De bello Gallico, books 1-7; according to the text of Emanuel Hoffmann, Vienna, 1890. Edited with introd. and notes by St. George Stock

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Strabo xii. 5, o gives S Some account of the interna organira- organigation os the GalatianS, O Gallo-graeci, a the Were ob in calle Domihel intermixture illi the Greelis. Each of thementosthethree tribes a divide into Mur tetrarchies These twelve ' RiRti RHβ

tetrarchies ad ach thei Severa tetrarch, a mellis a judgeand a genera subject to the tetrarch ohil unde each generalthere ere two leuienant-generals. The welve tetrarchs ad counci of three hundred, hos place of meetin Was called Drynaemetum. Cases of murder ere tried by this councti, allothers by the tetrarchs and the udges Thi ancient constitutiongave a in Strabo' own time to the way os three rulers, theno tWo, and lasti os a single hing, Deiotarus, pon hos death Galatia becam partis the dominions of Amyntas, and eventuallyalong illi the res of thos dominion a Roman province TheGalatian were unde this final formis overnment hen St. Pauladdressed his episti to them. The Celtic longue a stili to belieard in Asia Minor at the end of the Murth century. St. Jerome in the prologue o his Commentar on the Episti e to the Galatians says that in addition to Greeh, hici, was used universali in the East the Galatiansaad a language of theiriwn, hicli a like that of the Treviri, though perhaps a litile corruptes

In the ollowin year L. Scipio Asiaticus, ho was then engage ' 'in Kar illi Antiochus, repulsed an attach rom Galatia cavair Ganis n

that time in chie cit in Gaul, an hel theriouri place in magnitude in the Roman worid. Ausonius, Ordo Nobilium Urbium.

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64 CAESAR 'S GALLIC VARnow o the order of the olistobogii. When, aster crossing the Sangarius, he a marchin alon iis anh, a strange procession et hi m. It was the riesis of the Might Mother'who ad come ut rom Pessinus in ali the lor of their vestments and with Wild sanatic chanis, promisi nihil onielials of the Goddes victor and the poSSession of the Ounto. The consul replied that he accepte the omen, an pitched

his caminat oncem the auspicious pol. Nextia he occupied Gordium, hicli a deserte by the enemy. Here again hehahe in orde to await the result o sonae embaSsies. There was ne Galatia chies, name EposognatuS, Who, unde the influence of Eumenes, had resused aixto Antiochus against the Romans He ad underialien to go in person to the Tectosages with a vie to inducin them to submit to the demand of the consul But enuoyS nox came si omiim to say that he haddailed in his endeavouro influenc his countrymen. Fro Other ambassa tors Manlius received particular a to the movements of the enemy. They'ere deserting thei land an homesteadsan takin resuge in the mountains. The Tolistobogii ad occupie Mount Olympus; the Tectosages ad retire toanother mountain calle Magaba the Trocmi ad deposited

their omen and childi en illi the Tectosages, and determine lthenaseives to march to the id of the olistobogii The chiesso the three tribes at this time ere Ortiagon Combolomarus, and Gaulotus Thei plan campaigia a to sociis and provision the eight and ear out the enemy. The didno calculate on bella attache Successi uti in thei strong-holds. ut the consul to their urseris advanced p Mount Olympus, and overWheliae the Gauis illi a Shower of missiles, With hicli the themselves ere ill-provided These redoubt-

Galli Matris Magnae, Liv xxxviii. 8.

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the auis ere o by the wise of Ortiagon, ho, eingamong the prisoners, an havin been violate by a centurion, contrive to bring his ea home asin presen to heriusband. The Tectosages offere even a seebter resistance than the Tolistobogii, an in their cam the Roman possesse them-selves of a pol that ad been amassed by years of illage. As it a no mi autumn Manlius marched his victorious

arm bach to inter-quarter On the Coast. Here e received

preti Wel pacified by the Romans.

In the Iear I9 B. hich Scipio Asiaticus en- Reinforce- countered the Galatia cavalry, a deputation rom Placentia Plaebuti, and Cremona a introduce into the Senate, to a that hos an Cre' colonies ere in Diad way The Senate paSSed a decree Mundine ofauthorigin C. Laelius the consul, ho a then way in aut Bononia. to enro 6,oo families sor distribution etween the colonies; the praetor lio introduce the deputation as also to appotnt three commissioners to carry ut the matter hen Laelius returned he obtaine the sanctio of the Senate to a surther propoSal that Wo ne colonies hould e quartere o theland thalaad previsust belongesto the Boii. A the extremeend of the ollowing year e find his decree partiali carrie out by the establishment of the Latin colon a Bononia, hicli is no the cit os Bologna The territor on hich it stand hadbeen Etruscan e re it ecam Gallic Three thousan menWere quartered there, hos among themolio gere anighis receiving o jugera apiecerand the reS 5oo.

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CAESAR S GALLIC VAR

tion ofroad in Cisalpine Gaul. The Cenomani

righted by

Pisaurum inunded.

In 188 C. Livius Salinator a give Gaulis his province Liv xxxviii. 35), but nothin particular Seem to have occurred

In 18 the Liguria Apuani so devastate the land os Pisaeo the ne hanx, in Bononiam the ther a to render cultivatio impossibi e Aster the had been subdued, ne consulemployed his arm in constructin auoad belween Bononia and Arretium-this a the Via Flaminia minor' the ther inconnecting Placentia illi Ariminum by the Via Aemilia Lepidi' Liv. XXXiX. 2). The aggressive polic of the Romaniis et illustrate by an event hich ook place during the fame ear One of the praetors, II. Furius Crassipes, ad been assigne Gaulis his proVince There a no hance of war unlessae invente an occasio sor it Soae ordere the Cenomani, ho ad oncebeen the aithsul allies of Rome, to Surrende thei arms. his tyrannica request a complied with. ut themauis appealedio the justice of the Senate the Senate commissione the consul Aemilius to inquire into the case Aemilius ordere the praetorto retur thei arm to the Cenomani and leave the province. Thus a Rome fulsill in the mission ascribe to it by iis nationa poet-

Parcere subiectis et debellare superbos.

In the nexi ear B. c. 86 there a the beginning os a newCeltic immigratio into Italy. Aiody of indigent Gaul Mund way ver the AlpS hicli O ne ad Miloue besore, passed peacesully along the Valle of the o, and findita unoccupi edian in Venetia selecte a Sit sor a toWn ea the place hereth Roman shorti asterward Munded Aquileia The Romans, o hearing of this OVement, Sent en 'oys into Transalpine Gaul, but ere informe by the authorities there that he had nolinowledge of it Aster his the matter a neglecte for

a time.

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Wa the ours that was actuali taken. M. Claudius Marcellus Wrote to the proconSul L. Porcius to move the arm Whicli helia been commandin in Liguria to the cene o operationS. On sininiit himselfae summone themauis, of hom hereare Sal to have been 2,ooo, to Surrende thei arms Theydi So, and were then trippe of at thei possessions TheneW-COmers appeale to the Senate. The Senate restore tothem Such properi ras 'as considered lawsus theirs, lutinsiste o thei leavin Italy Three ambassadors er Sentalong illi them to arn the Transalpine Gavis to kee their redundant population to themselves These ambasSador Cerehonourabi received by thematas, hos eider expresse theopinio that the Roman had deal to leniently illi suci an unwarrantable intrusion It ad now iecome apparent that Aquileiat was advisable so the Roman to Occupy thi VaCant corner Oscii 1 P, maItal them selves, and it a determine to Send ut a Latin ounded. colon to Aquileia his a no done untii 18 I, ut in theyearis,hicli, are spe ahing Mutina and Parma e re coloni Zed by Roman citigens, so that the hole of the Via Aemilia Lepidasto Placentiario Ariminum a no a bellis strongholds Liv. XXXi X. 22 4 4 45, 4 55; l. 34-ὶ The predictio of the Transalpine eider that the lenienc Moreos the Roman would invite surther re SPaSSer Seeme aboui immisti isto have a speed sulfilment, hen in the Ver neXt year a repor expelled. was spread that the outh of Gaul Were arming, and Uere ab Out

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n.C. ProconSular Command of C. Claudius, ho recovere Mutinastom the Ligurians. Eari in I: there as an ovibrea os the Gaul in conjunction illi the Ligurians, ut it a Soon ut down The matter, however, a thought os sussicient importance to justis a three days thanhsgivin and the sacrifice ossori victim. Liv. li. 8, 14 I9) It was sollowed significantlyenough, in 173 by a distributioni vacant Liguria an Gallictan amon citigens an allies of the Latin ame, the ormerreceiving ten jugera apiece, the alter three xlii. ).

Unati In B. I I Gaulos a consula province et to the tot os

C. Cassius duit. For hen the settier in Aquileia sent a deputation to L ngi'U' Itonae to complain that thei colon was ot Strongi enough sortised considering o it Was exposed to the attactis os Istrians and Illyrians the Senate asked them is the were willin to have the matter intruste to the consul C. Cassius, an received the astonishin reply that C. Cassius ad justset ut through Illyricum for Macedonia where the war illi Perseus as eguia the fame ear). The Senate vote that three commissioners hould star that ver da an sorbi hi into age ar On an nation ithout a decree of the ouse xliii. 1). Not bella able to command in Macedonia, Cassius Serve there nexi ea a tribune of the oldier unde Aulus Hostilius. Whil he was away in his capacity the Senat heardsomethin more bout hi procee ling the ear e re in his province A Gallic clites, name Cincibilis, sent enuoys, oneos Whom as his rother, to complain that CaSsius ad devas-

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thousand of the inhabitant into lavery A the fame timeambassador came sto the Carni, Istri, and Iapydes, at of them dwelling nea Aquileia' to a that Cassius had concluded peace illi them, then ordere guide into Macedonia thensuddent returne an lai WaSte thei territories, nor id theyknow up to that moment lia offence the had committedio deserve such treaiment. The Senate replied that the didno approve of Such conduci, is it ad been committes thatit ould e njusto condemn thei ossice in his absence ut that the would inquire into the case in his return DomMacedonia, is the enuoys ould then come bach and accusehim. Meantime the themSelves sent ambassadorso Soothethe laesing of the complainanis Golden collar an silvervesseis and wo horSex ith a night' complete quipment, includin a room for ach horse, ere presente to Cincibilis and his trother Thoe attendanis also were Supplied Mithclothes C. Laelius an M. Aemilius Lepidus ere the twoenvoy sent acros the Alpi Liv. xliii. 5) The ense of justice Offer homdisplayed by thes Senate Seem to have been appreciate in V 'ς . . Further Gaul sor in the nexi ear B. C. 169 w sin enuoys to thesent rom a chie name Balanos o offer id to the Roman ROL RR'

against

V to this Oin the relations et een the Romans and the TheTransalpine Gavis have been of flairi friendi character. ψ RH

Verg. Geor. iii. 75 Iapydi arva Timavi.

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7 CAESAR 'S GALLIC VARtribes, and the reductionis the Ligurians in Ital oni potnted

the way to the conquest of thei brethren in Gaul. In the eari 66 ne consul a engage in operations against the Alpine Gavis, hile the the was crushing the ast efforis of the Ligurians in Itali Liv. Epit. xlvij. Aster this there Wasa periodis unusua quiet untii twelve years later, hen a Romanarm firs operated in Transalpine aut B. α 5 ). Friendi Me have had occasio at ready to reser to the oundin os thexel xj0R Phocaean colon o Massilia in the time os Tarquiniu PriSCUS.

Ligurians. to thei aid. Besides hicli, suci a te fel in admirabi Withthei sorward poli cy Ambassadors ere firS Sent ho ere attached by the Ligurians then the consul Q. Opimius came

with his army. and aster de atin the Xybii and Deciates, handediver ome of thei land to the Massilians Polyb stagm. iv vii, viii Liv. Epit xlvii). Subjuga' in Iears later s. c. 143 the consul Appius Claudius

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of the passes into Gaul. Aster his the attention os the Roman was diverte Dom The

have the unusual lank of eighteen ear in ur annals aut Romans When the struggle belween Roma an Celt recommences aster this pause, me find the id of aggression completet turned, and the Roman obtaining thei firs permanent Motin in Transalpine Gaul. Ino 25 . c. the Massilians again appeale to thei allies o The Ro- assistance against thes Liguriam tribes ne of the consuls 4 sh ''of the Iear. M. Fulvius Flaccus, who insterward periShed Massiliansalon mitti C. Gracchus, as sent to their SSiStance, and 1 I' kii 'deseate the Salluvii Liv. Epit lx Flor. i. 37ὶ sema infertha his Success was considerable, as e is mentione in theepitome of Liv as havin been the irst to subdue the Transalpine Ligurians, although this honour reatly belongedio Opimius, the ather of his Murderer, as attested by the Fasti Triumphales. His ork was continue by C. SextiuS

as eing the date of the rs Roman StabliShment in aut si illi 'ii. This as quae Sextiae Aix), a litile to the orth of Massilia, Whicli a calle aster the o springs, sor hicli the placeWas samous, and aster Sextius himself He drove the Liguriansos a narro stri os land long the coast etween Marseille an Italy, and ande this vero the Massilians Liv. Epit.

In the fame ear Cn. Domitius henobarbus, ne of the Cn. Do- con Suis, came into Gaul, and continues there a proconsul ' 'si, durin: Ia I an perhaps later He a the anceStor in the deseats

brogeS. Cp. Amm. Marc. m. II, 4 Hae regio S . . . Primo temptatae Per Fulvium.

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Thceto the had suffere fortaei generositu the Allobroges id nisi me pende thei fugitive, ut a te in the id