De bello Gallico, books 1-7; according to the text of Emanuel Hoffmann, Vienna, 1890. Edited with introd. and notes by St. George Stock

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ERITA IN IMThe hie produce is declared by Strabo to have been Orn, Produce. catile, old, Silver, an iron. Tacitu notices the absence of the olive and vine and ther produci os a arme climate, ut says that pari rom theSe the countrycis fertile and weli suited sor crops He add that the alter pring up qui chly ut ripensio ly, and SSign the Same cauSe or both sacis, amely the abundance of moisture in the Sol an atmosphere. Caesar's Statement v I 2, 4 that ali the trees of Gaul were tot Mundin Britain, with the exception of thes sagus and abies, has givenris to much controversy. illi regar to the alter Loudon

sind an eas Way ut of the dissiculi by identi syiniit, not illithe Scotch pine, hicli is belleve lino e indigenous, ut illithe silver fir of whichae say that it 'mot ni doe no growwil in England , ut a no introduce into his count 'illmodern times.' illi regarduo the former, the Simplest explanatio se em to e that Caesar id not appen to notice any beeches duri nihi hurrie visit toment'. Our Celtic predecessors ad to orgo many ruit Which eno e Oy, Wing in Ome mea Sure t Roman occupation of the country. There eremo cherrie in Italy untii aster the victoryo Lucullus ver Mithridates, abo ut the ear of the cit 68o B. c. 73). Lucullus firS brought them sto Pontus, and 1aoyears later the crosse the ocean into Britain Plin. N. H. xv.

Arboretum et ruticetum Britannicum, Vol. i. P. I. I have to thankMr G. Claridge Druce, Hon M. A. xon. for the referenee. Loudo mentions an assertio madea anothe writer, that the 'fagus' of the Roman was ou chesinu and thei castanea' ou beech, hic heis tempte to malae se of to explain the dissiculi line in Uergit Geon ii. 7 I), here the fruit of thes sagus ' appears orae referre to that of the castanea. The dissiculi arises sto the manuscript reading of the passage Et steriles platani malos gessere valentes, Castaneae sagos. Modern editors eliminate it by a change of reading. nother hypothesis that has beenheld is that the Roman sagus is the quercus aesculuS.'

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I3 CAESARE GALLIC VARtant par in the pharmacopoeia of the Ancients, ein regarded asin specific against the quinsy and against snake-bites, providedit a gatheredae fore thunder as eard might seem rom iis nam to have reache the Romans Dor our fland but his appear no tota te been the case, although it gre there amongother places Plin. N. H. xv. cio xxvii. Da). Minerais. The Supposed minerat wealth os Britalia attracted the cupidityos the Romans. Tacitus, like Strabo, allis oscit possessinggold, Silver, and ther metais, hicli aderit orth hile toconque it Caesar imSeis V. Ia, appears to mentiongold coins a bella in se in Britain. The reading, it is true, is very doubisul, but it is supported by the vie sis numismati sis, wh hold that gold coins ere struch in Britain about a centurybesore Caesar' landing. Howeve that a be Caesar himselfgo no old ut of the country. For e find Cicero, ho was in correspondence illi his rother Quintus, and with Caesar himself, hen the were in Britain, Writin to Trebatius then in Gaul, hea that there is no old o silver in Britain ' Ad Fam vii. I). He expreSse himself to the Same effect to

himself Ad Att. v. 17, Speah of a mone tribute ashavin been imposedipo Britaini Caesar on his departures Os ron Caesar v. 12, 4 say that it a Mundi the ea- coast, ut ni in mali quantities. This doubiles means thatonly the natives of the ouili coasi ad the kill to extrac it

Caesar himself v. 22, ses the word vectigal, whic might betaken to indicate that the tribute agrio besai in hind. Diodorus Siculus

τελειν ωρισι ενου φορους, and SuetoniuS J C. 25 Aggressus et Britannos, ignotos anteas superatisque pecunia et obsides imperavit.'

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ERITA IN MDo the soli. Iron mines ere orked unti recenti in Sussex That the meta mus have been rare in hos timesis hown by iis se a money. In the time o Severus it WasStil used as an ornament by the Caledonians. They bedech says Herodian iii. I in thei fiantis an nec hs illi iron, regarding this S an ornament an a Sig of ealth, as theother barbarians o gold. The opperi bronge aes used in the stan Caesar telis us a imported. Os silver e says nothing. In bronge or the allo calle aes, hicil Went under the Same nam a the opper hicli as iis hie sector, in plumbum album Was an important ingredient This asa speciali Britisti produci and the subjec os an important trade, of Whicli, Shalliave occasion to spea presently Thetin-district was no hoWeve the inland paris, a CaeSar SVS, but CornwalP. To the covetous ream os the Roman Britain presented Pearis. itfel not oni as an Et oraclo os the rectous metal S, but

tonius J C. 47 recounts fome ossi Whici represented Caesar' motive so visi ting Britat a bella a destre o obtainpearis. I this ere so the expeditio might e regarde as Success. For Caesar dedicate a breastplate hicli purportedio e ad os ritishlearis to Venus Genetrix in her temple. PEny N. H. X. II 6 notices hoWeve that the were malland of a ad colour Tacitus also depreciates the ritistipearis, Calling them somewhat dar and livid Some eopleattributed thei inferior quality to the ac that the yster asno pluche alive sto the rocks, a in the Indian Ocean, but thered When throw up by the waves. ut the Roman historian himself thought a desect in Nature more probabie han

The Rev. Henr Furneaux remarks It is rather curious to findi mentioni Caesar o lead. his meta mus have been sterward much Worked by Romans, as e find the stampe pig sto the Mendi ps almost m. mediatel aster the Claudia invasion, and many ther aster ards.' Subfusca ac liventia,' ac Agr. 2.

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136 CAESAR 'S GALLIC IVAR desec os avarice in his countrymen, in not ahing the properpalias to Secure the est Specimens. Οygterg. ut is the Roman were di sappotnted in thesearis os Britain, they ere compensate by the excellence of the molius that produced them. The yster os Britainiecam famous under the Empire, and were held to surpas in flavour even hos os the Lucrine lahe. veryone Wil remember the ourmand in Juvenal Sat. v. I o-2), ho was skilled to detectis the sirst bite vhether a given yster a a native os Circeii or came Doma bottom a Richborough. Mucianus, ho was the reateStauthority of his age on his subject could oni findisne ysterwhicli e considere sweeter tha the ritish, amely that whicli came sto Cyzicus Plin. N. H. ix 169 xxxii. ma). Abgtention Our Celsi ancestors, it is tot seared, neglected thei gastro- ψm ς nonii aduantastes The Caledonians abstain exaltogether rom

Plin. m. H. x 4 46 Anseris genera Iunt chenalopece et quibus lautiores epulas non novit Britannia, chenerotes fere ansere minores.'

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admit the terror that was caused amon his own men hen

Although Strabo speah of the Briton using chariot in arso the mos part like ome of the elis, and Lucan ascribes the practice to the Belgae , et Caesar certaini leads S to inser that this eature a peculiar, in hi eXperience, to

Britain.

Beyond their use of chariot Caesar has est us no description quipmentos the equis men or mode os figlitin os the enem Whom heias hii .encountere in Britain. e have to ke ut his deficiencies by the accounts of later riters, hici relate chiest to the Caledonians, ho ere then the enemy. It is oubiles theyWho Tacitus ad in vie when e sal that the strength of the Briton la in infantry though some tribes ought rom thechariot. Dio Cassius also raises the insanir of the Cale

Tac Agr. I honestior auriga, clientes propugnant.' a et docilis rector monstrati Belga covinni. Rostrati has been suggeste here instea of monstrati.

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138 CAESAR 'S GALLIC IVARthei nahed fides, but di no us breastptates orael meis, hichthe regarde a an impedimento croSSing the marshes bywhich e apparenti means the sirilis These barbarians are describe a most arithe and loodthirsty, and a capable osendurin ali ardes hips and privations Dio Cassius telis us thatthey ould bur themselves in the marshes for days illi their

others. The me of Kent di no disse much in thei habiis

an custom seo the Gavis his ein so, it a b re-marhed in paSSing, e cannot appi to the what Caesar telisus bout the relation belween the seges in Britain. But thecomparative civili Sationis the coaSt is contrasted by ur author With the barbarismis the interior hereseopte lothed them-Selve in hins, hence e ma inser that in Kent they ore good tarta plaid as in aut uere also, asin rute, the had notreache the agriculturat, ut ere Stili in the pastora Stage. AE the Briton however, Caesar XpresSi asSeris, dye them-Selves With oad, hicli produce a lue colour, an madethem more terribierio oo at in batile. He also mentions that the wore thei hair long and cultivate moustachios, butither-WiSe ere Clean-Shaven. se et litile more than an echo os Caesar in Mela, ho says that there ere many tribe and Ling in Britain, ut that the were ali uncivilised, and themore barbarous the surther distant the were rom the Continent; that heir ealth consiste oni in catile and land and that they dyed their odies illi oad, hether illi a vie tobeaut O hom Some ther motive. He add that the were ConStanti at arietween themselves, herea Diodorus Siculus SVS us the oppoSite, namely that there ere an hings and

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but eae the clue to thei interpretation ro Caesar, ho telisus that these nowns' ere intende a refuges against attach. But though the Britons ad n town in ur sense of the uildings. Word Oroather ecause the had n towns the Ountr Wasdotted ver illi uildings, o the population is describe asvery thici' These bulldings are sal by Caesar o have been very the hos of the auis. Diodorus Siculus, probablysolio in Pytheas, speah of them Eghtingi as Overty-

That the tribes illi ho Caesar himself came into contaci Agricul-Were agricultura is lain sto the ac that he ravage their cropS. A very rude method of harvestiniis describe by Diodorus, hicli consiste in storing way the grain ear an all. By the time o Pli ny Britisti agri culture a able to Supplyhinis even to the Romans That encyclopaedic author mentionsio in Britain and Gaul mari as Sexto atten the arth,

v. Ia, Hominum est infinita multitudo creberrimaque aedificia. 'Cp. D. S. V. I, 6 6-εἶναι o καὶ πολυανθρωπον τὴν νῆσον.

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I O CAESARS GALLIC VARand o in Britalia in alticular rem argentaria vas u up frona piis sunt a hundred lae deep into the round and wasu sed sor the Same purpose. The esseCt, e says, aste soreight yearS, and there a no instance of any one avingthrown itin his and wice in a lis time N. H. xvii. D a 45). Vith regar to the politica institutions os the Britons, ehave ery tile insormation Diodorus Siculus speah of theirbein unde Lings an potentates Caesar allis of hings, os Whom there ere tu in Kent alone v. 22, ci), and of prancipes Strabo speah Ont of δυναστεῖαι. TacituS, Writin ofAgricola' time, says that formerly the Briton obeyed hings, but that then the were unde principes an torn by actions, noti cing the fame inabilit to combine vilich e have atready Munyto mar the auis. Dio Cassius at a stili later date says of the Caledonii and Maeatae that their government a moStly

democratical Euen in Caesar' time the eople Counte sor Something, o sar at ali event a to serve a an excuSe Or

so it Themill vesseis that weaea os in connexion illi themare the Oracles, hicli vere mere icher-wor covere Withleather. In these, accordin to the historian Timaeus, ho can

Commerce Such trade a there a in Britain during Caesar' time as

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ERITA IN I Ithat he motive so thei hostililyrio Caesar a that the were astat of havin thei commerce intersered witha his designfon Britain. To the doubiles belonge the mercliant. iv. o, hos,hom Caesar inquire about Britain With so unsatisfactor a result.

The commodit With whicli ille nam os Britat was clites The in- associaled in the ancient marhet was in . e have the authorityos Posidonius sor the statemen that in as rought rom the Britisti Iste to IIassilia Str. iii p. 1 7). Diodorus Siculus v. a has preservexa interestin account of the in-trade in perio anterior o Caesar H says that the inhabitant of Belerium Cornwallhwere extremel hospitable an civilised in their Way o lis omin to thei intercourse illi soreign mer-chanis. The procure the tin, hi lili morhing the round whichior it This a rochy, but ad strata os earth, in hichthe worhed the produce, and then resine it by metting. It was asterward shaped into blocks the dice, and conveyexto anisland which lay of the coasi os Britain, and was calle Ictis. To his fland there mas accessi land at o tide, and the in Was arte thither in agons. From here it a bought y the mercliant an conveye to Gaul. Finalty a land ourneyo about hirt day sussice to bring the ware o horsebac to

dorus again says that a great dea os in as rought stomBritain to the opposite coast o Gaul, and the conveyed onhorsebach by the mercliant through the interior o Massilia and the oK called Narbo. It is impossibi to leave these passages Without Venturinga se remarhsin them. First, ho was the author rom homDiodorus borrowed his account os the ritisti tin-trades Iustbesore the seconi passage hicli has been quoted Diodorus ha been correctin an error os Some historians ho ad asserte that in Spain the in asino sto the sursace insteados Min mine sor an sinetted like silve and gold. A comparison illi Strabo serves o ho that thi remar is borrowed

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I 2 CAESAR 'S GALLIC VARDom Posidonius L enc it has been inserred that the insormation a bout Britat also is ahen rom Posidonius, and that that philosopher ad imself visite our fland But his inserenceis precari ou S So longin there is no the eviden cerio ho that Posidonius ver uas in Britain. e must there re oo soranother ource, hicli e Seem to nil in Pytheas It is nover violent Supposition that the fland Mictis to hicli Timaeus says that the Briton Salled in their oracles, is the Same a theisland Ictis . Mictis, as e have ire ad Seen, is sal by Timaeus to have been the fland rom hicli the in came Ictis is spolien o a that o hi h it a b rought. The fixdays voyage is described by the historian in ome phrase hicli Pliny render by the word introrsum. This an hardly meananything ut a voyage long the Coast. Where then a theisland of Ictii This question Seem no to have an S ereditseis. Suppo Sing the Briton to star on thei Moyage rom thepar of the stan neares to aut it ould tahe them bout weetato ge down to t. Michaer Mount in Cornwall, hichthe descriptioni Ictis irresisti bl suggests. e conclude then, as o the whole mos probabie, that the account give by Diodorus os the riti si tin-trade comes rom Pytheas, and that

the standis Ictis o Mictis is St. Michaer Mount '

Aster Caesar' time an besore the subjugation o Britain

here and of subject in the immediate seque both potnt o Posidonius being the author lio Diodorusia belare him in his particular context. I seem to have stolen iis Muro the wor insanam, hic precedesit in the ex of the ne passage here it is mentioned Plin. N. H. iv.

The Rev. Henr Furneaux suggest that the descriptio oscit Michael sMount is due meret to iis havin been even then the distinguishing seatureo the place, and that the in a reatly hippe ho more convenientharbour in Mount' Bay, Such a Penrance, Newlyn, b IouSehole, Maragion.