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of hat strength then, ere the legion that serve under Caesar in Gauli Atrars sight it seem natural to suppos thatthei sui number ould e that of the Maria legion But Plutarch evidenti di no thin thus. e no sto Caesar
himself C. i. that he had only one legion illi im
Whenae determine to march o Rome No Plutarch twice telis us Caes. 32 Pomp. o that he hadio more at that timethan ,oo Dot and o horse Aster the had been long in the et Caesar' legions, unies rein rced naturali seli sarbelo this figure Thus in the winter os . c. 54, after thereturn rom the secon expedition to Britain, e find Caesar incidentalty echoning two legion v. 8, o an about Oo
US 3,3O QOt-Soldier sor ach legion At harsalia theeffective strength of the legion a reduce stili lower, Wing, amon Other causeS, to the Serious osses a Dyrrhachium. Caesar C. iii. 89 estimates the eighty cohoris hicli hedre u in line a Pharsalia at a sum totalis 22,oo men, hichgive amaverage of 275 mendo the cohorti a , 75o so the legion. Labienus C. iii 87 rechon u sor us the causes os depletion. There e re dealtis in batile, deathistor disease, departure home, and the leavin me bellin invalided. e may regar the figure jus state a the ebb-tide in the numerica strengilios Caesar' legions. Aster Pharsalia he regardiit as an instanceos extreme attenuatio that there ere ni 3, 2 oo me apiece
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Caesar' legion l. 7, I) He at once alse soldier hom theiqkion Province levied two legion in Cisalpine Gaul, and rought out three rom their inter-quartersint Aquileia i Io, 4 . The oldieristo the Province eem to have come unde thehead os auxiliari 's. Thus Caesar tarte at once illi si x legions though he had only been appotnte to the commando Mur. Os thes si x Mur ere composed os veterans and the two levi ed in Cisalpine Gaul os tiros; to these alter asassigne the care of the aggage during the batile illi the Helvetii l. 24, Da 3). O the Mur vetera legion one Wasthe famous eniti t. o IM; a, Ἀ). During the inter hicli followed therars campaig tW neWlegions ere levied in Cisalpine Gaul in the pring of B. C. 57 these ere Sent into Further aut unde the command os Quintus Pedius ii et, o). Thus Caesar ad ight legionsat his disposai hen e commence operations against the Belgae. Si os these ere o seasone veterans and Oretheirunt of the figlitin in the batile of the Sambre ii et o L3ὶ, While the two recent levies ere again assigne the charge of
me et the ames, O rather the numbers of the si legionsengaged. The IXth and th were victorious ver the Atrebates
Nervii L in Thus eae a continuous series of legionS-VII, VIII IX X XI, XII and a Dio Cassius xxxviii. 47, )insorm us that Caesar' legion were numbere accordingto the order of their enlisiment, it follows that the wo hichweremo activel engaged were the XIIIlli and XIVth. Is e conjecture that X a the legion hich was in Gaul Domtherarst, it ili solio that VII, VIII. an IX ere the three that were brought rom Aquileia, and XI and XII the tworarsi levi ed in Cisalpine Gaul. Soon aster the batile the VIIth legionWas despalched unde Publius Crassus to the Armorica states and Spent the inter in Anj οὐ ii 3 iii et Da hea os
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expoSed to great ange in attemptingo pas the winter of B. C. 56-7 ea Martigny iii. I, ci); it to was a Paris illi LabienuS. At the time of the secon expedition to Britain the numberos Caesar' legion is stili ight. There ere three est illi Labienus, hile sive accompanie Caesar imself to Britain v. 8. I). In the unquiet inter hicli soliowed B. c. 54-3ὶ there ere apparenti eight an a-hal legion quartere about the country v. a ), but e ma satri inser that the sive extra cohoris intruste to Sabinus and Cotta ere contingent drawn stom the res of the arm and were meant to impar strengili tolli legionis tiros hicli a bein sent into the count of the Eburones v. 24, ). These steen cohoris ere os at Aduatuca, ut in place os them hin cohoris, O three nemlegions, ere brought into aut vi I, ). The entire legionwhicli perished mus have been XIV, sor in v. CaeSarspeah of i as ne of those hich he had os recenti levi edbeyon the Padus. It is ni XIII and XIV hich answerto his description and we no that XIII passe the inter Salal among the Esuvii unde the command of Lucius Roscius v. 53, χὶ Os the three ne legion one oo the place and number of the lost XIVth vi. 32, 4 viii. 4, ), hos ill-
fortune it inherited, orow of iis cohort were destroye atthe fame cam os Aduatuca by the nexpecte incursio os
t have been the XVth. The two legion last mentioned, Pan XV, ere hos that ere sent by CaeSar, in accordance with the decree of the Senate, a though to the Parthia War.
The forme the lest in unde Pompeius himself at the batile
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196 CAESAR 'S GALLIC WARos Pharsalia. Legio XV in Caesar' arm hecam III in thatos Pompeius, ut I is thought to have retaine iis number in both armies viii. 54,4 2, 3, compared illi C. iii. 88, ).
About his howeve it ill be necessar to Spea more particulari later Cn. The number of the legion has no mountexto ten os,hichin the inter of 53- B. two ere locate in the Ountryo the Treviri, two in that of the Lingones, and the remaining
Si at Agedincum vi a). Their number Uere I, II, VIII IX X XI, XII, XIII XIV XV.
In the pring os . c. a Caesar rought a rein rcement
supplementum' with him rom Italy vii. 7, 4), hicli es nyasterwardiles in charge of Labienus baggage at Agedincum 57, o). The en legion at ready in the fiet were dividedbet Nee Caesar an Labienus in the proportion os si to the commander an Mur to the leuienant vii. 34,4 2). eanoWthat VII and XII Were illi Labienus vii. 62, 4 , and that he had ne legion os a recruits whom he id notorus forfghting 6o ). The two tiro legion wer no XIV and XV. Caesar is hardly lihely to have ive both these to
Labienus; ence e ma re asonabi inser that ne as illi Labienus and the ther illi Caesar. illi Caesar also ere
that we have only one os Labienus legion and w of Caesar'stest unaccounte sor. The oo men lost a Gergovia vii. 5I,
So sarcit appears lea that Caesar ad ni te legion anda reini Orcement, hicli a probabi intende to e rastedos into the existin legion to repat their losses. The account of inter-quarter at the laxos Caesar's eventi Book seem sto confirm this te so the locationis nine legioniis specificallygiven, after hicli, have the addition- helimsel determinedio inter a Bibracte. No Hirtius viii. I telis us that CaeSar, hen e made his inter Sally against the Bituriges,
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THE ROMAM ARM 197les his own cam in charge of his quaestor Marcus Antonius. an later on viii. that he oine to imself AIarcus Antonius the quaestor illi the XIIth legion. But no a dissiculi emerges For in viii. Hirtius Difficulty mention a legio VI, Which e have neve hear of e re ' μὴ 'μ' an mentions it to in a way hich Shows that it Was ne filios engage in the siege of Alesia cp. vii. o, in. Napoleon III surmiges vol. i. p. 357 n. that i had rem ainedi garrison among the Allobroges o in Italy' Goler i. 333ὶ suggest that VI is here a mistahe so I. On the whole perhapswe hould do belle to illo the alter view. Ont there is nonee to suppos a mistahe. There is no mentio in Caesar snarrative o legio I. The sole mention e have oscit is by Hirtius viii. 5 et), hocis Speahiniso the momen Dom thepoin os te os Pompeius, an doubiles gives it the numberwhicli it ore in the arm of that generat. Is we accepi his identification o I and VI, e re reli eve Do an Whwardbreach o continuit an have an uninterrupte series of tenlegion in Caesar' arm DO VI to XV. nother presumptioni favour of this hypothesi is that, i Caesar, a me have Seen
reason to belleve had oni legio XII ith himself a Bibracte
there is no oom sor legiones in the account Os inter-quartersi vii. o Since by a comparison os teXis e can assim their prope legion to the Severa commanders. For his expeditionagainst the Bellovaci Caesar re two legion Do Fabius, whichisere at he had, and ne of his two sto Labienus
viii. 6. Q in These three legions e find were VII, VIII, and IX viii. 8, 4 . et u suppos that VII and VIII came DomFabius This leave I to Labienus, and we no v that his other legion a XV viii. 24, Q). C. Antistius Reginus ad XI vii. o, compared with viii et, ci) T. Sextius XIII viii et
Di ii, i in Cicero and Sulpicius had XIV and I viii. o, I, compared with viii. , a); Caesar himsel Phad XII it solio ius by
the methodis residue that C. Caninius Rebilus had X. Hence Caesar' Statemen in vii. 9 may be silled out thus -
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198 CAESAR S GALLIC WARLabienus C. Fabius
C. Antistius Reginus T. Sextius XI. XIII. C. Caninius Rebilus Q. Tullius Cicero
Napoleon III ives Caesar X and XII an assigns I to Rebilus, ahing the number eleven in all. It musti concededas a stron potn to his vi ew that after XV ha been sent ac rossilie Alps viii et , Q there ere stili te legion in Gaul in the interis B. C. 51-5o 46, ), and that there ere eight lest ingo aste two ad been surrendere to Pompeius and XIII
The legio But his mySterious appearance o the scene os a ne legionA RVH ' at hi end of thi Warma perhapsi accounte sor in another way. Suetonius spealis os a legionanown by the Gallic nameo Alauda the Larh.' his e says was alsed by Caesar, at his own expens enti rely, Domi ellers in Transalpine Gaul, vas traine and equippe in the Roman ashion, and asterwardspresente asin hole ith the citi genshi Caes. et ). e findiliis legion threatening Rome in B. c. in the train os Antonius B that time the Larks are regarde a veterant'. It wouldbe ut os heeping illi Caesar' franknes of Statemen to suppos that his legion as alsed elare the lose of his narrative it sollows that it was alsed after ij Νames o Many of the practices of the imperiat arm originate in 'PQR' Caesar' time; amon them a that os giving a nam to legion a distinc sto iis number. In the war against Antony e rea of the legio Martia,' hos members ere
Cic. ad Att. xvi. 8 Antonium cum legione Alaudarum ad urbem Pergere. y Phil. xiii. Q Huc accedunt Alaudae ceterique Veterant': p. v. Ia. Caesar' legions Se also Notes in vol ii.
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later o the practice ecam habituat, a in the case of the Rapax and Adiutrix' Tac. H. ii 433. Os ali Caesar' legion the enth was the most amous, an The enththi Was the one in hicli helimself placed the greates reliance g 'R' This a the one hichae sald should serverus his body-guard praetoria cohors' i no ne eis sollowed i. i. ora 15
It was the agi e-bearer of this legion ho ted his comrades through the waves to the unknown hore of Britain iv. 25, ἶ 3-5ὶ This a the ne hicli Caesar imself commandedat Gergovia, and whicli there represse the victorious onset
io it elonge the ero Crastinus, hom Caesar deeme toliave done hi molle oughties service in that cro ning victory C. iii. I 99 . Lastly this a the legion hicli, hen it mutini ed Caesar en to his ill by the se of the single ord Quirites' Suet. . . ori ac A. i. 42ὶ. Besore e reat os the cohort proper et us a Somethin Theas to the praetoria cohors' στρα mi γὶς ταξις App. iv. v. ), o Py ς ψ δbody-guar of the generat, to hicho have seen Caesar alluding. his a no ne institution among the RomanS.
Sa whether the lde or the ounger-but his ord Seem toliave no reserene to theiod os o client an Diend whicli Aemilianus rought with him sto Rome to Numantia, and whicli e calles amicorum cohors ' φίλιον ιλ , App. Hi Sp. 8 ). Accordin to Festus the pay of the praetoria cohon asials
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ao CAESAR 'S GALLIC MARas much again sesquiplex stipendium' a that os the common soldier, an Polybius vi. 39, o et telis us that the Romanknight received triple pay, hicli ould e double that os the
praetoria cohort. his gives potn to the remar of the wagin the tentii legion, ho declare that Caesar, in motantiniit, a doin more than e promise i. a, ). Caesar oesno Seemo have ad a regula praetoria cohortis ali, ut it a qui te a sua thin at this period Petreius actin as legatus to C. Antonius, ad ne in the engagement illi
Each member of the secondariumvirate Octavian, Mar Antony,
and Lepidus, had his specia praetoria cohort App. iv lv. 7); so ad Silanus and Hirtius Cic. Fam x. 3o, ci); so Ve had Cicero in his arithe exploit in Cilicia Fam xv ). his
was the germ ut os,hicli ere develope the Praetorians orhousehold troops a Rome unde the Empire. Tli cohort The norma cohoris in Caesar' arm Seem, S sar a We an Py'Pς ather, o have been finisor Strength. It is ne of the anomalies of the Roman arm that thecohort, notwithstandin iis importance aster the resorm os Marius, neVer feems to have ad a definite ossicer os iis
It was not so illi the maniple, hichis ali times ad iis proper ossice in the centurion. Henc the juxtaposition of centurio ' an manipulares sui '' In the pre-Maria armyeach of the three divisions 'hastati, principes, anx triarii 'was divide into te paris thusaiving the thiri maniples hichmade up the legion exclusive of the velites assigne to ach Polyb. i. 24, Q). The cohor is supposexto have consistedos a maniple Domisach division.
Vegetius ii Ia says that the legionar cohor in imperia times ascommande by a tribune or a Provost praepositus at the leasure of the
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In Caesar' arm there a no Roma cavalry. That arm of Caesar'sthe Service consisted entiret os auxiliata troops This a Whythe crast Ariovistus stipulate that there hould noti a single MOt- soldier at the conserences i. 42, ), and wli Caesar ad
In his Belgian campaignis B. c. 7 the cavair of the Treviri, who has hi gh reputation sor courage, ere sent by the State tolli assistance, ut provexo litile service, as in the batile of the Sambre the to hastil conclude that the Romans erede aled, and rode of with the new to their countrymen ii. 24 fD , 5). In the operations against the Usipetes an Tencteri B.C. 45h aeSar' cavair amounted to 5, o oo, a force hich
C. i. 76 j I manipulos circumit' ii 28 LI iidem ordines manipulique'; Sall. J. 9 6 6 inter manipulos funditores et sagittarios dispertit'; ac A. i. 3 discedere in manipulos iubet.
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CAESAM GALLIC VARwas ignominiousi put o flight y o German horsemen
liousings iv. 2, 4, A the time os the secon invasion os Britat Caesar' cavair is again down to 4,ooo v. 5, 8, io, a), though his is calle the cavair of the wholeos aut The Galli cavat , at least suci partis it a was permanentlyattache to Caesar' army seem to have been organige in Roman ashion. t was divide into turmae' vi. 8, vii. 45, o viii. 8, se a 3), and ad Roman ossicer called decuriones' i. 23, 4ὶ It was commande a a hole, firstby the oun Publius Crassus i. 52, ), aster ard by C. Volusenus Quadratus, illi the ille of praesectus equitum ' viii. 48 I; p. C. iii. o D ). his ille is also estowed on Quintus Atius Varus viii. 8, ), Who may have been
We have atready had occasion to allude to the mixed sorce of cavair an insanir whicli Caesar importe sto beyon the Rhine vii. 65, Besides these oreigner he had in his service Numidia an Creta archer an Balearic lingerS
i. 24,4 3 omnia auxilia'; I, omnes alarios '; viii. 5 Da auxiliarios pedites. Cp. viii. Io, nostra auxilia Gallorum Germanorumque'; 3, 6 a Germani, quos propterea Caesar transduxerat Rhenum, ut equitibus interpositi proeliarentur. R Cp. i. Io, levis armaturae Numidas lauditores sagittariosque' 24, calones, equites, funditores, Numidas.'