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properi avenged But the victor was by no means a bloodlessone to the Romans, ho et illi a Stout resistance, Speciallysrom the paniard an Ligurians, ut illi ver litti Do the Gauis. Who are represente by the ncients a bella os alinations the eas capable of bearin fatigue. So exhausted were the Romans themselves aster the actio that the sussereda bod os Cisalpine Gavis an Ligurians to escape, ho mighthave been ut down by a single troo of horse fiet omesurvive, sal the consul Livius, to bring the new of theenemies' disaster and of ur valour. Claudius returne to the outh with venareater speed thanae ad come, andarohe
the Praetor as ordere to lay ast the land of the auis,ho '' 'V ' had oine Hasdrubal Liv xxviii. Io, 2ὶ Placentia and Cremona though the hadiso been tahen, had naturali sufferedmuch during this secon invasio os Italy Thei land hadbeen verrun by the auis, and many os the colonisis adstipped bach to Rome These eremo ordered by the consulsio return, an Mamilius as alven directions o protect thecolonies xxviii. II, DIO, I). Aster the ossis Hasdrubal his rother Mago as instructed Deleat it procee to Ital by ea, and there ire a large an arm Ofiig,lpine Gaul an Ligurians ache could With Whom he was to rein rce Gaul and
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5 CAESAR 'S GALLIC VARone Roman arm in Etruria an another at Ariminum, and respectrior thes hept the Gaul Dom an overt acts of hostilily, though the allowed secret levi es t be et an assiste the Carthaginians vitii supplies Liv. XXViii. 46, II, 2 XXiX. 3,
was ahin his levies the proconsul M. Livius and the praetor Sp. Lucretius Oine their orces in Cisalpine Gaul. In theneXt year B. c. o the fame two generat were continue in
thei command against Mago Liv. XXiX. 13, ), ut it a notunti the ollowing year, hen M. CorneliuS the outgoing onSul, an P. Quinctilius Varus, the praetor of Ariminum, ere in command in aut Liv. XXX. I, *7, 9), that a pitche batile vas oum against Mago. The ght was long and obstinatelycontested, and victor might have turne against the Romans,liadiso Mago been ounde in the thigh an carrie diu of theraeid. his batile too place in the countr of the Insubres. Aster it the Carthaginians retrealed a fas a thei generat's Wound would alio them, into the territor of the Ingauni Ligures Here Mago a me by ambassador orderin his immediate return to Carthage, an announcin that Hannibal had been recallextoo Liv. XXX. 19, Da 3). Mago put to ea at once illi his army hoping that a se voyage might facilitate his recovery, ut he had carcet go past Sardinia hen hedie of his ound . eongui pathetic incident is recorde Das havin talien place in the
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In o B. c. peacemas at last concluded With the Carthaginians Close of
an Ligurians at their eisure. The Settiement Was a Verylengili proces indeed, ut it a purgued by the Roman withtha pertinacit in hicli thei chies strength lay.
the made common cause illi the Cisalpine auis. The i 'l' ἡ 'were a race of hard mountaineers, ut thei Strength in regularwarsare a notoreat, and the dissicult was not so much to conque a to calch them. Operations against them dribblemonDom ea to ear Unti I9o, hen the proconsul Q. AIinucius reported that the country a entiret Subduex Liv. xxvii. ). Minucius however a refuse a triumph, and the Sequel justified the Senate' estimate of hi persormances. For the Ver neXt year a praetor, L. Baebius, paSSin through thecountryrio his province of Spain, as attached by the Ligurians an his retinue lain or ut o light He imself escape to Massilia, hereae die&within three days sto the wound that he had received Liv. xxvii. 57). Wo ear later B C. I 87), there ein no more important campat in hand we findiothconSul Carrying on a in Liguria Whicli served the Romansas a training-ground o hee u thei militar discipline inperiod when it might theru is have lapsed . The Liguriantribes ere again entiret subdue this ear, and the consul Q. Marcius adi deseate by them the nexi. Aster his for Sevenaear running B. C. I 85-I79 both conSuis ere employed in Liguria The Roman atrias adopte a Persia poli cy, and remove the Apuani Ligures, a speciali troublesome tribe tofome public land in Samnium, hile they compelle other os the Ligurians to descend rom the mountain to the lains. Two ears later the consul C. Claudius havin conquere the Istrians, transferre his arm into Liguria an Won a victory
Liv xxxix. I VI hostis velut natus ad continendam inter magnorum intervalla bellorum Romanis militarem disciplinam erat.'
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there But hile he was celebratin a triumph ver both nations a Rome theSe audaci ous mountaineers made a descentupon Mutina, and actuali too it by assauit. Claudius assent ac to his province, an recovere the colon in thesolloWin year R. . 76). The Same Summer WitneSSed a Victoryo the consul Petillius ver the Ligurians, in hicli Petillius himself was illed. In I 5 the consul M. Popillius attacheda persecti unotandin Liguria tribe the Statelliates, and treate them illi suci crueit o thei Surrender as O aiSea stor os indignation against hi in sel in the Senate Herepeate these utrages in the olloWin year hile the consul sdelayexto supersede hi m. Such of his victim a furvived were restore to libert by the Senate an give land acros the Padus, ut the offender eventuali escaped histice Aster his the Ligurians in Ital seemo have been pacified, and the subsequent operations that weaear of Were directed against the Alpinei Transalpine tribes. To retur howeve to the auis. It might have been sup- posed that o the withdrawal os thei Carthaginia alites and paymaster the auis ould have chosen to remat quiet Butthere a stili a stray tooth of the dragon embedde in Italian soli, an ready to pring up to a harves of death. A Carthagini an officer ame Hamilcar, a relicti the arm o Hasdrubalor Mago, an age to assy the aut an Ligurians round his Standard justolle the Ronians ere devotin thei chiei attention to in Philip an expectin nothin tes than a Gallic tumuli. Placentia, hichia managed to survive during the whole of the Punic ar, a no at ast Sache an burni B. c. oo). Cremona ad juSt time o hut iis ales against the invaders, and was able to hol iis own untii the praetor L. Furius Purpureo camerio iis relie stom Ariminum. He onso considerable a victor that a three Jays supplication ashel a Rome Accordin to som authoritie Hamilcar assiain in his batile accordinito thersae as ahen alive three year later Liv. XXXi 2I XXXii. 3o XXXiii. 23) He had been
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in OI When C. Oppius, the praesect of the allies, was lain C a With 7,oo me on a soragin part in the coianir of the Boii
Liv. XXXi. in another in I99, hen the praetor Cn. Baebius Tamphilus os more than 6 6oo me in the territor of the
Cisalpine Gaul. xxxii 28 and Ligurians Among the formerwe no findoli Cenomani, at eas the ounger member Ofthe tribe, ange o the si de of their countrymen. Aster his the war en on illi varyin fortunes, with now ome eat ofarm o the par of a Gallic hiestain, Corolamus o Dorulacusor Boiorix, and again a triumph or thanksgivin among the RomanS, Unti the ear I9I. When it a terminated a sar a Triumphthe Gaul Were concerned by the complete submission of the R
Boii, ho ere mulcted os bout half thei territor XXXui. 39 in Boii but the Ligurians, as e have at ready seen carriet O their resistance to a much later date. So intimatet were the connecte in the ind of the Roman with the aut that hen Scipio Nasica clai med a triumphrior his crushinide at of the Boii, a tribune objecte to it o the round that the aut swould neve be quiet o long a the Ligurians ere in armS, and that Scipio, instea os comin home to laim a triumph, ought at iaceo have brought id to Q. Minucius, ho adbeen O three ear engage in a doubila struggle illi the Ligurians xxxvi. 39). The tribune however a compelled by the Senate to illidrau his opposition, and Nasica enjoyeda ricli triumph, in hicli 147 goiden torques ere carrie in proceSSion. as ellis a quantit of old an silver both in thesor o coin and bullion, and what are describe a lairlyartistic esset os native orkmanship LiV XXXui. O).
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53 CAESAR 'S GALLIC VARThis triumph marks the lose of another chapter in thestruggle etween Roman and Celt Hereaster here ill e noserious war illi the Cisalpine Gavis, ni the suppression os an occasiona revolt hile the Romans are engage in consoli-Digressio dating thei conqυesis But just at this potnt of time the Romans '' come into contac With another sectioni the widesprea Celtic
pp. 38 63. race in a disserent quarter of the globe. Me must allo ourselves atrie digression rom the main subject in orde to se ho it camerio pas that the Roman encountere Gaul in Asia. Lineuigii It ouldie a great mistahe to Suppos that in the centuries evidence be re Christ the auis ere confine to France and Italy ngetilement the weSt the OVerflOWed into Spain, and o the eas the spreadoulside sar long the valle of the Danube par ro the direct testimon of historians the philologis can inser his extensive diffusion of the Celtic ac sto the ancient ames os PlaceS.
JuS a We an argue to a Roman occupationis Britat in times past Do the many name of place that end in chester, CeSter, and the ther disguises of Castra, o e can assir that the Gaul mus have reside sor ome considerable time in countries where e findilace-names ending in dunum, briga, and ther
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in three divisions One unde Cerethrius as directe against the Triballi and the Thracians; another unde Brennus and Acichorius against Poeonia a thir unde Bolgius o Belgius Justin. xiv. 5 against the Macedonians an Illyrians. The adventures of this hir division are eiter nown than those of the the two Ptolem Ceraunus a the o the throne os Macedonia Belgius offeresto et him bu peace. He rejected the offer, as deseate an Stain, ut the country was defended by a generalis o birili name Sosthenes. Aster the retur of the three id expedition Brennus persuaded Invasionlii countrymen to march against Greece, inflaming thei cupidi tychah 'b dwelling on the wealth of iis reasurie an temples. The Brennus. the histor os Xerxes a repeate again. The invadin host, We are toldi Pausanias, consiste of upward of a million anda halnos Mot an ao, o horse or is, allo so the ac thateach Gallic night ad two squires to attendiim in batile, hoWere quite capable of akin his place i he were Stain, I, 2 Oo. The cavair sorce arrange on thi principi of Substitution ascalled Trimarcisia, rom Marcari , the Gallic or sor a horse Paus. X. 19, ). JuStin copying rom Trogu Pompeius,
horse Withou goin into numbers e ma belleve generat lytha the aut on his occasion ere in great force. Theyravaged ali the and of Macedonia, riving Sosthenes an his arm to tali refuge in the owns. The the advance south-ward into Thessaly. ea an desperation drove the Greelis to unite in delance of their country for the kne someth in os the manners an customs of the aut at this period. A large arm o Greelis, of thos a least ho wel ouiside the Peloponnese, SSembled a Thermopylae to uar the pass. The Athenians supplied a thousan heavy-arme me an ali their triremes, hicli eventuali prove os the greates Service Theywere allowed the command ut os complimen to thei ancient
The cis perhaps ni the Gree sim of the accusative arch is the eis for a stallion, and the wor occurs also in the cognate languages.
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6 CAESAR 'S GALLIC VARreputation, ut it a the Aetolians ho furnished the ower of the Gree irces The aut could not orce the passage an more than thei predecessor the Perstans. The had onlywooden hield to proieci thei half-nahed odies, and aparthom the oppon 'nis in front of them, the were rahe withmissiles rom the Athenia galleys that lay oored in the uddyWater of themati an guis. The Brennus, in orde to delachthe Aetolians rom the main Ody sen o a sorce into theircountry unde the command os restorius and Combutis names
famous in the histor os atrocities. Their reaiment os Cassium supplied the Greelis illi to vivi a commentary on Homer'S description of the Laestrygons and the Cyclopes. At the menWere murdered, and ali the omen utraged, and the aut aredeclare to have batteneson babies usi resti stom hei mothers' brensis Brennus object was achi eved, o the Aetolians hurri edto the rescue but, more than that the population o Aetolia
half the Gaul returne salario Thermopylae. Here thei efforis were Stili unavai ling, unti the Heracleotae and Aenianes, Wishingio re thei land from these unwelcome uests, howed themthe path ove Mount Oeta hicli Hydarnes lia passed under the gui lance of Ephialtes the ratior. The Phocians, ho ereguarding the path, ere aheni Surprise, a the misi a thichon the mountains; ut the were able o bring warning to the Greelis in the pass, who escaped salal on the Athenia triremes. Attac o Hereupo Brennus marched straight o Delphi, Without ait - '' inisor Acichorius, his colleague in command He ConSidered- Savage that he was that the God who lavishexat wealth uponmen could noti in nee o wealth thenaseives. e need nolgo minutet into the accounts of this expedition the savour more os piet than veraci ty . Sumce it to a that once
Timagenes evidenti belleved that themauis actuali sache Delphi
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IVARS VITH THE GAULS 61 selves findicated the sanctit os this central seatis Gree religion, Whic could onlyte tundered by the Greelis themselves illi impunity. Apollo himself rushed into the Da with Artemis onone an an Pallas nolle ther. The phantoms of heroesto appeare in the fight. Even Pyrrhus, the sonis Achilles, who ad sache the temple in his se defende it aster his
i to Say, in the ear B. C. 279 It a In the solio in year accordin to Pausanias, in the archonShipi Democles that the Gaul crossed into Asia. For the histor of this alter event e
present them to us rs in the territor of the Dardani Here in Asia. Sedition arOSe, and 2o,oo me unde Leonorius and Lutarius
marchediis into Thrace Follo ing their usual tactiosis offering those hom the me the choice of figlitin or payin tribute, the eventuali reache Byzantium. Here the sight of the Asiatic hore inspire them illi the destre os illa n a neWcontinent. They gota possessio by a trich of the own os Lysimachia, hicli ad been Munded a the entrance to the Chersones by Lysimachus, ne of Alexander' generals Just. xvii. I This ave them the command of at the western
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62 CAESAR 'S GALLIC VARshore of the Hellespont, and the were tantalized by the atlysight of Asia acroS the narro Stri os mater. A ne quarret broh out at hi potnt, in consequence of whicli Leonorius illithe bul of the arm went ac to Bygantium. Lutarius howeve Seige two eched vesseis and three boat belongin tofome Macedonia ambasSadors and by lying them acros thestrat night an da succeede in transporting the whole os his force. Not long asterWard Leonorius Str. xii. 5, o alsocrossed Do Byzantium illi the id of Nicomedes, in os Bithynia The two chiesiain no reunite thei forces, and serve unde Nicomedes against his rother Zyboetas, homthe dispossesse of his portionis the hingdom. Aster his the Gaulchad ait gli time o it in Asia. It was a though a pacho wolves ad obtaine entrance into a Sheepsold. Not morethan IO,O OO Ut of the o,oo were armed, ut these sumced toterroris at the inhabitant on this fide of the Taurus besidesu hicli, thei number in a se generations rapidi increased. Every peopte submitte to thei exactions even the Lings of Syria a last at them tribute, an no prince en to arwithout iring the auis for ea he hould in them hi redagainst im. est the Should quarre amon themselves theywisel agree to divide the spoli. There ere three tribes of them-the Toli Stobogii Trocmi, an Tectosages of the Tolistobogii an Trocmi e no no more than we do fili Prausi, o hom Brennus is sal to have belonged Str. v. p. 188ὶ but the Tectosages ad thei origina home at oulouse, being one branch of the Volcae, and were to e found also in Caesar' time in the Hercynia forest vi et , et 3). To the Trocmi me hore of the Hellespont was assigne a tributary, to the olistobogii Aeolia an Ionia. and to the Tectosages theinlandiaris. Attalus hin os PergamV. B. c. 24I-197), a thesirs to resis this intolerable domination he drove themauis into the interior, but id notarea thei poWer PauS. i. 8, 4). Aster this the were confine to the eighbourhood os the Halys