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In addition to the orces hich have been enumerate a Troops servin unde Caesar imself, there ere Wenty tWO Obost P 6k ieem garrison in the Province, hicli,ere utili sed by his hinsmanan legatus auctus Caesar, hem the lide os a clurnedagainst the Romans and the Province isels was invaded. From the constituent paris os the arm we no turn to iis a It offi- personalty an must a Something bout it Officer an Otheriai . stae
When the incers have tole spolienis collectively, a opposed Theto the men the are called by the vague ames duces'; ut in IV perstor. Specia sense there a only one iux, and that was the imperator, Who ad the auspices Caesar speah o Marius
L o, 4 and ais of himself ii. 25, 3 has imperator. It
S O neceSsar for a genera to have been proclaimed imperator on the fielda his soldier in orde tot calle bytha name, though that oes seemo have been a conditionos iis heing sed asin ille of honour. Caesar' me hoWeverha doubiles proclaimed hi 'imperator' illi due honours, though he has in thought it orth his hile to recor the incident. It is as imperator that the are represented S
cas of other than himself Caesar is notas reticent He oessuli honou to Curio by mentioning the acclamatio of his arm C. ii. 6 Cp. 32, DI ), neers a Scipio the fallierin-law of Pompey, as havin assumed the ille in consequenc os Some reverses in Cilicia, and mentionsio Pompe himself wasgive it by his soldier o the fiet os victor at Dyrrhachium, but didio assum it in his despatches nor u ea the lauret Orthe laughter of his countrymen C. iii. I, Q). It a CaeSarwho egan the practice, continue by the emperorS, Os Sing imperator as a praenomen Suet. . C. 76 . The specialires of the commander-in-chies,as the purple paludamentum, in hich he went Domiti Capito aster thesolemn ulterance of public prayer C. i. 6 6 Liv. xl. 3.
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Man general8, e ma Surmi Se laid it aside, in orde notato recogni sed by the enemy.
The ex in ossicia dignit to the genera in the Roman ariny
quaeStori, legatis, praefecti Sque. The paymaSter' quarters
quaestorium. ταμιεῖον were at the ac os the cam praea thedecuma gate Liv. X. 32, I Polyb. vi. 3I DIJ. The generalhadiso pomer o selec his own quaestor, Who as assigned tollima tot Caesar' quaestor is no mentione by nam istlate in the narrative V. 24,4 3 46 vi. 6, DI), hen e find imo have been II. Crassus, the o of the triumviri Whether eoas Caesar' first quaestor in aut oes notappear. He a Succeede by Marcus Antonius viii. a. 1 . Though the specia iunctions of the quaestor ' eresinanciat, et he was utili sed like the legati, sor militaryCommand D In v. 47, fin Crassus ver appropriatet lest at
Samarobriva illi a legion in charge of the store of War. hostages, an State aperS. The legati' πρεσβευταί or συμβουλοι , in their origina conception.' ere person publicly appotnted by the State to assis the commander A shili soldier, ho was notis the time eingi ossice, could in his Way be made se of in the Service of his Ountry. In B. C. I9O, When the Senate ere in doubi hether o assignthe critica command against Antiochus to Scipio Asiaticus orto Laeliu S, the question a at ince setiled hen Africanus
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et n. ii. II, ), Q. Titurius Sabinus ii 5, ), L. Aurunculeius Cotta ii. II, Q. Pedius ii. I). The fifth was probabi Servius Galba iii. I, ci), an ossicer os
age and Xperience. Publius Crassus hen rs mentioned
i. 5a, is sal to have been in command of the cavato. Asterward we n him employe a a heu tenant ii 3 I iii. 7, Da II, Q), ut he is nou here ive the ille. Other ossicer of hom the term legatus is definitely used re P. Sulpicius Rusus iv. 22, χ). C. Fabius v. 24 Da), L. Munatius Plancus and C. Trebonius v. 24, Q), AL Silanus C. Antistius Reginus, an T. Sextius vi. I, ci), Q. Fufius Calenus viii. 39, D an P. Vatinius viii. 6, χ). These illi the forme sive
malae Murteen in all. Is me subtraci Cotta an Sabinus, homere illed, and Pedius an Galba, ho ere respectivelyaedile an praetor in OB. c., e have exacti ten est O ut of the firs batch Labienus a the only one ho Survive to theend. He a Caesar' secon in command and ad a specialtille i. I, Da n.), Which marhed hi ou Do the est, and perhaps made his an above the quaeStor. Caesaria very decide notions of his o v as to the duties of euienanis and thei relation to the commander-in-chi es. They ere bound by orders, an mus er in the fide of
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IO CAESAR 'S GALLIC IVARcaution, ather than os daring thei positio being one os trusi;whereas the 'imperator',as De to consul so the best LI seem to have been an innovation o Cae Sar' to assignthe charge os a particular legion to a particular legatus'; ut this practice a hept up unde the Empire. The tribunes tribuni militum 'in accordin to Varro L. L. v. fra I), contain in thei nam a resere ne to the primitive divisioninio three tribes and the originat arm os three thousand Thisvie is at ali evenis supporte by thei Gree nam χιλιἈρχοι Polyb. i. I9 DI Acts xi. 31), and is in heepingwith the litte tribunus Celerum ' a that of the originalias ter of the horse . In the Roman arm a describe by Polybius the tribunes formed the nucleus os the legions. Aster the consulsa ad been
li ad serve sive early campaigns, and then te more stommen ho ad serve te Campat gns. As there ere Mur legions, his ives Si tribune to ach legion. Whenthe anhood o Rome ere assemble o the Capitol the urteen ounge tribunes distribute them selves thus Mur orthe sirs legion three so the second Mur so the third, three so the Murth ohen the te eiderines Oine them a sollows- two for the firs legion three so the second two so the hird, three so the Murth. Aster his the tribunes procee de to pichmen in turn in Such a way as to mahe the strengili os thelegion a nearly equa a possibie. The appo iniment of the tribunes themselves res ted parti With the eopte an parily
iii. 7, C. ii 17 6 a iii. I, Aliae enim sunt legati partes
atque imperatoris alter omnia agere ad praescriptum, alter libere ad Summam rerum consulere debet ' Servius on Verg. Aen. v. 56 confirm the opinioni Varro 'Sic autem in tres partes divisum fuisse populum Romanum constat, adeo ut etiam qui praeerant singulis partibus tribuni dicerentur. Unde etiam sumptus, quos
dabant populo, tributa nominarunt.' P. Liv. i. 43 LIL Cic. Rep. ii DI .
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tribunes appotnted by the commander Were calle rufuli.' Asconius on Verr. i. cio add that the electe tribunes erecallex comitiati.'Thus e se that twenty-Mur os the tribunes ere appotnted by the eople, and the tenure of this command was illi many the rst ung on the adde os officia promotion The lder Asricanus as a tribune at an early age, ut he, e ma Sup-
pose, as appotnted by his ather Liv xxii. 53 l a , in Marius firs experience the avour of theseopte in his electionto his post by the tribes Sall. J. 63, ); Caesar himself, after
his reti remen to Rhodes an his escapedrom the pirates, began his career a Rome by a successit contes for the militarytribunate Suet. J. C. x Plut CaeS. 5ὶ. In Caesar' own time the appotniment by the generat Wasevidenti ver much abused. His tribunes ere not easoned soldiers, ut persona adherenis, hom e fouia it convenientio hee in good-humour the pani about the Germans eganwith them i. 39, ). e re et into the secret o homthings ere managed by readi Cicero' correspondence illi TrebatiuS, a Very unmilitar person, Or hom the orator's influene secure a Sinecure appotnimen to the tribunate in
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IM CAESARS GALLIC WARos communication etween the me and the commander-inclites i. I, a 3 Tac. A. i. I9 D J. The were Superior ossicer to the centurions ' by hom the ough or os command was principali done. In ii. 7, sin them sentout by Crassus along illi the praesecis to et Supplies. Itma have been on ome or of this hind that Marcus Aristius Wa engage a Chalon-sur-Saone, hen e was aura by the
The Prae The term praesec praesectus 'his a very ooSe ne I maybe said tolera genera nam sor an subordinate ossicer, Who haSno a more definite ille. It was sed more specialty of the commander of the auxiliary forces These alter are perhaps thepraesecis horare Spohenis in the solioWing passageS-i. 39, Da iii. 7. 3 civ. 22. 3. the the tribunes the were Roman knighis. But besides these ossicer there eremthers, called ais, praesecti,' Who eremo necessarii Romani iii 26 I; v. II, m). In viii Ia, find Vertiscus, a chiestat of the Remi, describedas praesectus equitum. He id not, e re old, et his age intersere illi his underlahing the praefectura s). In thesam Way, in the time of the Italiam socii, there ere praesecis Who eremo Romans Liv. XXV. 14,4 4 . The Cen We come now to the ossicers fio Ormed the rea bachboneos the army, and who ere themselves the mos characteristic produc of the Roma militar System-I mea the centurionS. The philosophica Greeli, ho has describe this system for US, has augii the Roman dea in his helch of what the centurions were eXpected o be- not o much darin and adventurous, Smen illi a turn or command os a stead disposition, and withno morat hallownes about them δ' thei place a no in thesirs assauit nor thei time the eginning os the stay, ut is
vi. 39, Tac. H. i. ne miles centurioni, ne centurio tribuno obsequatur.' Βαθε μαλλον ταις ψυχαις seem to b ag nea a the Gree canae tothe Roma notion o gravitas; ad ducendum apti, conStanteS, graveS'mus have beenimning in the head os Polybius.
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spears and ther missiles illi dexterit an force, hille in Sword-play an Shield-play ac quainted illi the whol ar offighting, vigilant, Sober, active, more ready t Obe Order thanto ath, able o hee his camp-mates up to discipline, to orce them to drili, to se that the are et clothe and wel shod, and that thei arm are right an potished Such officer astheSe ere o carpet-knighis; the wer no the utiercties os batile and the oudoir, ut serious an sar-Seein men, hoSesaul la in the direction o avarice ather than o luXur orprodigality. Such me are ope to the influences os religion; nor nee we e surprised that the Roman centurion, ho ad ali the earnesines an tenacit of the HebreW, hould When expoSed to the prope CircumStances, Calch the contagio ofHebre devotion Os his stam Wa the centurio a Capernaum, of whom hedewisii lders sal to Jesus, Me loveth ournation, an himsel bulli us ur Synagogue ' Luke vii. in and who, illi his militar ideas of discipline an belles in theem ac o command was made a lesso of aithoo Israel. Such too was the centurion Corneliu of the Italia cohort, a devout man and ne that Pare God illi ali his ouse,'
Christiani ty Acts x). Such also perhaps was the centurioncalled Julius, of the Augusta cohorti ho in his destre to save Paul, revente the oldier hom illing the prisoner in theshipwrech at alta Acts xxvii). But the centurion itha was essentiali what the renchcali bourgeois, that is o say, he elonge to the reat
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21 CAESARE GALLIC VARFrance, belong, and ought to e proud os elonging. It wasseido indeed that he burs his a in to the charme circle of the nobilit o allied imself, it his aught patricia hou se as
perSona appe arance of the centurion, at his bi calves and
huge hob-naile boois, at his ignorance of literatur an philosophy Whenae retire heiecam a loca magnate in Somerura districi, an his boys attende a second-clas schoo lihethat o Flavius, here a pushing Deedman might no thin thehuthin sons of the centurion fit compan sor his own talented
Number In the time o Polybius there ere Sixi centurion in theedii iurion legion and e haVe O reaSon to Suppos that he number asdisserent in Caesar' period The manne os thei appotnimentis described by that author a sol lows Firs thirty ere ChoSen, te stomisach of the three division os hastati, principes, and triarii' then a secon selection a madet another hirt onthe fame principi e An these, he says, ahey called centurions ' ταξίαρχοὶ Then these fixi me themselves hos anothersi Xty, whom Polybius calis οὐραγοί, and whom the Romans called optiones.'The Polybius expressi Helis is that thesiod of hicli thei hedori centurion ad the Command was the maniple', ut that two mander of ossicer ere appo inted. to provide against the lagard is δη/ρος fortune so ilia tolle maniple might not be est ithout a com-
JuV. iv I9 , 5 XVi. 4, 24, 25 Pers. iii. 77 V. 89. Tac. A. i. 32 6 3 Sexageni singulos, ut numerum centurionum ada quarent. Vegetius it. 8 says, In tota autem legione erant centuriones quinquaginta quinque.' Besides ταξίαρχος the centiiri is calle in Greeli κεν υρίων Polyb. i. 24, 6 5 Mart. XV. 39), κατονταρχος Mati viii. 5 xxvii. 5 Q ut e vii a ;xxiii. 7 Acts xxvii. 3), and κατοντάρχης Acts x. I, 22 xxvii. I . The nam mus have come down stom the time of the arm of 3,ooo, when the maniple a the centu . Varr. L. L. V. Centuria qui sub uno centurione sunt, quorum centenarius iuStus numerus. In the time os Vegetius ii I the centur amounte to more than a hundred: Centum enim decem pedites ab uno centurione Sub uno vexillo gubemantur.'
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THE ROMA ARM 2II mander. In actio the centurionis therars choice commanded the right os the maniple and the centurior of the secon choice the est. Donly one ere present, e commande the whole
centurions ere Chosen on round os merit υριστίνδην).It wil be instructive to solio the career of a single oldier, Caree of
Whoaega service about the time hen the Greel historian was i μ μ born. Spurius Ligustinus as a Sabine, ho belonge to the tribus Crustumina. His ather est hi a 'iugerum os and, together illi the mali cottage in hich he wasior andared. As oon as e came o age, he married by his ather' destre, his sirs cousin, ho brough him nothinibu Dee birili chasti an a large family. He entere the arm in B.C. OO, and serve so two years in Macedonia against in Philippusas a common soldier miles gregarius'). In the hird ear his meritS ere rewarde by T. Quinctius Flamininus illi thecommand of the 'decumus ordo hastatus, the rst run in the adder of the centurionale Aster the deseat os Philip at Cynoscephalae B.c. I97 the arm Wa transportexto Italyanddisbanded. Ligustinus at once volunteerexsor Service in Spain unde Cato the consul os I95. There a no heener udge of merit tha that great an, and e single out ou soldie sorthe command of the primus hastatus prioris centuriae Ligus
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tinus as O among the Upper centurions and atri advancedamon them Once more e volunteere so service against
the Aetolians and in Antiochus, against hom a Wasdeclare in .c. 9 I. This time eoas promoted by the consul Acilius to the command of the primus princeps prioris centuriae. Aster the expulsion os in Antiochus and the subjugatio of the Aetolians the arm was hippe hac toItaly, here e seri e M two ears Aster his e fought twice in Spain, nc unde Q. Fulvius Flaccus and again under Tiberius Sempronius Gracchias the sather of the samous tribunes, Who was praetor in Spat in .c. I 8 I. No oone had he been brought home by Flaccus to hare his triumph than he started for Spain again a the equest o Gracchus. Four times illi ina e years he was eader of the primus pilus' he received reward sor gallanir thirty-Mur times fro his commanders; and was presente With si crowns sor savin the lis os asellow-countryman. The ast thin me lino of him is thathe was appotnted when ver sty to the command of the primus pilus in the rs legion hicli as o serve against Perseus in B. c. 71 LiV. xlii. 34, 35).
Tities his digression has no been irrelevant: for though theeenturibus di Stinctio belWeem hastati, principes lanx triarii' Ο pilani
Was Wept way hen the arm Was remo delle by Marius yet the Centurion even in Caesar' time retaine the illes
whicli ad a mean in oni unde the old system Thus P. Sextius Baculus, the ead in centurionis the welsth legion is
calle by Caesar iii. 5, primi pili centurio, and by a convenient, ut illogical abbreviation, primipilus' ii. 25 4 1ὶ
Cp. i. 38, Publius Sextius Baculus, qui primum pilum ad Caesarem duxerat'; v. 35 λω Tito Balventio, qui superiore anno primum pilum duxerat. The fuit sor primi pili centurio is common every here e. g. C. i. 13, 6 4 L. Pupius primi pili centurio' i. 46, 4 Cic. Balb. Q L. arcius primipili centurio ' Liv. i. 27, Dy xxxiv. 46 Tac. H. iii ax Veget. ii. 8, I. Tacitus A. i. 29 a has the expression primi ordinis centurio'; he also se primipilaris ' H. i. a). Caesar' for primipilus ' may havearisen sto. primi pili with an ellipse os centurio. In Liv we findisn