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sell, offered thei services to Perseus, hicli,ere rejected o ingto the injudicious parsimon os that monarch Liv. EV 26). Caesar displayed his appreciationis the German cavair in the Caesar'smos practica way by having oo os them in his service ro ' i' ἡ a period whichae describes as ab initio' vii. I 3 4 1 . Whenhe was ard pressed by the cavair of Vercingetorix, it Wasacros the Rhine that he ooked sor id importing rom herea od of mixe cavair an insaniry. o much store id hese by these allies that he thought it orth hile to dismount his own incers, in orde to supply the riders illi belle horses
From War e turn to religion a subject Whicli,e have reserved Religionto the last, ut hicli Caesar has realed firSt, Unde the impreS Gematis. Sion, it ould Seem, that here lay the mos marhed distinctionbetween the Germans and the Gauis. For, Say Οur author, the Germans have no Druid. to preside a divine orship nordo the attendo sacrifices. The recogniSe as Od onlythose ho the se an by Whose id the are manifestly assisted, amely the Sun, Vulcan, and the Moon the est theyhave notis much asaeardis' Such then is the picture that was raw of the Germans the Generalfirs time the eve sat for thei portrait. e See a PeOple, Gem,n 'hardi emerge sto the nomad state, histin thei quarterSDom year to ear, and likin to have plent of elbow-roo in the way os territory a eopte psit u into a number of tribes engage in constant ar illi ne another rai Sin Cor crops, but ithout an stud of the fine method o culti vation; engage stillo a reat extent in hunting thei habitations mere temporar hutS; thei sole arment the trophies of the chase thei main diei the produce of their own floch and herds, or by preserence of thos os other peopte to homprivate properi Was unknown and whoSe politica organization as of the ooses description a people of great sige and
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17 CAESARS GALLIC VARStrength, ho, notWithstandin thei barbarism, ere possessedo sun dry virtves havin a igh Courage, an unusuali Strict ode os exua morality, and a sacred sense of the uties os hospitali ty lastly a eopte tinged illi superstition, and practisin a primitive formos nature-worship their ni deities the Sun an Moon and the all-pervadin and mysteriouSelement of Fire. The picture is consistent illi iseis. ut is it consistent with reali tyd There seem no reason to doub of iis substantialtruthsuiness, ut it is obvious o remar that tris based ona narro experience Caesar' account of the Germans in thesi xth book is ni a lightly enlarge editio of his accountos the Suebi in the Murth and of the Suebi themselves Caesar could ni hau known hat he earn sto the Ubii Theywere the ni Germans hom e Sa acros the Rhine, sorboth the Sugambri and the Suebi retire surther than Caesar care to illo them. Os his Diend the Ubii themselves Caesar iv. 3. 4 telis us that the were a litile more civilised than the est, havin frequent inter ourse illi merclianis, and having ecome habituate to Gallic customs. The account of the Germans there re is no meant to appi in iis ull
Monsleu Fuste de Coulanges, in his brilliant an caresulessa on the tenure os an among the Germans', has notventure to dispute the authorit o Caesar, though heminimises it force by maintaining that heremus have been in Germany a variet o divergent an even contradicto usages. The passage in Tacitus , hichiight be thought, and generali has been thought to corroborat CaeSar' Statemenis, is declared by the rench historian to contain no reserence
D Regi me de Terres e Germani e containe in a volume entilled Recherche sur uel aues Problemes 'Histoire, Paris, Hachette et te,
G. 26 agri pro numero cultorum ab universis in vices occupantur, quos mox inter se secundum dignationem partiuntur. Facilitatem partiendi camporiam patia Praestant. Arva Per anno mutant et Superest ager.'
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to the possession o land but ni to the mode os cultivation. It is there re, e maintains, a consistent illi the de of private properi as it is vitii that os communism. An to Sa that private properi existe at this time among the Germans e thinhs is eare to the truth than to spea of SyStem os communism. Only the in o private propertythen in orce must e caresus distinguished rom thalanownto S at the present day It was a SyStem os famil proprietOrshi Whicli as in Ogue among the Germans, illi rights of properi no veste in the soli, ut in the famil iiseis, o thaton changing the area os culti vation acti famil was entilledio the fame amount os and that it ad occupie previously. In suppor of this conclusion e cites the lacis mentione by
Tacitus G. zo of heredit Without testamen and of malesoni inheri ting. He find the German amit at this earlyperiod ne an indivisibi in the two main concern o likagriculture and war. Monsleu Fuste de Coulanges, a We have Seen, has no attempte to reconcile these views u illi Caesar' statements. ut it might e sal that a proprietor-shi whicli a no confine to any give tractis sol might weli ave appeare to Caesar to e no proprietorshi at all, an a system o annuat in reassign mentis an tot practicallyindistinguishable rom it possessio by the State. Whil Caesar' vieus o the land-question have been realed GermanWith deserence in France, his statemenis bout religion have 'm been rusquet rejecte in Germany Jacob Grimm combais With at the refources of his immense earning the opinion eidb Some eopte that the earlies inhabitant os Germany lnewnothin belle than a ros moralis o natare ruou gori 'On the contrary, he declares that in the rs centur os urer the religionis the Germans reste maint upo gods. At
The ni instanc in hic M. de Coulanges' interpretatio seemsto do an violence to the textis Tacitus is here p. 8a note I he mahes per annos signis every three o lauraears.'
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176 CAESAR'S GALLIC MARthe fame time e concedes o Tacitus G. 9 L, 43. 4 ibat
the German od wer no represente by image S. Here eare ac to face ith a flat contradiction etween ancient and modern authori ty It is no necessar to maintain the insallibilit os an author simply ecause ne appens to e ditinghim. I must there re leave it to more competent udges todecide etween Caesar and the great German philologist Butone remar I ill venture t mahe at the ris os incurringa charge of temerity. Religion strange to say, i generali aneXoti produci ver se nations have evolve an retainedihel own No a good many things may have appene in the centur an a alf that intervenes etWeen Caesar and Tacitus Perhaps Somebod may et e Mundo maintain that the god whom the Germans ere orshippin in the timeos Tacitus ere imported rom aut L
Cp. Caes. B. G. vi I wit Tac. . . Is it possibi that the ings of the Thracians, of who Herodotus v. 7 says σέβονται Ερμῆν μαλισταθεων, erem Celtic origin 3 Their havin a separate orshi stom their subjecis ould seem to argue a disserence of race.
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HΑvIN spolien iready of the genera an os the enemy, it Sources. no remain sor us to a something bout the instrument wherewith the generat overcam the enemy. That instrument Was the Roman army. e re concerned illi it ni ascit Was in the time os Caesar; ut the two mos delailed accounts oscit hicli e posses Were ritien, ne O them Ome Wocenturies e re the otherint eas Mur centuries aster that date.
The forme is by Polybius, ho rough down his histor toB.c. I 6 the ear hich marhed the sal os Carthage and whatto im a more vital, o Corinth; the lalter is by Vegetius, who rote aster the death of the Emperor Gratian A.D. 383)y. The account hicli Polybius gives of the Roman amy, ascit Polybius. Was in the days os the ounge Africanus, is in basis os allou knowledg on this subjeci. I has the peculia value sor usos bein writte by one ho though intimatet acquainted Withthe Roma militar system, a stillis orei e writin for rei ers, and so thinhs it orth his hile to explain things, the nowledge of hicli a Roman addressin his countrymen Would tine or granted. The fame sortis interest attaches to
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1 8 CAESAR 'S GALLIC VARIosephus the hori account give by Josephus in his Jewish Wary sthos Roman armi es against hich he had imself contended. In his pages e seem to ea the tram of the legion a theypursu thei march, inexhaustibi in refources, irresisti bi inmight, an ca stili seel the hi ver hicli thei approach sent through the hearis of the brave ut undisciplinex barbarians.' Vegetius Os egetius personali nothiniis known I cannot evenietiuilibriis. inferre; si Om hi V or that he was himself a militar man He Wrote in a time os degenerac an deseat with a vie torestoring the old Roman training an in particula the se os defensive armour, the discontinuance of whicli Gibbon declaresto have been the immediate cause of the downsali of the empire. Vegetius mentions as his authorities Cato the Censor, Cornelius Celsus Frontinus, and Paternus, together illi the constitutions of Augustus, Trajan, and Hadrian: ut the se whicha mahes of these materiat is somnoritical that, neverknow of hat perio he is speahing. Cato die in B.C. 49.
His or De Re Militari is quote also by Aulus Gellius vi. , Ἀ). Cornelius Celsus about A. D. o is belleranownto us a the Latin writer On medicine: ut his as an encyclopaedic genius, hicli embrace ali subjecis, though Quintilian xii. O, pronounces imo have been a man soni moderate abili ty. Julius Frontinus as Succeede by Agricola in the command of Britat in the ea A. D. 78. Heis called a reat man by Tacitus Agr. 17), and he had shown his practica acquaintance illi the artis,hichae rote by the subjugatio of the Silures, the mos powersu tribe in South ales. He oo part also in pultin down the revolto Julius Civilis, an received the surrender of the Lingones Froni. v. 3, o ). The wor of his hicli has come down tous unde the nam of Strategematon is no his reatis on thear of war, hici has unfortunatet perished, ut a series ofanecdotes aster the anne of Valerius Maximus, ni Shorterandiore crappy, intende to equi the generat illi examples
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THE ROMA ARM ID os the hilla conductis his usines both in and out os action. Paternus, fio Vegetius i. 8 calis 'diligentissimus iuris militaris adsertor, ma) be assumed tot thes Tarruntenus Paternus,'
author osci or in Mur book De Re Militari, hocis quoted in the Digest xlix. 6, 7 as an authorit o martia law. Hemas at ne time in command of the Praetorians, and asterwardsset a victim to the tyrannica suspicions os the Emperor Commodus D. C. lxxii. 5). Os more value perhaps Ven hanthe wor os Cato ould have been that os the historian L. Cincius Alimentus, had taeen preserve to S. The readeros Liv xxi. 38, 4 Wil remember that he was ahen riSOnerb Hannibal in the econ Punic War. He roterat eas SiXbooks De Re Militari, stom hicli, know that Livy borrowed . Had, these oohs e fore us perhaps ivy's account viii. 8)of the early Roman arm would e les perplexing than Dis.
is, ma trus the antiquartan ore o Plutarch, carrie us ac gro th. to the rustic arm o Romulus, marchin to attach Amulius in
Cp. Liv. i. 32 6 Ixwit Aul. Gell. Vi. I. Cp. Cic. Mur. Q duae sunt aries, quae possunt locare homines in amplissimo gradu dignitatis una imperatoris, altera oratoris boni' i in Dialogus de Oratoribus, ch. 28, Where thes artes honestae are thus divided, sive ad rem militarem, sive ad iuris scientiam, sive ad eloquentiae studium inclinasSet.' 2
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CAESAR 'S GALLIC VARbodies os a undred, ach heade by a man ho carrie ona pote an arm sui of ha and brushwood'. The early Roman arm was simi, ly the Roman eopte in theseid the dictator, ho was also callex magister populi aeing the supreme ea os the eople, ho Orme the legions v hileth master of the orse had the command of the equites' and accensi' Varr. L. L. v. Ia). In deal in With an historical growth like his e liould naturali expecto encounteranomalles, and herei our anticipation illiso b di sappotnted. We hali meet illi centuriae' hici consiste of anythingiuia undred men, With principes' ho id not for the frontline uitli hastati' ho adiso hasta, and with pilani whoatone ere not armed With the illum. Such discrepancies asthese ere a puZZle to the Romans thenaseives, and an onlyrae accounte duo by the conservative tendencyrio clin to ames
aster the thiniitself has been alteret'. Power of Al profession and ancient institutions en to runcinio red
by the o the imagination, parti to the fac that it is easter o dothings as ne has See them done than to strihe ut a bellerbut unirie way. Experience is the reat corrective of this tendency and in a the leSSons os experience are more harpand peremptor than in ther departinent of Ese. Cumbrous an unwield method of la are vexatious an injurious to individuals: ut in a a lin conservatis may imperi the ver eXiStence, an no meret the wellare, o a nation. Eventhe Chinese illis ot come ut a secon time illi bows and
Sertica suspensos portabat longa maniplos Unde maniplaris nomina miles habet.' Varr. L. L. v. Hastati dicti qui primi hastis pugnabant, si an qui Piliis, principes qui a principio gladiis ea post commutata re militari minus illustria sunt.'
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arrow to encounter modern artillery. The wis power of adaptation possessed by the Roman wa noWhere more Onspicuous than in militar matters. Fas est et ab hoste doceri' is a motio on hicli they ere promptato aci Polybius noti cedinis eatur in thei character, an telis his reader of the quichnes With hicli they adopte the Gree cavato armour, When the iunxit tot superior to theiriwes Sallust, speat in through the personis Caesar Cat. 5I,4 38ὶ,
telis us that the armour of the Romans both sor offence and delance, a borrowed sto the Samnites, a mos of the pommand circumstance of Overnment Was rom the EtruScans. It was the way illi the Roman to beat the enem at his own WeaponS. In early times the turne the Etruria phalanx against the Etruscans Athen. vi 273 s. in later On the conquere the Carthaginians at se in vesset modelle on astrande galle of their own and finalty the battere down the Gree cities illi the lege apparatus and the engineeringskill whicli the had derive Do the Greelis themselves. The Same readines to earn seo the enem Was displayed by Caesar, hen e borrowed Do the Germans ome of that mixe cavair an insanir With hich he had been o much struch in the a 3 of Ariovistus i. 8, 5-7). The emplo mento suci a force as evidenti a ne idea to Caesar, though twas no ne in the annals o Roman warsare, a We hal See
later. The scutum' of the Roma legionar Was adopted stom the Samnites, the saesum' hicli the light-arme carriedat an early period Liv. viii. 8, 4 from themauis y the hortsword, hicli ecam so distinctive of the Romans, is sal toliave been borrowed rom the paniard aster the econd unic
Cat. I, postremo quod ubique apud Socios aut hostis idoneum videbatur, cum Summo studio domi exsequebantur : imitari quam invidere bonis
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1M CAESARS GALLIC VARWar even the nationat weapon o the pilum' a belleved bysomerio b os Sabellia origi ny. Three The histor of the Roman arm naturali divides itfel into
the Roma three periods .army. I. The citiZen arm unde the ings and the early Republic.
a. The arm of the last centur of the Republic. 3. The Standin arm os the Empire. The secon os these period form meret a transitio Stagesto the sirs to the hird but ascit is the perio to hicli Caesar' arm belonged, it is the only one illi hicli e redirecti concerned of the firSt period, shal touch ni on
among the three divisions Polyb. i. et ). The numberos triarii' as desinitet limite to oo the hastati and
principes, an apparenti algo the velites,' ereo 2 oo ach,
which bring the tota up to 2 oo. Is a large legion ererequired the additiona men ere distribute equali amon allthe division except the triarii. These dissere sto the hastati and principes in no carrying the pilum, but eingarmed illi ha Polybius i. 23 4 16 calis δορατα. et the triarii' ere other is known ac pilani . Beyon this dissereno in the missile the equi pment os ali three division was ali he. Theytore the scutum, the panish4wordis the rightthigh brage helmeis an greaves The majority ore besides
pila manu saevosque gerunt in bella dolones et tereti pugnant mucrone veruque Sabello,' theraecon line Was ahen by some ancient critic a meret explaining the first, u it whic it formed a chiasmus See Servius o the passage. Varro, L. L. v. Pilani triarii quoque dicti.'