장음표시 사용
181쪽
an tendencies inherite froin the Celt. No do e Dilla seea mirror et up to uriwn natur in the lac Whicli surprised Tacitus os the German's ambiing Way his ast shre os Properi When Sober nor et, it a be added, in the Scrupulous care illi hicli debis of honour ere aid, inSomuch that the ounger an stronger, he he had osthis ali, oui allo himself to e bound an sold into lavery. Ipsi fidem vocant. remarks the Roman historian while hecondemn i himself as a prava pervicacia' G. 2 ). ut homnearly e re ouched by What relates to the Germans is est brought home to us lieno findoli nam o Englistimanmahini iis sirst appearance in the fiet of histor in the
G. I 8 6 3 ipsis incipientis matrimonii auspiciis admonetur mulier Venire e laborii periculorumque sociam, idem in pace, idem in proelio
182쪽
CAESAR 'S GALLIC VARGermania. Os the position os the Angli, or, a the are here called Anglii G. 4o, I), Tacitus an oni vaguel teli usthat the lived omewhere beyon the Langobardi Ptolemy ii. II, ci 5), ho Calis them 'Aγγειλοι, is more preciSe, lacingiliem eastwar of the Langobardi an on the iddie reaches of the Elbe. e speah of them as an important people anda branch of the Suebi The Saxons are placed by the fame geographer ii. II, II between the Elbe and the nectio the Cimbri Chersone se, that is, in What is no called
Sarmatae, and then on to Asia. He akes their countr tobe bounde on the wes by the Rhine, o the outh by the Alps, o the eas by the order of the Sarmatae, an on thenorth by the Ocean iii. 25) his roughi coincides illi What is sal by Tacitus G. 1, o), that German is dividedsrom the Gaul by the Rhine, sto the Raetians who lived in the Alps, Str. vii I, an Pannonians by the Danube, sto the Dacians by mountains, and Do the Sarmatae by
183쪽
mutua sear. The last is the fame boundar that o Separates the Teuton rom the lav. Thus the Germany of the Ancients Wa a much large country than the German Empire of O-day. I include ali that with the exceptionis the est an of the Rhine, ut it containe besides mos o Holland the whole os Den mark, the whole of ohemia, illi paris of Austria, Hungary, and oland To these e must ad the outherii extremit os weden, hicli alone as noWn to the Ancients, and whicli as universali regarde by the as an istan in the Sinus Codanus o Ballic ea This miStake a naturalenough, Since even the redoubtable Pytheas himself ad notsalle sarisnough to know that the vas promontor of wedenand Norway a connected illi Europe by landis the north.
the nam o Misenum civi a G. The sige of this vas an ill-define country a naturali Sige. matter os much dispute. The extreme estimates ere On theone and that of some riters both Gree an Roman whomade the ea-coast o Germany toi 25,oo miles, and On theother that o Agrippa, ho ut the whole tengiliis Germanyalong illi Raetia an Noricum at 686 miles and the readthat et 8 on hich lin remarks that the readth assigne wasles than that o Raetia lone, though e is incline conjecturali to ut the coast-line at Something the Agrippa sestimate of the tength. The extreme tength of the present German Empire is rechone at 7 o miles, an iis extremebreadth at 58O. Pliny telis ut iii L 16 that thes Northeri Ocean was Impersectnavigate a sar as enmari Cimbrorum promontorium unde hiid 6'i56 the auspices of Augustus. It was hiest through the campaigns Romans os Drusus an Germanicus, and DOm the amber trade Carries uti o by Roman merchanis that Germanyaecam known to the Romans. Even a the est os times the more distant paris
184쪽
156 CAESARE GALLIC IVARwere rappe in myStery an a region os able. e re toldo istand in the altic here there ere en illi horSes' legs, who ere calle Hippopodes, and of thers here the inhabitanis hasno overinisor their odies ut their Wn ample ears
With regar to the genera character of the countr Caesar does no tellis much because e does notono much. Onething, S a practica man, he et qui te Sure os, namely that thesol o German was noto be compared illi that o Gaul i. 3I, Ι : P. 29, )-else Why the extrem readines of the Germans to change their location His picture of the illimitable Hercynianiorest, illi iis ream depilis haunted by Strange creatureS, is consessedi borrowed from Gree Sources vi 24, is), an is the ni par of his or in hicli Caesar becomes unreliable it is in facta piece of paddin intende tocove the absence of incident durin his secondista acros the Rhine. Physical Tacitus G. 5 1 spealis os Germannas a land of Shaggywood an hi leous morasses. He notice the preValence of moisture o the fide toward Gaul, hile the paris that looked toWard Noricum and annonia ere indier. his asbecause the were hi glier sor in Germany the and rises toWard the outh so that at the rivers, With the exception fili Danube sto OrthWardS. The The Hercynia Fores is a vague term for at the forest HςyςynyRR highland in the solithis Germany It egan illi the modern Blac Forest, ut stretched right away, following the ourse Osthe Danube, to the confines of Dacia. Here it is describe asturning to the est, ut it is ather the Danube hicli at thispoint ahes a Shar turn to the right Bou in sor a time due South, instea os east. The mentio by Caesar vi 25 Da os So ObSCUre a peOpleras the Anartes Stamp the passage ambeing derive stom the professed geographer Eratosthenes. eaear
185쪽
dwel mos to the orth-west L On iis Way the forest hirted Bohemia, here Maroboduus plante his countrimen the Marcomanni Str. vii I, Q). In addition to the curious beasis
With strange bird S, hos plumage littere lihe re a night. These eem no toleras extinc a the one-hornei stag. The Hercynia Fores is common to a number of writers , ther
ii. I, 7, 26). The euroburgiensis saltas of Tacitus A. i. o, Q), here lay the unburi ed remain os Varus and his legions has it nam perpetua ted perhaps ni by antiquaries after the revival of earn ing in the Teutoburger Wald in Vesiphalia The silva Caesia of the sam author A. i. 5o, ci),which lay est of the Em and the limes of Tiberius has been conjecturali identis ed illi the no vanished e serwald. But, Without attempting the dissiculi problemi fixin ancient localities, about hicli the most kille geographer differ id ely, we must e conten to th in o Germany in Caesar' time asstili covered, illi vas primeva sore sis The effortis imagina-
See Bunbury, Hist os Ancient Geography, Ol. i. P. 3 n. The earli est reference to it is unde the nam of the Arcynian Mountains. Whic are spolien o b Aristolle Meteor. i. I 3, 8 a thewaterShed so the non os Europe. In the De Mirabilibus Auscultationibus, Io5, o e have mentio of the Ερκυνιοι δρυμοί a containing the sp ings
186쪽
158 CAESAR 'S GALLIC VARtion is rendere easte by the ac that even a the present daysome of the mos important GermanHowns areatile more hanclearing in the oodS.
vi. 25, 4hylare mentionedi Caesar. The Maas Mosa and Schelde Scaldis vi. 33, 4 are o hi Gallic rivers, flowin asthe do est ar of the Rhine. The Main Moenis and Lippe Lupia are mentionedi Mela iii. cio a tributaries of the Rhine, and the Ems, eser, an Elbe Amissis, Visurgis, Albis a flowin into the Ocean He speah also iii. 43 of
the Vistula as Orming the oundar belween Germany and Sarmatia Pliny iv. Ioo add nothin to this Est, exceptili Guthalus, hicli is therWis unknown Strabo vii. I, Q)is alone in mentioning the Saale Σαλας), hicli ecam known through the death near it of the lde Drusus in themidst of his victorious campaign. Tacitus G. I, Da speah of healbeas nown no longe in his da excepi by earsay. y that time the flood of Roma aggression ad been repelle by the
187쪽
Germans, and notWithStanding the apparent strength of Trajan'sempire, the historia in a propheti momen declares that it Wasoni the discor of thei enemies that secured the Romans DomdeStruction. The question has been rat sed hether Tacitus himself ad an direct acquaintance illi Germany. e maylairi suspectrahat at ali event the account of the altercationbe tween Flavius and Arminius A. i. 9, Io was not based ona persona observatio of the Germanuivers. Mela iii l a , 29 speah of great ahes in Germany Lahes. Besides levo he mentions Suesia, Metia, an Mel Syagum.
Tacitus G. 34 cp. A. o Dahis more explicit in talhing
Callex Flevus in lin. . H. iv. IOI. Frugiferarum arborum impatiens, Tae G. 5. I.
188쪽
an stunted Tac. . , ), hicli is no the case at thepresent clay. Caesar imself iv. 2, 4 dwelis pon the mall-nes of the horses among the Suebi But is the tam animais were mali, his a made u so by the Sige of the wild ones, the uri reporte by Caesar vi 28, DI has standin altile lowerthan elephanis, and the mane bison mentione by Eny N. H. viii. 48). There ere sisti to os a prodigious sige tobe Mund in the rivers. In themat in particula the silurus Was reportexto attain to suci, a sige that it could drown horses s imming, and require t be haule out by a eam of oxen
X. 53 telis us were calle gansae, ere mali, and there- fore not et adapte sor providing the Roman delicae ofsse de fore gras, ut the dow of the white ones a consideredespeciali good, and latched a muchos sive denarii a potand.
in the inter, ere to e Seen in Germany at that eaSon. We come no to the human inhabitant of the country. We at the present da have a notion o a clearly marheddistinction etween aut an German- distinctiora hicli esuppoSe notato ecome obliterate untii ou thoughis remount to the origina home of the Arya race, is there ver a sucha happy fami ly. his distinctio is based on language. NON
189쪽
a mere accident that Caesar et dro the insormatio that
no mentio the dissereno os language in his prosesse contrast belween auis an Germans. The stron oppositio however familia to us, et een et an Teuton, as hollyunknown to the early Gree WriterS, O hom German was part Os Κελτιic . Unsatisfactor a Caesar' account of the Germans is it is et Vlight to darhnes a compared illithe notions of his predecessors. emowiecome aware so thesrs time that the Germans urere a much soreigner to the Gaul a the were to the Romans themselves that the invaSion
of the Cimbri an Teutoni, hicli ad menace Italy, ad brought untol calamit upo Gaul, and that Gaul was a that time a politica Holland ever ready to e wamped by the
German Ocean. It was no always so. For at an earlier epoch, MaeSar Early
vi. insorm us, the id os immigratio had Olle eaStWard libri. and aut ad been the invader no the invaded. It was then in Ger- that the Volcae Tectosages, hos home in au was unde the m*RΥ shadow of the Pyrenees, ad stabiisti e them selves in the ostsertile paris os German in the eighbourhood os the Hercynian Forest Tacitus G. 28 I) Who quotes Caesar oni in his connexion, Ioint ri, Helvetia in anotheri instance of the successsu occupationis German sol by a Galli tribe, an to the establishment of the Boii in Bohemia besore the were dispossessedi Maroboduus and his Marcomanni δ. The nam e says Tacitus G. 28, 4) stili attest the past histor os the districi, as it oes also to the present V, ohemia eingsupposed to mean the home of the Boii. his interminglingos the two races may be ne a os accountinisor the pugZlingsactis the occurrence of Gallic ames among the GermanS.
Caesar himself vi a , L -6 accounts so the superiorit in
190쪽
war of the Germans ver the auis of his da by saying that the alteria been enervate by contact illi the province and by the importation os foret g luxuries. Othe writer carriedout his in o Caesar' in a more pronounce Way, and persiste to the en in See in no differen ce ut ne os degreebe tween the Gaul and the German. ah a Gaul, says Strabo vii. I, p. v. et in effeci, mali hi fiercer, bigger, more ellow-haired, and o have the welle beyond the Rhine rightly calle by the Roman Germanus, a bein a genuine, Unadulterate savage. In the physica descriptions os the worace give by ancient riters there is noth in by hicli eca discriminate aut hom Germans. In conneXion illiboth e ea os erce, glaring yes, ello or gOiden air, whit limbs andauge stature. The only disserenoe, is it is ne, appe ars t be that, hereas the yes of the Germans regenerali represente a blue the colour os hos of the auis does no appea to e mentione d The sua epitheis employed by Roman writers o describe the hair of the Germansare savus and rutilus, sic hi appea to have the fame meaning φ:
Hor Epod. xvi. 7 me sera caemi ea domuit Germania pubes': Tac. G. Truces et caerulei oculi' Plut Marius II says that the Cimbriwere judge to e Germans 'ν χαροποτητι των Oμματω : Juv. iii. 6 Caerula quis stupuit Germani lumina Τ Ausonius Idyll. vii in describinga wabianair calle Bessula SayS- Sic Latiis mutata bonis, Germana maneret Ut facies, oculo caerula, flava comaS. Vitruvius 6 I, Q say. Sub Septentrionibus nutriuntur gentes immanibus corporibus, candidis coloribus, directo capillo et naso, oculis caesiis, whichma be meant to include both Gaul an Germans.
Pars tam flavos gerit altera crineS, ut nullis Caesar Rheni se dicat in arvis tam rutilas vidisse comaS.'Cp. Sil It. V. OO-2 Occumbit Sarmens, flavam qui onere victor caesariem, crinemque tibi, Gradive, vovebat auro certantem, et rutilum Sub vertice nodum.