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of the weapon a it ste through the air, an is describe by
who sive neares to the time o Caesar describes it a consistin os a long and massive hast, rom the end of whicli there projected an iron spit, noctes than three Det long With the exception os the ea the spit Was of sost iron, soras to bendwhen it ad odge in iis mark, an no oni trammel theenemy but e seles sor return This describes the generaltype of the weapon a Seen in the specimens hich have been preservexto us, ut it varie os course a different periods and even a the fame perio ali pila' er no althe Polybius says that the oldier carrie two-one eaV and ne glit,
but that in ali cases the tength of the has mas 3 cubiis α laet), and the tength of the ron the fame, ni that parto it was hidde in the hast. Os the more massive ind, hetelis us, fome ad a round and ther a quare hast, a palm io inches in diameter superficies. Suchis eapon asthis could ardi be sed in ordinar fighting, ut it might belaunched with great effect Dominaeight, and Soma correspondio hat Caesar calis muralia pila' v. o, in vii. 8a, ci). V to the time os IIarius the pilum' a confine to the hastati an principes, the triarii' ein armed illi the hasta. Besore the batile of Vercellae Marius is recorde to have devise a means os Stili more effectuali attaining the resul destred with regar to the illum. Tahing ut ne os the two iron riveis, illi,hicli the han was attache to theshast, he inserte instea a ooden eg, hicli ould asilybrea anxiet the weapon an sideways thus ahiniit dissiculti dra it ut Plut Mar. 25). Caesar Seem to have trustedio the endin os the ron to produce his ampering effect
Liv. i. 3o, Ia defixis pilis stare.'
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22 CAESARS GALLIC VARGladius. Nothiniis more characteristic os the Roman soldier than his stiori potnted s ord, sed sor stabbinguather than cutting. Vetthis eapon unleSScit nam bellescit, as an introductio DomSpain. It was nown the panish word V anxit is stated in the lexi conis Suidas to have been adopte by the Roman soni aster the econ Punic War. Suidas has ust quoted Polybius vi. 23, incorrecti and without amin him, and then add this statement. Whether his evidenc is sussicient must he est to the reader' judgement. Liv an Claudius Quadrigarius, the alter of whom rote bout a centur besore Christ, evidenti thought that the panish word ad been inus long es ore so the arm Titus Manlius Torquatus illi itin his figlit illi the Gaul. The word, accordin to Polybius vi. 23 D6ὶ, a carrie On the right Side, ut accordin to Josephus B. J. iii 5, 4), it was orni the est and a daggeron the right. Nei ther of thes author are lihelyrio have been
is, hi thhi rea de Will PerceiVe that e have deal ont With what a bellave been calle the static os the subjeci. The dynamics-the arm onς00'δ''y the march, in camp, in action may be est to the latur editoros Caesar' Civit War.
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A HORACE HART, M. A PRINTER T THE UNIVERSITY
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SUMMARY.TH firs book contain two epi sodes the war illi the Helvetii and the war it Ariovistus. The narrative begins in the ear B C. 6I-three ears e re theappearance of Caesar himselsis the cene-with the desim ofOrgetorix, who persuade hi Countrymen the Helvetii, to emigrate in a body. There mus have been powersul reasons for his move-ment, since the decision to adopi it utlive iis author Caesargives S to understand 2 g 4 5 that the Helvetii fel crampedior ant of room; Mommsen suggest that the manliave a ted unde pressure rom the ood o German immigration. At allevent thei mind were made up and thei stari a fixe for theda of the prin equino in the ear 8. S another of those human valanche was bout o descend whicli the Romans adsuch good reason to dread. Caesar a in Rome hen the news reached hi that the Helvetii meant to pas through the Province, illi or ithout the permission of the Allobroges. In a weeliae asin the banks of the hone As Caesar' object was t reach Geneva, e may assume hirn to have come ver the reat St. Bernard. The cit o Genev now stand o both sides of the Rhone. In Caesar' time it a confine to the ouili or est bank It was
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thus holi in the countr of the Allobroges, but there as eventhen atridge connectiniit illi that of the Helvetii This bridge
Do the Helvetii that the might pass eaceabi through the Roman province Caesar replied that he would tali timeo con- Si de the matter Come ac to me, he aid, in the des of April. Meantime illi the ne legion hich was the in Further Gaul an recruits hichae had levi ed on his arrival e contrived by vallin himself o natura advantage to rende the outhbank of the hone impregnable ver the ineleen Roman miles whicli is the distanc in a traight line et ween Geneva and the present ori de Ecluse, or ather themoniagne u uache, whicli facescit. When the Helvetia ambassador returnedin theda appotnted hi an swe was a decide refusal Aster his theyattempte to force the passage, ut Mund the tas to much forthei strength. The ni other rout that Seemed open to the Helvetii asthrough the a dea Ecluse, a narrow gorge o the orthis righthan of the Rhone, here it is hemme in by a spur rommount Jura This ould bring them into the Countr of the Sequani. Through the good offices of Dumnorix, an ambitious ut patriotic Aeduan who had marrie the daughter of Orgetorix the obtainedili consent of the Sequani torus this exit. The suppo sed objectis the Helvetii was to reach the counita of the Santoni, hicli as ora the a o BisCay. CaeSar regardedihel presen e there a likelyrio prove a ange to the Province ;for though a a matter of geography the would e surther offsrom it there than the had been in theirit home, et there ereno natura obstacles to thei progress o that id like that hichwe have Seen offered by the Rhone. Accordingi leavin his hie lieuienant Labienus to uar theri ver Caesar returne With ait speed into Italy that is, into Cisalpine aut levi e two legion there, Summone d ut threeother that were intering in the eighbourhood of Aquileia, and returne by the eares rout into Gaul. his a by the valleyos the P and the a de Suse Segusio), hi chirought him into the territor of the o contii Havin to glit his a against themOuntain-tribes, he was si days in comin from celum the last