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clites cities in Gaul, Massilia Narbo, an Corbilo on the Loire a place hicli asterward disappeare sto history), ut falledio obtain an insormation orth having his is mentione by Polybius to the detriment of Pytheas, ho presume to knoWWhere other Were ignorant Str. v. I, p. 19o Theearlies reserence to Britain by a Roman writer is Lucr. vi Mentio by
Nam quid Brittanni caelum dissere putamuS, Et quod in eopto est,' c. Τ
This is oughi corroborate by Pliny, ho says that Pytheas
strange misconceptio Si Charies Elton ahes ut the Scipio of this passage to the iret of the Cornelia clan whoSe nam appears in histo . The acceptance of this vie would usti ac the Romanknowledge os, or ather interest in Britaina more than wo centuries and would mahe it prior to that of the Greelis. Munro' readin in hic Brittanni is gen Sing.
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the circumferen ce of the Standis to 2 oo miles, an estimate
Although Diodorus Siculus rote aster Caesar, he Seem toliave preserred the authorit os the Gree mathematician to thato the Roman generat. As his statemen os the tengili os Britain coincides illi that os Pytheas it seem sal to inser that
The Englisti mile is greater than the Roma by omething les than
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whicli that conclusion a reached. Strabo himself oes no ventur on an estimate a to the Sige of Britain, excepi a regariis the ouili coast, hicli edeclares to e the longest, and whicli e telis scis exactly coextensive illi that o Gaul the alter ein measure stomthe mouilis os the Rhine to the ortherii heights of the Pyrenees in Aquitania. Kent, accordin to im, Was oppOSi te to themouilis of the Rhine, and the Laiad' En to the Pyrenees. Each coasi e Says is bout 4, 3o Or , o Stade 55ORoman miles '. In orde to understand these Xtraordinarystalements e must ea in mind that in Strabo 's' iere the coast
made by his ather-in-la Agricola, as to much occupi ed illi picturesque description to condescend to statistic s. He is content to a that it was the largest gland nown to the Romans By the time o Dio Cassius, ho rote no Onlyaster the conquest os Agricola, ut after hos o Severus, thedimensions o Britat ought to have been more Xactly
determined But the tength of the stan is stili more exaggerate by that writer laxui. Ia), ho putiit at 7,Ι32 Stades
m 89i Roma miles), hancit is by Caesar an Agrippa As
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regard the readth owever Dio Cassius is preti accurate, mahiniit at the reates 2 31 stades m 288 Roman miles)and at the leastinoo m 37 Roma miles). As regard the hape os Britain the first dea a that it asa calene triangle . e have seen eason to belleve that this was the vie o Pytheas, anxit achel by Caesar himself, by Diodorus Siculus, Strabo, an Mela, of hom Diodorus and Mela compare it to Sicily. Liv however, hos Io5th bookis a great os in his connexion, thought that he hape of Britain ouldie belle expressed by calliniit a rhomboid, andeither he or a later riter ame Fabius Rusticus likene it tolli blade of a batile-axe, pon hicli Tacitus Agr. Io remarks that this leaves ut of sight the enormous edge-like protuber- ance adde to the fland by Caledonia Tacitus oes no tellus in hal directio this,edge projected but perhapsi Shared in the mistahen de asterward held by Ptolemy that Caledonia bulged ut to the eaSt. The SuppoSed siluation o Britain has atready incidentallybeen tolached pon. e have seen o Strabo regarded thesouth coastis the stan a lyin ali long the coas of Gaul Do the Rhine to the Pyrenees. He asseris that ent is visibi sto the mouit, of the Rhiney. The Pyrenees, the Garonne, the Loire the eine, and the Rhine lay in his lewpreti nearly parallel in a directio Dom outh to orth .Henc the Mur passages hi his telis us were habituali used sto Gaulo Britain, amet Do the Rhine, the eine, the Loire, and the Garonne iv. 5, 4, p. 99 are regarde by himas bein about the fame tength. What he says of the tengilios Caesar' passage in ne place ibid. he extend to the riversos aut generali in another iv. 3, p. 193). In Spite os
Caesar' statemen that the passage rom Itium as o miles
iv. p. 63 καὶ τα γε ἐα α ἐγγυς αλληλουν ἐστὶ μέχρις ἐποψεως, O τε Καντιον καὶ αἱ Ου Ρηνου ἐκβολαί. P. V. 3, Q, P. 93, here this statemen is repeated.
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The statements of Diodorus Siculus on his Subjeci are more correct an les Consusing than hos of Strabo. The stand, he says, Ees obliquet along the Coastis Europe. It has three promontortes, Cantium, ,here the ea mahes iis uinow,'Belerium i. e. the and 's End at the ther extremity, anda third, hici runs ut into the ocean an is calle Orcas' The distanc acros the Stratis of ove is understate by Diodorus, ho mahes it ni Io stades oro, Roman miles;
butae says that Belerium is soli days sal fro the Continent. Mela iii. 4o says that Britat lies to the north-west that ithas a reat corne facing the mouilis of the Rhine, and thatthen the si de go bach obliquely one of them ioohing owards Gaul the ther ou ard Germany, and finalty for two more
angies illi the thir fide so that the whol istan is very the Sicily. He telis us also that Europe is bounde on the orthby the ritisti Ocean i. os), and that the Pyrenee run into
effect but add that Britain hec opposite, at a great distance, to Germany, Gaul, Spain, and by a the reates paris os Europe. The term iritisti Ocean is confine by liny iv. cios to the se belween the eine and the Rhine. That Diodorus Siculus and to Some extent, Strabo hould ignore Caesar' views is ni par of the systemati neglectis Roman writers by the Greelis. One a rea through omeo the Gree author unde the Empire Without ver eingreminde that there a suci a thin a Roma literature. But it is more surprising that ii ny in spite os Caesar' preci se Statement of the tength of the passage ro Gaul to Britain,
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123 CAESAN'S GALLIC IVARshould say that the distanc is o miles by the hoi test ea-rout Dona Gesoriacum' iv. Ioa). What Tacitus Agr. Io has to teli us as to the siluation fBritain is that it Ees ver against Germany to the eas and Spain to the west that it is illiin sight of Gaul on the ouili but that iis ortheria paris are beaten by a vas and open ea. Dio Cassius xxxi X. 5o, ci inform us that Britain is distanti rom the mainland of Belgium, at the countr of the Morini 45 Stades m 56l Roman miles at he hortest, and that itStretches long the est os aut an almost ali patii Thestate ment hich has been atready quote isto him a to thebreadth o Britain is evidenti the result os later information obtaine in consequenc os the operation Os Severus. The lides. To the Greelis an Roman accustomed to the almost iidelessseas of the Mediterranean the eb an sow of the Ocean was a standing ource O marvel Various theories ere startexto account so thi strange phenomenon. Some thought that twas caused by the reathin os the might belli on hose breast e weli Mela iii. ). Cotta, ho Supporis the Academi position in Cicero' De Natura Deorum, is contentio et doWn the regula recurrence of the ides in Spain and Britain to nature . To Pytheas is ascribe by Plutarch the credit of having detected the connexion etween theclides and the oon Thistheor is vaguel res erre to on hearsa in the Aristotelian
of the ides and the oon a a notabie case os concomitant
variations B Pli ny ii. Ia the cause os the lides is confidenti declare to e the Sun and oon The Same author ii. 417 relate Pytheas to have recorde that bove
Gesoriacum, the modern Boulogne is supposed' have been uili jus below the sit os Caesar' Itium. N. D. iii. quid 3 aestus maritimi vel Hispanienses vel Britannici eorumque certis temporibus vel accessus vel recessus sine deo fieri non POSSunt ΤΤ
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ERITA IN ID Britain the lides roseo a eight of ight cubiis, hi chrisnearly a seel. I Pytheas sat this, he must certaint havedrawn the long bow. The verage height of the lides is evenlaet though in creeri and inlet it ma be considerabi greater. In the Ba o Fund in Nova Scotia the id is sal to is asmuch astasty feet. The way in hich the river os Britain re affected by the idaltides is noti cedi Mela iii. 41), ho put the matter hora ever
Aster the conquest of Agricola ad ope ne Caledonia to the Inter- Romans the interminglingi se an land in thOS Pari S a Mos e citidnotice With surptise Tacitus has a passage, characterige by nd. the usual dim magnificence of his Ityle, in Whicli te is evidenti reserring to the Scottish sirilis'. Perhaps the marshesin hicli Herodian iii. 14 describes the ahe Briton asdisponing themselves by wimmin and running regardieS Of
Caesar himself,as ignorant of the actionis the oon o the Caesar Ontides untii aught y experience, an suffere the penalty os ignorance in the damage done to his hips in Britain iv. 29y In iii Ia, ci e have the Starilin assertio that the lides occuriwice in twelve ours. Editor have endeavoured by different
expedient i remove his Strange miSStatement, but there standsthe passage in the MSS. I becomes more possibi to imagine that Caesar might have made suci a mistae, is me bear in mindinatae didiso tali command in person of his fleet durin iis
operations o the coastis Armorica, but ent ruste fit to Decimus
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13 CAESAR 'S GALLIC VARascribe a lunder os this in to Caesar' copyisis than to Caesar imself He ad earn someth in about the ides by the timeae sat down to rite his orti A matter os practical concer os his in is the very ast on hichae is likel toliave continue in error. Iractica Caesar' statem enis have a in os ac tua experience bout
buit galleys ere fit texto ope illi them, though that se it seis Can ais VeryaeSpectable aves hen it is in the ood totoso. Some in dee&who have ros sed romiove to Calais might seel incline to dispute his observatio that the waves in thestrai rise es hi gh than et sewhere ne vertheles it must beadmitte that there is truth at the otio of it, even is equestion his explanatio of the ac as ei nidue to the frequentchanges in the ide v. I, Q). Ver disserent hom Such state-ment is theaearsay remar of Tacitus a to the luggislines of the water round the orth coasi os Britain, ,hicli teld with dissiculty to the oar an are ardly rai sed by the winds' Agr. 1 o . f Agricola' saliors could et round Cape rath, and then ive anything the his a the result os thei experience, the mus have been Singularly sortunate in their eather. From the externa seatures of ur is land et u nomadvanceto the internat, os,hicli the mos important is climate. Climate of The rst idea, hicli is represente by Diodorus Siculus v. I, ), a that the climate os Brita in must e ver cold, a the countr lay to the Orth. EX perience, however, corrected his impression Caesar v I 2, remariis that theslux and reflux in the stratis of Messina, says, a quote by Strabo i. p. 5 ,
Way that admits of no mistahe, Bis inter duos exortuus lunae adfluunt bisque remeant vicenis quaternisque Semper horis.' Britain.
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climate is more temperate tha that os Gaul that is, either solio nor o cold. Strabo iv. 5, 4, p. 2oo add that there is more mi than nom. an Speah of the long continuance os misi, and ho during the Whol day the sun is ometimes visibleoni for three o Mur our about noon. Someri fiat the fame observation a to the absence of sunshine might e made bya visitor sto Ital now; ut there mus have been stili more cause sor it then, e re the country ha been cleared of woodsan marshes. Tacitus Agr. Ia speias to the fame effect asto the requenc os misi an cloud, ut add that there is noextreme cold. I the climate even o South Britain a darhand suntes in hos days ho much more must his have heldtrue o Caledonia There, says Herodian iii. I ), the atrappear always murhy, a factolitch e attributes to the
The comparative mi id nes of the ritisti climate is attributed no to the ut Stream a iis cause of this the Ancientshne nothing, ut the held that the se containedaea in iselflike an animal od Cic. N. D. i. 26). Minucius Felix
adduces as ne of the proos o a Divine Providen e the wayin hicli the deficienc os suilli glit in Britain a compensated by the warmih of the se that sowed round ij The tength of the summe days, and converSely the horineS Lengthos the nights, was a salient eatur of Britat in the ye of the hium. Ancients It was a Ioint that attractex special intereSt, days. because thei me os science ad atready arrive on a priori ground at the convictio that this musti so, and that at the North Pol there must e da an night sor Si monili continuousty It ad been ascertaine that a Meroe in Aethiopia the longestia Was ometh in ove twelve equinoctialiourS, at Alexandria Murteen, and in Ital fifteen Bythny' timeri hadbeen determine that the longestia in Britat was eventeen
Octavius 8, Britannia sole deficitur, sed circumfluentis maris
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hoursy. Ver Wild ideas however ere abroad on his subjeci, asthe one reserrexto by Caesar V. 3, oin that in Mona there asnight so thiri Jays continuousinat id inter, an error hichwas is in a stilliore exaggerated ori in the time os Plin Caesar' treat mer; os his question is conceived in a spirit os scientis caution He could finit ut noth in about the matteri, inquiry, ut e too definite measurement With the water-cloch, hicli convinced hi in that the night in Britain ereshorter than hos on the Continent. Tacitus Agr. Ia saysthat the Jays in Britain ere longe than hos os the Romanworid, that the night there as right and in the surthest partshori, o that there as ni a light interva between sun set an sun rise 'They assert, he ad is, ahat is loud do notintersere, the righines of the sun is belle id during theni glit, and that it oes no se an rise, ut passe acroS the
The genera character os the countr is correcti described
that here are also an hills covered illi soli ' Mela speah sto much the fame effect saying that the country is large and leve an sertile, though icher in gras than in Corn. He at Somentions the ood an sore Sis and the reat sige of the rivers,
of hicli his informant probabi judged rom heir mouilis. Fro that oin os te the Thames, Severn, an Clyde arem ore impressive than the Rhine or Danube.
x Accordin totur alman ac the longes Jay are a litile ver 162 houm, but the calculation is ad for the latitude of Greenwich. For Pliny's statementsin his subjeci se N. H. i. I 86 vi. 22o. me says N. H. i. 187 that ome eopte asser that in Mona theda an night re os si monilis duration. Mona, he adds, is distantabout o miles rom amatodunum Colchester . In Pomona lin s remari about thes aestate lucidae noctes of Brita in hecomes qui te apposite. There one an ah a idnight Wal in summe by a very sal light which