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a meta mar to the ear a Span quare, ut hos Whose fortune a above Io,oo drachmas, that is, the firSt classunde the Servia census, ore a complete corstet os chain-mail increas me terror of thei appearance, at three
Agite tinc, subsidite omnes quasi solent triarii '
posted the maniples of each directi bellin those of the ther, Soras to leave a re passage so the elephanis Polyb. v. 9 L7;Liv. XXX. 33, DI). The velites' id eoman' service in the attach pon the TheGalatians o Mount Olympus in B. c. I 89 in connexion illi Jςyxςβ whicli operation iv xxxviii. I, 3 tahe occasion to describe them. The carrie a round buchle parma ), threelae in diameter, and in thei right han spear hastae' sor useat a distance. y thei Side a a panish word, hicli theywould draw, after his ting the spears to their est, is here erenee sor actio at lcse quarters. The poet Varro Atacinus thus contrast the velites' ith the heavy-armed
Quem sequuntur cum rotundis Velite parmis leves, Antesignani quadratis, multis tecti insignibus.' Liv xl. 27 duae cohones et triarii duarum legionum in praesidio castrorum manere iussi': P. ii 47, 4. Ib vii. 23, Ab Romanis nec opus intermissum triarii erant qui muniebant et ab hastatis principibusque . . . Proelium initum.'
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Quinque hastae, aureolo cinctu rorariae veles.
W may also atri inferiis identit With the accensus velatus' stom another line of the Same author
Pone paludatus stabat rorariu velox,'
mologicalty ith velatus These nimbi light insanir Uere os special se against elephanis. e sin them so employed in the First unic ar Polyb. i. 33, i), at the batile of the Trebia B. c. I 8 Liv. XXi. 55 11 and again Liv. XXX. 33, 4 a Zama B. α Ioa),where the were OSted in the aps etWeen the maniples, totemptrahe east unde a doubie re. On ordinar occasions the velites were Statione parti among the antesigani' and
Liv xxiii. 29, Triplex stetit Romana acies velitum pars interantesignano locata, pars Post Signa accepta': P. Viii. 8
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Were themSelves superior o Mot They accordingi trainedyOun and actiV men carrb in each a buchle and seve daris iacula' with sint like hos used by the velites, to ridebellin the cavat ry-soldier an dismount he they came tothe cenem action. his deviceris sal to have been invented by a centurion Q. Navius, ii recei Ved honour in Consequencesrom the genera Fulvius Flaccus Aster his time velites in this specia sense ere made an integra par os the Romanlegions Liv. xvi. 4 Val. IIaX. i. 3, 4). his mixe force, whicli combine the velocit os cavair With the stabilit os insaniry, a Mund extremel effective in Macedonia against Κin Philippus B. Q oo read ais of mounted velites' bella employed by Metellus against Jugurtha in B. C. O9 Sall. J. 463, ut aster his the disappeared, hen the whole legion a made uniform by Marius. I seeme there re to Caesar a ne idea he he encountere Such a force among the Germans, an he was no sto in vallin himself of it vii. 65, viii. 13, 4). ut the custom a Gallic as ellas German. Liv xliv. 26 describes it among the Gaul in Illyricum, and Caesar himsel mention iis se by Vercingetorix
employment of velites as an excellent device for Strengthening cavair an as ein in accordance illi the custo of the ancients, ut he is mistahe when e telis us in another placessii 2 that it was these mounted velites that were employed against elephantS. At the fame time that the velites' disappeared, the whole Survivat os tripertite organigatio of the arm was weptinway But Rome 'i μμ neve brohe entiret with the past, o that in CaeSar' time e time find the nce amous names of hastati, principes, and triarii' stili surviving in the tities of the centurionS. In the time o Polybius vi. 25, Da the Roman CaValry a TheRoman
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seem, os hirty-three en acti, includin the ossicer romeach of these troops three men ere selecte a commanders ιλαὶ χαι); these in thei turn selected three thers o ook aster the rear These Subordinate ossicer are calle by Polybius Ουραγοι, ut thei proper Latin ame as optiones ' Theossice sirs selected ad the command of the whole troop thesecon and third were in a strici sense commander of ten δεκάδαρχοι), ut at three ere calle decurions δεκουρίων m decurio '), and the whole turma was regarde a consistingos three 'decuriae. In the absence of the sirsi ossice the secondtoo the command of the troop. The originis his organigationis traced ac by Varro to the three primaeva tribes os Rome, whicli ut it on a levet illi that of the primordia legion. Varro notices that in his own time, hicli as also Caesar'stime, the optiones' er no longe selected by the decurions, but appotiate by the tribunes, a change hich he attributes tolli Spread os patronage and mouritiSm. The weali potnt about the Roma cavalry was originalty the insuffcienc os their armour. The wor no reaStplateS, butoni band round the waist like tho se of the common soldier.
Lastly their hield os cowhide ere no stron enough so thepres os batile, and were tablerio rot romiam p. These defecish ad been remedi edies ore the time of Polybius vi. 25ythrough the adoption by the Romans of the sui cavair armour of the Greelis. The cavalry used to charge in thei turmae ' in clos orderi
y eget ii Io xxxii equites ab uno decurione sub uno vexillo reguntur.' Varro, L. L. v. Quos hi sc decuriones primo administros ipsi sibi adoptabant, optiones V vocari coepti.' Sall. . Io I turmatim et quam maxime consertis equis.'
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a bod known as extraordinarii . About a third of the cavahyan a fifth par of the insanir mere thus tot oss. The restos the allies ere divide into tW bodie sanown a the rightand est ini Polyb. vi. 26, 5-9). Hence, the alli excavalaywere calle alarii equites to distinguisti them sto the legionarii equites' Liv. XL o). The insanir os the allies
Were no enrosse into separate legion os their own nor id the sor par of the Roma legions Thei uni t was the cohort. Henc the were nown cohortes alariae M. They vere distinguis hed homine nothera loca appellations Suchas cohors Lucana, Suessana, Peligna, Placentina'. B Caesar' stime the distinctio belween the Italia allies and the legionaries
Polyb. iii Io 7 6 Iaa vi. 26, ri. 3o, is, here the mode of state-men is different, but the meming the fame. Liv xxiii. 7, 4 Praesectos socium civesque Romanos alios.' ' τραορδινάριοι, πίλεκτοι Polyb. vi. 26, k6; extraordinariae cohortes,
Liv x. 3, DL cum legione prima et decem cohortibus alariis' xxx. I, is ex duobus exercitibus in unam legionem conscriberet Romanos milites et in quindecim cohortes socios Latini nominis.' Liv x. 33, V. li. I.
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188 CAESAR 'S GALLIC WARhad been done away with, wing to the extension of the hanchise to Ital a the lose of the Socia Nar. Properi Under the Servia constitutio the properi qualiscatio sor tu ii QR the lowest clas in the lemon is state to have been I.OOo
service asses hi ratin has been deemed far o high sor so early a period In orde to explain it Mommsen Hist. o Rome, VOl. i. p. 96 assume that the assessmenis erae originalty rechone in land and were converte into mone at a time
Innovation Excepi in times of great emergency, a during the econdsi .hi Istiis Puni War, SerVice in the legi Ons a thus rigorousi confinediheloor to the propertie classes: ut illi the increas os opulenceat home and the extensio of the empire abroad, a Strongdisinclination began tot fel among the uppe classes ora longabSencein foret gn Service Marius, a bold innovator', deXteroustyavailed himself of the indolence of the rich to violate the la byenti Sting the oor When appotnte to the command in the War against Jugurtha he contravene ali precedent by enrollingunde his anners the capite censi . It was opem to thereSpectabie classe to protest against his preserenoe of their Wishes to thei interesis but then the would have had to susserthemselves instea os avail in themselves of a scapegoat oinsidioust was the change brought about hicli aso provelata to the continuance of the commonwealth For o long SRome a protected by the arm os men hora ad a tali in thecountry though there might be oppressionis lactio by faction, it was ardi lihely that the liberties of the state Uould beentiret overthrow : ut hen an arm os mercenarie lota eade like Caesar, hom the adored the were ready to dare
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ali an do ali not so their country, ut so thei commander. Another cause a operatin at the fame times in the Same Increasing direction, and that was the specialisation os iunction require a by the principi os the division os labo ur The proseSSional ing army. soldie and a standing arm Wereiecomin necessar to a more hight organiged community The wsul esson aught to the Romans by the Cimbri an Teutoni made them realis that thear os a Was notis matter hich could e entrusted illi impunit to amateur and the becam anxiou to compensate by hil sor thei deficienc in strength ne training in Introduc- armS, On the Same lines a that os gladiators, was devises δ' '
b P. Rutilius Val. Max. i. 3, 4ὶ the colleague in theconSul ingin arms.shi in B. c. Io of that Cn. Manlius ho, togethe with two armies p. 76), a Wiped ut os existenc by the barbarians. During these resorm the old tripertite division os the Roma Transfor- arm into hastati, principes, and triarii, With thei con tingent of veli Ies. was as e have atready indicated, WeptaWay. In the ne legion, hicli as evolved rom the proceSS, the cohori supplante the maniplein the tactica unit. Besides the nrolment of the capite censi the innovations Voluntaryos Marius seem to have includex substitutioni more or es ἶς ὲς' voluntar enlisiment so the old system os enforce service The admission of the Italians o to the ranchise, and On Esseet os sequently to thes legions, raster thes Social War US J V .s . . abolished the need, hichiad previously been felt, os compelling of theth uppe classes o serve Certaincit is that etween the time xRHRR' os the ounge Africanus and that o Caesar a radica changehad passedive the Romans in this respect. Polybius vi. 19, )telis us that no ne as allowed to accepi politica office, uniessite ad serve te campaigns his condition a manifestlyno sulfissed by Cicero, though e id serve in his ouili in
Sall. J. 86, ipse interea milites scribere, non more maiorum neque ex classibus, Sed uti cuiusque libido erat, capite censo Plerosque': p. 85, cogere ad militiam eos quos noli offendere,' hie inows that theexigencies of electioneering ted to this change.
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himself,eeon Havin traced the development of the Roman army, o sar asTh Lim, a neceSSar fir Ur PUrPOSe, e re o Dee o wel morem Caesar' particulari on it constitution in the time os Caesar. e hali 'φ' be obliged however, osten to reser ac to an earlier State of things in lucidationis a later One. i It Letis egin illi the main division of the army.
. , ' - - hat we a cali the table os the Roman arm appears in iis familia sormas a bach a Cincius Alimentus In thesixth book of his De Re Militari Aul. Gell. xvi. 4, itis alven in that author in a formohicli e ma puta as
To the above table there might be adde another denomination, namely, that two legions illi their contingent os allies aheone consula army. Such at east was the practice in id times, hen ii as Sual to enroli Mur legions two for ach
Meaninios The word exercitus by iis ver meanin carries Us traight 3 σῆ to me secret o Roman successi It was training and kill that a Roman arm malched against the gwarmin multitudes of
the auis, against the i limbs os the Germans, against thewilines of the Africans, against the intellect of the Greehs Veget. i. Ι). The ourage of experiene is more effective onthe et os batile tha that o native spirit. When a mancis confident that he has earn to do a thin well, includin themurder of his rother, he ahes a pride in pultin it into
os leno, legio ' is derived by Varro rom legere, in hicli case
Cic. T. D. i. a 'nostri exercitus primum unde nomen habeant vides': Varro, L. L. v. Exercitus, quod exercitando fit melior': Veget. i. 23.
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The wor cohort meant originali an enclo Sure. Varro' os cohors, explanation os iis tranSse rence to a militar Sen Se namely, that, as Severa bulldings made u the enclosure of the sarm-yard, o Severa maniple made u the cohort, a be ahensor ha it is vortii. He quotes Hypsicrates a Connecting
The worix manipulus, lihes cohors, is drawn rom the rura os manalis of Italy. In iis contracte fori maniplus it is ound ἴμ' in good author in iis origina sense os a is o bundie 'In iis technica militar senserit is define di Varro L. L. v. I 8 as alie malles band whicli sol lows a single standard signum).'The prope nam so it in re e is σημαίa, though, to urconfusion it is Sometimes also calle σπεψα an τάγμα Polyb. Vi. 24, 4). The maniple a the origina centur in the legion os 3 ooo TheThe centur So- calle may be suppo sed to have arisen by the URRiPt duplicatio of the maniple Henc the Centurion a alWay century. regarde a the commander sis maniple, O O a century.
Varro, L. L. v. 87 legio, quod leguntur milites in delectu': p. Plui. Rom. I. 'Εκληθη δὲ λεγεων τ λογαδας εἶναι τους μαχιμ.ους ε πάντων. There is no nee to question Varro' etymolog on this potnt, ut it is interestin as Ointincto an earlier sormation o abstraci ouns traight frona the verba stem, instea of through the supine, 'legio in lectio.' A grammaria uilio rote a Iace amous reati se super his quae a Graecis accepta sunt.' Aul. Gell. xvi Ia. Il. i. 77 αυλῆς ἐν χόρτ μ, xxi V. 64 αυλῆς ἐν χόρτοισι. Unde the wor σπειρα Liddeli and Scott' dictionar has manipulus 'b mistaherior cohors in connexion it Polybius i. 23, o, here theword are a solio S: τρεις σπείρας-τουτ δε καλειται τὸ συνταγι- των πεζων παρὰ Ρωμαίοις κοόρτις. Verg. Geor. i. oo iii 297 GuV. Sat. Viii. I 53. Liv. i. 5a,4 6 geminatis manipulis centuriones imposuit.'
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19 CAESARS GALLIC VARSlight The importance of the centurion is apirio mali us hin that is '' the centur also as important as a division os the army,
century. Whereas his a no the case. The wor centuria occursoni twice in Caesar' Commentaries, both times in the CivilWar, anx centuri Atim ' onces Strength of illi regard to the legion itself the clites question tot asked ς'PQR is How many men id it contain I any one ere to askho many men there are in an Englisti regiment, it ould
he alters hi statemen a sar a the horSe are concerned, mahing the Sual numbe to e oo, ut adding that in emergencie the legio consiste os oo Mot and 3o horse. A this statemen is confirmed by iv xxii. 36, 43, e may accepi ii as an improvemen o the former. his ordinarylegionis Oo insaniry, hicli is perhaps a round number sor a oo, a Called legio quadrata' Festus, p. 336). In theti mei Marius the normal number of the insanir Was alsed to62oo. The cavair are neve expreSSi state to e more than 3oo: ut a there ere en turmae in the ala o Romanhorse, his may againi a round number sor 33o. In Appian Mith. 72, eae 32 hors a the Verage of sive legion under LucullUS. The ollowin conspectus of variation may aid the reade informin his own udgment:-