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os reastptates of hain-armour eing or by the Gavis, buton the whol the se eblenes of thei de sensive armour asa ource of eahnes in thei combat both ith Gree hs andRomans It is to the neglect os hi Source of sas et at a laterperio by the Romans them selves that Vegetius ascribe thereverses the sussere at theiand of the barbarians. The hie faim os thei helmeis seem to have been to increas the terrorsos the wearer' appearance by thei height like the bearshin ofour renadierS. The were adorned illi the ead of beast
The hirst orato of the Gaul reveat exiiset in his passio Passion sorsor single combat illi the enem bes ore the eyes of his count 'Τ'C: men. Inspired by the harsh ut martia music of the bagpipes , o prompte only b his Wia spirit, the Gallic championwould advance rom the antis and halleng the braves of his antagonisis to do batile illi im D. S. v. 29, Ἀ). emeet illi these combat more than orace in the pages fili Roman historians, ut the have orgoiten to recor theoccasion on hicli the aut a victoriouS. In eace the aut more a costume hic si to the classica eye Dress.
D. S. v. 29 6 2G o, 6 M: LiV. xxxviii. candida corpora, ut quae
nunquam, nisi in Pugna nudentur.' D. S. v. 3o, Q aλπιγγας δ' εχουσιν ἰδιοφυεις καὶ βαρβaρικας ε ιουσα σιγαρ ταυται κά προβάλλουσιν χων τραχ' κώ πολεμικῆς Tam lis οἰκειον. D. S. v. 3o εσθῆσι δὲ χρωνται καταπληκτικαις. αναξυρίσιν αἱ κεινοι βρακας προσαγορευουσιν, D. S. V. O, Q. The
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IO CAESAR 'S GALLIC VARcallex me sagum. Which was buckle in sold on his person. This las garment as also orn by the Spaniard. App. i. a, aisn. . The Roman to assume it, ut ni When there Was a calicio armS, hereas illi the aut it Was habitua . It wa the colour however hic holi Gaul indulge in that starile the Gree an Roman observer, his Staring tripeSand the rissianc of his heckere tartan his arment too, is he were o superior rank, ould e somelimes bespangled with old. his barbaric aste sor bedigenmen displaye itselfalso in the wearing of olde ornaments by the me as et asby the omen. Nothiniis more distinctive of the Gaul than hii torques of solid old and he would wear also braceleis and armiet os the fame metal, as et a large rings, an in arsomelimes a golde breastplate D. S. v. 27, D, Str. V. , a).
D. S. v. 28, ci), and re it bach of the temples toward thecrow of the head and the hind partis themech, hicli imparted
in Cic. Font. 43 sagatos bracatosque.' Cp. D. S. V. 28, Q, who mention the kins os Wolves oriogs.