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THE ROMA AEM 213 The an os another centurion is indicate by the expression e primo hastato legioni XIIII ' C. i. 6, D ), an a thirdis called primae cohorti princeps prior' C. iii. ). In
Liv these illes of centurion occur preti Osten; the are und algo in Cicero in in Scription they are Ver Common. There are passages in Caesar hicli ho that the centurion Thescen
in his time, as in that os Polybius, ere promo te by merit 'μΠψη' and accordin to Some more or es definit orde He con time. trast the inseriores' ith the superiores ordines. an osten Speah of the primi ordines in the fame ireatli illi thetribunes The whole subjectis the centurionale has assorde da fertile et sor discussion, an authorit is divide on thepoint It 'ili te sufficient dor me Q, indicatae thoe viewwhich commend itfel as the me ne or Caesar' period. It is in the main the vie of arquardi an nota that os
the genesis of which, may trade by a comparisonis passages. In Vii. I, 5 he has these ores, qui alternis prope annis et tribunus militum et Primus centurio erat, quem nunc irimi pili' appellant' here there is clearly an ellipse in viii. 8, he says, Duo primi pili ex utraque acie inter triarios erant, Where there a stili e an ellipse in xliv. 33 he declines this sor in the singular- tribunum militum primo pilo legionis secretum edere imperium. In Suetonius, Caligula, primus pilus has the senseos irimipilatus '- nonnullis ante paucissimos, quam con Summaturi Ment, dies, primos pilos ademit.' fortissimi viri, centuriones, qui primis ordinibus appropinquarent' vi. 4O, Centuriones, quorum nonnulli ex inserioribus ordinibus reliquarum legionum virtutis causa in superiores erant ordines huius legionis traducti': C. i. 6, Q. Fulginius ex primo haStato legionis XIIII, qui propter eximiam virtutem ex inferioribus ordinibus in eum locum pervenerat'; in. 53, ab octavis ordinibus ad primipilum e traducere pronuntiavit.' I, cum tribunis militum et primorum ordinum centurionibus'; v. 28 6 3 tribuni militum et primorum ordinum centuriones' 37, tribuno militum . . . et primorum ordinum centuriones' vi. 7, tribunis militum primisque ordinibus. Cp also v. 3o, cum a Cotta primisque ordinibus acriter resisteretur' C. i. D legatoSque de pace Primorum ordinum centuriones ad Caesarem mittunt.' Romische Stints-Ve aliung vol. i. PP. 357'36 a.
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B Caesar' inferiores ordines then let us understand what Polybius meant by the centurioris os the secon choice, hocommande the est os the maniple in batile 6o-3 above),andi hic superiores ordines the centurions of the irst choice, who commande the right of the maniple go I bove). Each cohort consiste os ne maniple called hastatus,' ne called princeps, and ne calle pilus, and thus containe fixcenturion in ali, three of the lowe and three of the igher grade. The ordo or maniple and the officer lio commande it ere spoken o by the fame ame; ence primi
ordines means certain CenturionS. When it a necessaryto distinguisti the centurion of the higher stom that of the lower grade in the fame maniple, it a done by adding prior 'or posterior. The number of the cohort was indicate by the ordinal numerals Thus princeps prior an princeps primus are disserent in meanin and both ambiguous. A centurio might princeps prior in an of the te cohoris; i calle princeps primus' primus princeps' e mustbelon to therars cohort, ut might be of the igher o lower grade. Caesar allow of no misunderstandin Whenae spealis
princeps primus centurio ' and even to princeps' Ibid. 133. By the primi ordines , may understand the teli pili priores whom arquardi plausibi conjectures to have had the command
therars centurion in the legio too par in the militar councti, whereas in Caesar' time the primi ordines is a hole ere admitted. his is perhaps a natural consequence of the decline in the essiciency of the tribunes betWeem the two periods.
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To the fame cause may be ascribe the ac that at an earlier date the centurions ere promoted by the tribunes Liv. xlii. 34, 35), hereas in Caesar' time this a done by the 4mperator himself. That there 'as ini in primipilus' in the legio, is ni ono
Sum cienti evident rom man passages, more speciali stom
Liv xliv. 33 nevertheless, it a been maintaine that the legion. term as quas applicabie to the en pili priores, that is, to the hie centurionis an cohort. Each centurion, as eam Seen, had an optio, or assistant The ostis.
appotnted by himself, to loo after the rear of the maniple ut these ere hardi counte a ossicer. What was the durationi service in the time o Caesar does Durationno plates appear. The citi gen-Soldiers in the perio described by Polybius hasto serve is the were cavalry, O te Campat gnS, and is infantry for si X tren, e re the age os orty-Seven Eari in the reim o Tiberius e find the tength of service oneos the causes os complain among the legion in annonia. The twent years, which Was then supposed tot the legat period, wa extende in Some cases to thiri or even ortyy, and it aSone of the demand of the oldiers that the shouldie discliargedaster Sixteen years Service Tac. A. i. 26, 4), a demand whichwas subsequently evaded by Tiberius Tac. A. i. 78, is).Thes evocati , whom e sin mentione by Caesar', ere Themen os individual progess, 'hos services 'ere aequestes aster thei legitimate time a up They oined the arm againon specia invitatio Domiti generat, an Seem to have been exempt Domini duties excepi hos os combatanis They areoste spoken os along illi the centurions an appea to ave
Tacitus, H. i. 25 says of a tesserarius and an optio,' Suscepere duo manipulares imperium populi Romani transferendum, et transtulerunt.' Polyb. vi I9, Θ ἐν τοῖς τετταρωcοντα καὶ ἔξ ετεσιν dπδ γενεας. Tac. A. i. 7, Q See Fumeaux' notem the PasSage.
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II CAESAR 'S GALLIC VARranked on a levet illi them. Some times the had themselves been centurions like Crastinus C. iii. I, o), who me his deathlas an evocatus ' at Pharsalia, after havin served the yearbe re primipilus of the tentii legion but the numbers in hicli the are ometimes Mund sorbi the suppositio that this as alway the case'. rom vii. 65 it appe ars that
Some of the evocati' ere mounte o the march like thetribunes an dither Romani nights. The fame system os specialinvitation to a campaign was applied to the auxiliaries as et as
i himsel aut committe it to an inqui Eser , speciali chosemon account of his strength and courage. The choice of the centurion a generali justi fied by the fidelit of the agle-
bearer, and we have many instance of con Spicuous gallanir onthe partis these functionaries.
The agis. The agi is denti sed in ur ind with the legion ascit asin that of the Romans themselves , ut it was ni in the last centur of the Republic that it ecam the exclusive en sign besore that time ita ad been oni sirst amon sive The thermur ere the wOlf the minotaur, the horse, and the boar. Butfirs it hecam usual to leave these in cammand ah the agi einto batile, and then Marius in his second consul sitim B. c. Io )dropped the ther altogether Plin. N. H. I Deus.). Thesei fame silver agie hicli a borne by Marius against the Cimbri,as the standar round whicli Catiline an his re os
There ere , oo evocati sprinkled among the lines of Pompeius at Pharsalia C. iii 88 4. For the descriptio of the eagle give by Dio CasSiuS, See V. 25, Dyn. Tac. H. iii ax Veget. it. 8. iv. 25, si x qui decimae legionis aquilam serebat'; v. 37, 4 Lucius Petrosidius aquiliser': C. iii cum gravi vulnere esset affectus aquilifer. - The author o Bellum Hispaniense se eagle sor legion. H. 3o, Erat acies XIII aquilis constituta.'
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There ere ther standard besides the agie, Whicli are therconised unde the genera nam os signa. The beare os tandRrd
It is lain stom the forme os these passages that each cohortha iis own standard L A the fame time there are passage Swhere signum ' must e understood of the standar of the maniple δ. It is possibi that the separate standard so the cohortoni came in illi the Maria organiZation. e ma notice that the termised by Polybius for standard-bearerii σημaιαφόροι
vi 24, χὶ, and that σομαι is his ordioth maniples' and
D n.). nother hin os vexillum is describe b Dio Cassius xl. 8, 4 as inscribe With purpi letters indicatin the amyand the generat This is in connexion illi the ill-sate Parthian expedition o Crassus B. c. 53), an So e ma SuppoSe that suci flags ere in Caesar' cam also Dio Cassius spe aks of itin about a large a a Sall. bod of men unde a specia commander, ho id notbelon to the orce illi hicli the were serving, ould avec vexillum so thei ensign. Thus the oo convale Scent soldiers, ho ere est illi Quintus Cicero at Aduatuca, ere
Quartae cohortis omnibus centurionibus occisis signiferoque interfecto.' Cp. Tac. H. i. inter signa cohortium, iuxta aquilam legionis' iii. 22. In B. G. vi. 4o, LI se in signa manipulosque coniciunt. Alle and Greenoughtranslate signa by cohorta. There eretve cohoris present. See 36. a. E. g. iv xxvii. I signo arrepto primi hastati, manipulum eius sequi se iussisset'; P. QV. 4, 6 7.
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218 CAESAMS GALLIC VARsent out to sorage unde vexillum ' and were commande by Roman knight name Gaius Trebonius, ho is noto be
Tac. H. i. I does no occur in Caesar. ScoutS. Scout exploratores' lare a necessar accompaniment os
an amy. The are requently mentione by Caesar erea also speculatores' ii. II, et v. 49, I). Is there
was an dissereno belween the two it ma have consiste in the lalter notaeing mounted ' Unde the Empires speculatores' hecam the nam os a regula sorce of ody-guards, ho ad theiriwn ossicers Tac. H. i. 25). Music. Music has alway played iis par in a in armin men'Shearis to valour, hether in the or os the lyre os Tyrtaeus Or of the om-toms of the dush warrior of the Niger it has also ad a direct practica utility, since the ound os an instrument i more penetratin than the voice of man. In the Servia arm there ere cornicines an tubicines or liticines. Non os these ames appen to occur in CaeSar, but in ne passage C. i. 35, he se bucinator. The wores bucina ' βυκαν his suggestive of oxen, but the etymolo is matter o dispute; at ali evenis cornu carries us ac todays os rustic simplici ty. ut in the times e have o dealwith the cornu' a made os ras ' dissering rom thes tuba 'in bella crooked, hii that was traight . Caesar Speah in ii. o os havin to give the signa onthe trumpe tuba 'in This, a the conteX shows, a no thesigna to engage, ut a calicio the me to ali round their
AL Ia, per speculatores et antecessores equites nuntiatur.' Verg. Aen. i. 475 : Bello dat signum rauca cruentum bucina. Varro, L. L. v. I 17 Comua, quod ea quae nunc Sunt ex aere, tunc fiebant bubulo e comu.' Ovid. Mel. i. 98 Non tuba directi, non aeris cornua flexi.'
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THE ROMA ARVT 19Standard S. Again, in vii. 7, I, 2, after mentioning that he had founde the signa sor retreat he says that the rumpet aS notae ard by the oldiers. These passages are in X ac Agreement illi the word os egetius si et a), Tubicen ad bellum vocat milites et rursum receptui canit. The signa sor batile, accordin to the sam author, as ovena altare of rumpe is an horni The bucina was speciali employed sor marhing the watches of the night so that the worsit self was sed inter-changeably ith vigilia . The classicum ' Vegetius telis usWas ounde by the bucinatores' on the om. It was distinctive of the 'imperator. Henc the significance of Pompeiu Salio nil to e ounde by his sather-in-la Scipio, henae joine him e re Pharsalia . The engineer fabri ' come into te as early a the Enoneers. Servian organization of the army. Under Caesar the had plent os Wor to do, ut the di no forma separate Ody, sor e findaim speahini v D, Da os pichin them ut stomthe legion an sendin to the Continent for thers, hen the fleet ad to e repatre in Britain. Care as ahen in the te Flo selecto certain umber os men hooere hille artificers Veget. i. 7; L 1ὶ Still there mas a specia ossicer, called praesectus abrum 'os,hom e findiention no infrequently . The historia Velleius Paterculus telis us that his grandiuster C. Velleius serve in this capacit unde Pompeius Brutus, and Tiberius Nero Caesar both in his praetorship and con Sulfhip
recommende Balbus sor the like post Cic. Balb. 63), hic h
ii. a quotiens autem pugnatur, et tubicines et comicines pariter canunt.' Cp. ac A. i. 68 datur cohortibus signum comvaque ac tubae concinuere.' Liv xxvi. 5, 6 6 ut ad tertiam bucinam praesto essent. CP. Vii. 35,
6 I Prop. iv. 4, 6, Sall. I. 99, Q. m. iii. 8a, classicumque apud eum cani et alteram illi iubet praetorium tendi. Cp. Liv xxviii. 7 6 ID In praetorio tetenderunt Albius et Atrius classicum apud eos cecinit.' C. i. Cic. Mur j a Balb. ad Att. ix. 7, in V. P. ii. 76, Q.
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We come o to the an and te, the mere ood sor Spears, the patient instrument os Rome' imperia destiny, nown asthe manipularis o gregarius miles.' In the rench useum os Nationa Antiquities a Satiat- Germain there is a statue os a Roma legionar executed by the sculptor Bartholdi aster the bas-relies o the colum os Trajan. I present to us the Roman soldie in his habit sh lived But a the perio to hicli it elong is a centuryandis hal aster the Gallic ar, e cannot asely userit for Our present purpo se The 'braccae in hic si the figure is clad cutshor belo the nees, after the ashionis our modern athleteS,are alone sufficient to ut us o our Gard. The obvious advantage of breeches led to thei introductio into the oldier' sgarb in or besore Trajan' time, ut e may asel assume that the were not or unde the Republic, hen the arm Wasstili Roman an no cosmopolitan Even o late a the timeos Vitellius A. D. 69), Caecina, ne Os his generalS gaVe a ShOChio ali right-thinhing Romans in hen e appeare ami thelownships an colonies of orthernestat arrayed in the laidandareelis of Gaul. The pitvate appear to have or a close-sittin fleeveleSStunic, hicli a fastene in at the waisti a bell, and reacheddown to about theanees. Over his a the lorica: protecting reast, bach, and shouiderS. his, Varro telis S, as rst ad os uniannedleather, ut sterward the Gallic coat of ring ait came orae called by the fame nam '
Varro, L. L. v. II 6 lorica, quod e loris de corio crudo pectoralia faciebant postea subcidit Gallica e ferro sub id vocabulum, ex anulis ferrea
galeari. Propertius iv. Io, et galea hirsutis compta lupina iubis.'
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Varro, L. L. V. D II 6 connecis galea Mu galerus. Cp. Verg. Aen.
fulvosque lupi de pelle galeros tegmen habent capiti. ' vii 45 AL 78 Io. In AL I6, erant a vetera soldier of thetent legio described as earing cassis, whic so overed his face that he had to tali erit os belareae couldae recogni reda Labienus.
Verg. Aen. xii. 9 2 : humero cum apparuit alto balteus et notis fulserunt cingula bullis.' Varro, ho calis it balteum, derivescit nam hom his laci. i. L. v. II 6 Balteum, quod cingulum e corio habebant bullatum, balteum dictum ' Verg. Aen. . 496 immania pondera baltei.' Varro, L. L. v j II 'Scutum a sectura, ut Secutum, quod e minute consectis fiat tabellis. ' θονίc a Polyb. vi. Q the linea terga Os Verg. Aen. . 784.
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zaa CAESAR 'S GALLIC IVARWeapon θυρεος, poSsibi sto it Sliape, but more probabi stomit materiali. Ocreae. O greaves ocreae' there is no mentio in Caesar From Vegetius i. o we gather that the were ornanthe common soldier oni o he right hin. his potnis to the ac thatit a the right leg hich was advance in combat '. Caligae. The oldier' hob-naile boot caligae' have been at ready allude to It was Domities that the emperor Gaius go his Sobrique o Caligula, lien, as a child, he was the oldiers' pet in Germany. Sagum. As a protectio sto the weather the oldier ore a thichwoolle cloah calle sagum,' hici ende in a fringe fimbria, Varr. L. L. v. 79). his may have been originalty borrowed Domiti Gauls v. 4et, Q), ut it ecam a distinctive of the Roman in a a the toga wa in eace. When tumultus' a declared, it a mor even by those who ere not actuali in the eid'. e se stoma passage in the Civit War i. 75, 4 that it couldie sed in emergenciesa a protection, rapped round the est arm in place of a hield. Pilum. The two offensive eapons carried by the legionary ere thejavelin pilum' and the wor gladius 'in The forme wasa missile eapon sexto discompos the antis of the enemybesore the eadi attach a close quarter too place i timewere presSing, it might be dispensed illi. It was thus thea round os mushetr preludin a charge illi the bayonet M. The illum. hicli as a distincti vel Italian eapon, Wasmuch heavier than thes hasta, severat of Whicli,ere carrie bya single light-arme combatant si It was called by the Greeks
θυρα - a planli Udi viii. 5 φραξαμενοι τυ ἀκρόπολιν θυρησί τε καὶ ξυλοι τι. Cp. Verg. Aen. Vii. 689, 9O: vestigia nuda sinistri instituere pedis, crudus tegit altera pero.'
Cic. Phil. v. 6 3I: vi. 4: Viii , 32. vii. 88, Nostri omissis pilis gladiis rem gerunt.' P. i. 52,4 3 ii. 3, o vi. 8 6 6 vii. 6a, I iv. i. 46, Q. Liv. ix. 9, pilum, haud paulo quam hasta vehementius ictu