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uses russus, and Galen xv. I 85 goes ut os his anto say that the Germans eremo ξανθοί but πυρροί. I seem then that eought notrio thin os the hair of the ancient Germans sis thesam light blonde colour a that of the modern wede But e
artificiat. e have seen atready p. 94 that the Gaul took care that thei children' locks hould conform to the regulation type of mddy gold; and the Germans imitate thei practice in this particular. Eny N. H. xviii. I9I inform us that the Gaul invente a soa sor turning the air olde rutilandis capillis and that this a more sed among the Germans by
the me than by the omen. It was a decoctionis sue and wood-ashes, the best so the purpose eingieech or horiabeam,
and might be sed ei ther in a liquid o soli form. The se of this dye assed rom the barbari an to the Roman ladies, among Whom it appe ars o have been known a spuma Batava '.' But is, cannot deieci much dissereno in hin d physicallyrii reater speahing, etween the aut an Germans there a at at o fili, evenis a dissereno in degree. I the auis ere big the Germans e re stili bigger Caesar iv. I, 4 ascribes the Sigean strength of the alter to thei mea diei and thei dat lyexerci Se adding, himsicali enough, the absenceis ali restraintho thei childhood One of the res traiiat with hicli theyoun German was in no a liam pered was lothes. In every hou Se,' says Tacitus, iaked an dirty the attain to that
Cp. rutilare comam, Suet Cat. propexum rutilatumque crinem,' Tac. H. iv. I iv xxxviii. 27 promissae et rutilatae comae, of the Galatians. Mart. viii. 33, O Et mutat Latias spuma Batava OmaS.'
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r6 CAESAR 'S GALLIC VARIntimatet connected illi the reat Sige of the Germans asili latenes of thei physica developmen and the hastit osthei youth, on hicli Caesar vi 2I, has commented Purit From the homogeneity os appearance among the Germans ψix'ςς Tacitus inferre a reat purit o race. He Was incline tothin them indigenous 'Their lays, he says, whicli are theironi history, celebrate a god TuiSco, ho was prun Domearth, an his o Man, a the origi and Munder of theirrace. Here e are reminde of the Druidi teachin that the Gauis ere descende Dom iis afer. The Teutoni Adam appear unde the nam 'Menno ' in a late mediaeva poem os Meister Frauenlob, hicli is quote by Grimm-
As Adam a taught Hebre , o a Maia aught Dutch. Name. Peopte are generali Supposed to know thei omniames best, and the Germans, it a be noti ced, o no callo iemselves Germans, nor et 'Allemands,' ut Dutch Deutsch), hichis supposed to mea meret belongin to the peOptem nation.' But justos the nam Allemanni was imposed pon the wholebod o in to the importance of a particula tribe at a particular period, o it ould seem to have been illi the nam Germanialso. The irs Teutonio invader os Gaul, accordin to Tacitus G. 2, 4) belonge to a tribe callex Germani, and the amesprea Do them to the whole race . In the historian'Mown time these early etllers ere novi a Tungri. e Videntis them illi the Cisrhenane Germans os Caesar ii 3 Io vi 2, Q), Who comprised the Condrusi,
Eburones, Caeroesi, an Paemani. Their nam furvive to the present da in OngreS. We osten hear of three states through,hichian is supposed
Cp. Mela iii. 46 'Longissima apud eos pueritia est ' Tac. . o, Q
The nam Γερι ανοί is applied to the wellers heyond the Rhine in thepseudo-Aristotelian De Mirabilibus j I 68 . It was used by Posidonius.
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to pass-th hunter State, the nomad state, and the agricultura State os state. In hicli of these ere the Germans in the time os ' in in '
thei time a spent in huntini iv. I, ra vi 2I, Q). Their sole riches even in the time o Tacitus G. et consiste in catile, and Caesar vi. 35, himself has notice thei avidi tysor his livin money. At the Same time the di ratSe crops, though nothing ut grain, an neve in the fame place twoyear running iv. I, Vi. 22, ). Under pressure fcircum Stances the were even more ready than the Boers of
South Africa to urek of in their agons, and see Deshwood and pastures ne ' ' Siluatefas the were geographicallybet Neen the purei nomad Sarmatiani Mela iii. 444 ac G. 6, Dahand the comparati vel setile inhabitant of Gaul theirmanne os lis also Seem to have been intermediate etweenthat of thei neighboursi ei ther fide This facilit o migration is note by Strabo a the reat characteristic of the Germans, an it is entiret in heeping ith hat Caesar iv. I, vi 22, 4 Say O the absence rom among them os an private properi in and The tribes indeed had territories, whicli the fought to secure fro invasio byaeeping a large a bet a possibi os,aste an about them 't, ut beyon this the institutionis tanded property does no appea to haVe gone. Every ear, says Caesar vi 22, ) the magistrates and chies assigito families and clans os men, in a genera aSSembly, a much landos the thin fit, and where the thin fit, and year aster compei them to passi to SomeWhere et Se ' and whenae is speahin speciali of the Suebi iv. I, ), on homno doub his account of the Germans generali is based, e Says, io is it lawfulcior them to emat more than a b ea in One pol, to inhabit t.' Among ther reasons hicli the Germans are made by Caesar vi 22,4 3 to assign or his
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practice that the ma notaui id to scientificali With a viewto avoldin extremes os old an heat.' Strabo viii. )corroborate this account by saying readines to changethei abod is characteristic os ali the eopte in these Paris, o in to the simplicit of their se, and win to thei nottili in the round nor athering in harvests, ut d ellin in huis illi such surniture a sussices sor ait needs. An their subsistenc is in the main derive seo floclis an herds, as in the case of the Nomad so that in imitation os them theyhois thei homes on agon and betake themselves here theywil with thei catile.'
a to the early state os Germany sor e live through thecampaigns o Tiberius Drusus, and Germanicus, whicli asjus the period hen the Roman acquaintance illi the countryWa at iis maXimum. He records, and may have imselswitnessed the rilliant triumph of the ast-name generat, at whicli the traitor Segestes a presentis an onoured WitneSSof the ignomin os his neares an deareSt. Food A the se of the Germans a thus pastora rather hanagri culturat, it is no surprising that their ood should consistprincipali os milh cheese, and meat vi 22, ci), and that cornshouldila but a minor par in thei diei iv. , ra). of the bee describe by Tacitus G. 23 Caesar has nothin to ab .
He meret notes the abSence of in and the prohibitionagainst iis impori among the Nervii ii. 15 and Suebi
iv et k in Posidonius, ho rote besore Caesar, Speah os the Germans lunchin os roast mea stom the oin and washingit down illi their , ine' neat this e ma understandhim o mea beer. In the time os Tacitus the tribes neares tothe Rhine bought the sorbidden liquor rom the merchanis. The habit of the Germans in the matter of eatin appeared
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would eat thei mea ra , et ther hen it was resti or aster itha been allowe to reege in the hides of the catile or Wildbeasis, and ad the been restiene dis Maneadiniit illi theliand or stampiniit illi the se et Even no the eatin ofra flesii has no altogether dis appeared rom among the Germans and wedes. ut is something was achin in his respect in the manners of the Germans, it was atone so bythei extrem hospitality, hicli Caesar vi 23, 4 de Scribes ashavin the weight illi them os a religio us obligation, and os whicli Tacitus G. I has drawn o charmin a picture Mela iii. 28 also mentions t. In his matter the had qui te an opposite reputation to that os the 'Britannos hospitibus feros.' Caesar iv. Io vi 2I, 4 represent the Clothin os the Clothine
Germans a extremel primitive, consisting ont of shin and the Scant uppe garment known a. rhenones . Mela iii. 46
Says of the subterranea storehou se sor grain among the
Germans The Same author G. I 7, 4 corroborates Plin by
Servius, commentingi Verg. Geor. iii 383 Et pecudum fulvi velatur corpora saetis, expla in the last word by renonibus' thes is osten omitted), ad lini Nam ut Sallustius dicit in historiis Vestes de pellibus renones vocantur.' ' Cp. the fragmentis Sallust assigne by Cortius to the si xth book of the Histori es whicli is quote by Isodorus 'Germani intectum renonibus corpus tegunt. Varro L. L. v. 6 167 says that sagum and reno lare Gallic ordS. N. H. ix. Cadurci, Caleti, Ruteni Bituriges ultumique hominum
existumati Morini, immo vero Galliae universae vela texunt, iam quidem et transrhenani hostes, nec pulchriorem aliam vestem eoium seminae
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168 CAESARS GALLIC VARremari in that the ni differeno in dres between the menand women among the Germans a that the alter more ostenwore line garmentS. ecordin to Tacitus the usual res of the men a the Sagum, astened illi a rooch or, ait in that a thori istincti asseris that the wore nothin more, at leas indoors in their own ingle-nookS. It wa Only the very ricli uino ere distinguished by hat a Roman would regard asclothing , and this, add the historian was o loose, hic that of the Sarmatians and Parthians, ut tight-fittin and such a todisplay the limbs. Stili even in the time o Tacitus theprimitive garment of Wild beasis' shin Were tot Seen Thoseu ho wel nea the Roman order, here the were Ornprobabi oni stom overto , ere clad rather than resse in them ut the more distant tribes expended ali the refources ossavage dandyism in Varying thei maniles of hide by se in onpatches of What e ma suppos tote eatshin. The scant clothin os the Germans, notwithstandin the
an impression os great hardihood Mela notices thei fondnesssor Wimmini'. his a speciali characteristic of the BataVians, hos positio gave them plent of opportunities sorpracti sing the art . ut though the Germans could en durecold and want, the were like the auis in thei inabilit to bearheat; like them lso, thei strength in the fel lay ather in Sudde ruSh than in a steady endurance of the tres and toll
Govem With regar to the governmentis the Germans Caesar has hardi anythin desinite to teli us He Spealis, S e have Seen os magistrates and chiess, who ad the assignment of
Furneaucon ac G. I7 notices that the phras used by Tacitus tegumen . . . spina consertum is drawn sto Verg. Aen. iii 59 . locupletissimi veste distinguuntur, Tae G. 7 I. iii. mandi non patientia tantum illis, studium etiam est.' See Tac. A. ii. 8, Q m. v. Iari Agr. 18 Satrius nandi usus.'
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land A the fame time e says that in eace there a noCOmmon magistracy, ut that justice a administere in thesevera districis an cantons sagi by the locat authorities Vi 23, 4 . e re there re e to conclude that it was these principes regionum atque pagorum in thei assembly cum una coierunt. vi. 22, 4), ho constituted the gOverning poWer in the states describe by Caesar sor oveming ower heremus have been to effect the arrangement that one-hais of the male population hould stay at home every year to Cultivate the round and the ther hal go ut o War iV. I, *4, ). This loos organigation ussice for thei needs in time fieace: but in a a more stringent discipline a required, and ossicerSWere then chosen ho could say, lihe Agamemnon in Aristolle 's
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17 CAESAR 'S GALLIC VARmeasure there re the real overnment of the Germans maybe aid illi truth to have been a theocracy. Cotiranti The Germanibelonged to thos barbarous nations mentioned by Aristolle Pol vii. 2, Io, Ia), among ho civi COUrage vas istered by manners an institutions Foremos among these Was the custom in batile that member of the samesamil and clan should ght si de by fide. Caesar i. I, ci)has recordedio this arrangement was adopted by the Germans in thei firs encounter illi the Roman s. nother reat incentive to valour a the habit o placing the omen and child re in the rear of the orces It was thus that Ariovistus did i. 51, 4) though the measure o that occasio falle tosecure iis end and thus also id Civilis Tac. H. iv. 18). The women, WhO ad vowe to hare their usbands' fortune in
to the wounded. Thus early do e sin the se male ieech, hofigured so prominenti in the Middie Ages, and who sieginningi mali her appearance amon us Once more as a quali sed M.D. Sometime thei services ere os a sterner ind; sor Plutarch Marius 19 telis us that he the Ambrones fled besore the oldier o Marius, the omen et them and theirpursuers illi sword an halcheis For a soldie to aveles his hield was regarde Damong the Germans a the deepeSt disgrace, entat Eng Xcommunicatio an exclusio sto thenationat councit. The hadiso reached the stage hen it aspossibi to compose a playsul poem po such an incident. Instea of that the unsortunate arrior osten ent an hanged
Familiae et propinquitates, Tae G. 7, Q. Some eopte hin that the Ambrones ere o Teutons, ut the uri pagus of the Helvetii, the nam os,hic does notistherwis figure in historΥ.
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with a mali potnt, hich could e sed ei ther for ut lingor thrusting. Tacitus inform us that the native nam sorthis a famea. Their hield wer no strengthenen illi metal or ide, ut ere os lai ted Ster o mere OOden boards, o the patiatin os,hicli ho ever the expende nolitile cares Theint thing that e gather rom Caesar a to the tacti CS actios. os the Germans relates to thei formatio into phalanges protected by a wal of shields, hicli the the Romans et byleaping on to them an strihin at the are ead of the
usual formationis thei insanir astein a cuneris, Con Si Stingis member of the Same famil or clan G. 7, 4). The sameWas the case illi their quadrons of horse. The GermanS, eare old, thought it no ham to retreat, provide it a Uith
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The mal sige of the German horses has been atready alludedio They Uere gly and OSSesse os o reat speed, ut the made up so these deficiencies by thei pomers of endurances The were ridden arebacked the German regardin a addieas a Sign os esserninac iv. in They ere rathe means os locomotion than id in actua fighting. For, hen serious work ad to e done the rider oui dismount an sta his opponent' hors unde him, rustin to sin his own trainedanimal wait in sortim on his return iv a Lx; a Da). It Wasthus that the cavair of the Usipetes and Tencteri, though them-Selves no more than oo putrio light 5 oo o Caesar' horSe. Tacitus pronounces that o the whol the strength of the Germans a in thei insanir rather than in thei cavat ry, and gives his a the reason hy the combine the wo in the
with admiration his mixed force as used by Ariovistus. In thearm of that hie there ere 6,oo cavat , supporte by the Same number os insaniry the wistest an stronges that couldbe ound each man piched by man, and chose by the horsemen illi the care hicli a lihely to e displayed in matter here their own a ty was a Stalce. The oot-Soldierswere Such practised runners that, ide by the manes of the horses, the couldaeep up illi thei pace. Although this mixture o cavato an insanir is Celt ponb Caesar an Tacitus in specia connexion illi the Germans, 3 et the practice a no confine to them. Vercingetorix adlight-arme insanir mingle with his cavalta vii. I 8, ci); the Trimarcisia describe by Pausanias among the aut that invaded Greece was instituted on a simila principie See p. 59ὶ; an at a period es remote rom Caesar' time B. c. 68)aiod os aut unde Clondicus, conSi Stin os Io,OO caValryand the Same number os infantry, Wh could equa the speed of the horSes and were ready to ah the place of the rider is they
Equi non sorma non velocitate conspicui, Tac. G. 6, DL; P. Udt. V. o the horses of the Sigynnae.