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deseate the ancestor of the me of to-day-of the rench, Germans, and Britons of the rench in particular, oriet ther Caesar Or his countrymen ver claime that his operations in Germany and Britalia ere anythin more than demonstrations . We Wili, there ire, o leaVe Caesar, an turn ur attentionsor a Whil to his opponentS.
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Tu Gauis ad on sor themselves a renown in ar hichsurpasse even that os the Romans' Cicero declare in the Senate that o ne ad ver ahen a Statesmanlike vie of the Roman Empire since iis Mundation ithout comin to the conclusio that themauis ere the enemymos to e readed. He adde that it Was only the barrier of the Alps, hichnature ad rected, o Without Divine Providence, that ad shielde Rome in iis insancy, and made it empire possibleat ali Prov. Cons. 33, in Even that barrier Servexoni asa partia protectio against the insto of Gaul into Italy. When the wilight of histor firs dawns pon aut thecountry hos population is no Stationar o declining was atre ady sul totversto ing like England at the preSent moment, an seehin opportunities of expansion. The time of hichwe are Speahing a SomeWhere bout si centuries e re Christ, hen Tarquinius Priscus 616-578 Was reigning at Rome. The supremae among the tribes of Celtic aut thenla with the Bituriges, hos hin Ambigatus in his id agebegan to find the abundant population unmanageable. So heordere two vigorous ouilis, the fons os his si Ster Bellovesus an Segovesus by name, to ahe illi them me enough tomahe thei advent irresistibi to any eople, an to et orthio such abodes a the God should assign them by augury. ToSegovesus et the loom Wild os the Hercynian Orest; no
Sali Cat. 53 lacundia Graecos, gloria belli Gallos ante Romanos
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the redundant mantiood os si tribes of aut the Bituriges, Arverni Aedui, Ambarri, Carnutes, an Aulerci But henthe came ithin sight os the Alps, of whicli histor record nopreviou CrOSSing unleSS e re o regard Hercule a hiStorical, it is no onde is these me os the lains ere incline at rsito regar their hy-Clad summit as inaccessibie Just thenthe heard that there a War etween the Salyes an somestranger Who ad descende on thei coas froni sar-ois Phocaea seehin land whereon to fiunx city. Struch by the coincidence illi their Wia sate, the espoused the cause of the Strangers, ho ere thus nable to buit the ancient cit ofMarseille Aster his the found their a themselves ver the Alps, and descended in to the lain si Norther Italymea Turin. The Etruscans then occupie these regions, ut the auis deseate thei a Pon the Ticinus, here Hannibal ome Murcenturies later deseate the Romans. The leamin that thecountr in hicli the the were a called that of the Insubres, the halle the omen-sor his a the nam os ne of the cantons of the Aedui-and themselves Munde there anothersamous ity the Milan of to Jay to the Gauis it a Mediolanum havin the fame nam a clown in the countr of the Santoni Clos ei theaeelsis his sirsi and os invader came another illi the consent of Bellovesus These ere the Cenomani, unde thei leade Etito fius, ho occupie the paris Where Brixia an Verona aster Nard stood'. Aster his there was an immigration o Libui and of Salluvii, the alter the Same a the Salye at ready mentioned, ho establishe them-Selves o the bank of the Ticinus, ea the Laevi, nother hibeo Liguria origin These ere followed, ut at liat intervalos time e domo know by the Boii and Lingones, fio Struch
The Brixiani Galli os Liv xxi. 25, are the fame a the Cenomanios 55 op xxxii 3 in vicos Cenomanorum, Brixiamque, quod caput
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out a ne road sor them Selves, comin ove the Poenine Alpso the reat St. Bernard. Finding the Transpadane territoryal ready ill occupied they crosse the Padus in boats, and expelle not only the Etruscans ut also the Umbrians Domthei homes. The didiot however, come ouili os the Apennines Last os ali the Senones arri vexand stablished themselveso the coastis the Adriatic, rom the rive Uten o the orthio the Aesis, hich bounded them rom Picenum, ora the outh. Such is Livy's account of the passage of the aut into Italy v. 3ψ, 35). I has been attache of course What is there thathas notJ-but is, rejec it there is nothin belle to ut in
Meanwhile Rome, hichiadiso v been in existenc sor morethan three centuries and amat 'ad been usy in figlitin withher immediate eighbours, and ad neve made aequaintance with the auis. he had just merge triumphant rom herion struggle illi Veii, the Carthage os her radie, hena thunderboli seli ut os a clear hy. The story runs howevertha it a no without warning rom the Gods. For a humblecitigen, name Caedictus, hociived in the New Road hear at dea os night a voice hicli ad him, in more than mortaliones, go et the magistrates alie aut are coming. But the
insomuch that Camillus, the ne genera os the time, Was allowedio e sent into exile on om charge relatin to the potisos Veii. The Senones, ho ere the latest comer among the auis, were induce sor so me reason to attach Clusium L That ityhad held aloo stom helpin her sister Veii, an sor his meritshe no in her distres implore the id of the Romans Thelalter, instea os grantin assistance, Sent ambassadors to the Gavis, o divert them is possibie, by eacesia means Dona their
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purpose. Unsortunatet the ambasSadors hosen ere three hol-heade scion os a nobi house, the fons o M. Fabius Ambustus. in ling the Gaul not amenable to reaSon, heysought against them contrar to the la os nations and one of them, Quintus, te a Gallic Chies bes ore the Etrusca lines and was recogni Sed by the barbarians as e gathere the spolis. The more ser spirit among the Gauis iShe to march on Rome a once, ut the lder insiste that ambassadors houldfirstae sent. The Ling, Brennus, too care that these hould belli fines an mos commandin men e could eieci. The ambasSador demande the surrender of the Fabii, and the Roman sociar achnowledged thei sauit a to osse pecuniarycompenSation, hicli a rejected but the influence of the powersu Fabian ous was to Strong or justice. The Senate transferre thei responSibilit to the eople, and the eopte selected the three Fabii tribuni militum, along ith three others,sor the ensuin year 39 B. ), informing the Gallic ambassa- dors that the could not ahe an meaSure again St thei magiStrates, and that the must come nexi ear, is the stili sel angryabout the matter. The aut howeve came e re that, So that the Romans ad scarcet timeo meet them eleve mile osissinea therapol here the Alia flows into the Tiber. At thei firstonset the Romans fled like deer, and neglectin in thei panicthe delance of the ity, ound ameare refuge, moSt os them, at Veii Ont thoseolio ad forme the right in made forRome, here the thre themSelves into the Capitol. The Gaul nex da marche into the undefende cit through theope Colline Gate. e nee not ursu the well-known tale. It canae read With ali it romantic adjuncis in the picturesque pages os Livy. Suffice it to a that Rome was ache and bum to the ground The cachie of a goos then determinedili course of history. For is the Capito ha been alien in that night-attach hicli a Miled by Manlius Rome ould neverhave arisen rom iis ashes an is there ad been o Rome
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33 CAESAR 'S GALLIC VARno b havin a puret Celtic civiligatio in place of a Graeco-
Roman-Jewisti one-that is, is, were civili sed at all. Cainillus. The exiled Camillus, mare old, appearedin the scene in time
t fave Rome rom thecias degradation si in heroansomininold. With th id of the me of Ardea and of the Romans wholad se to Veii, he deseate the auis mi the ruin os the ity, and o the ollowiniday, eight miles is, o the oadto Gabii. ut thei numbers ad atready been decimate bydiseas contracte during their long Sta unde the burning Suno Rome amid the stilling ashesis a uine city. The had ottire os burying thei dea singly, and ad come at ast to
sion count sor much and this rude experience hicli the Roman had of the auis inspired them illi an enduring terror of these formidabie adversaries; ho, illi their giant limbs andiiuge eapons Seeme create so the destructio os me and
the devastationis cities Flor. i. ). The word tumultus which was especiali used of dange fro the Gauis is explainedb Cicero Phil. viii. Q p. Serv. on Verg. Aen. viii. I to e
a contractio sto timor multus. The derivatio is no more successsul than hos of the Ancient generally, ut it serves toillustrate ur potnt. When a tumulius' a proclai med noeXemption Do service ere allowe to hol good , ut allWho ished their country to e fas were bound to illo their generat This proclamation as ni made in the case of an
Italiani Gallic Me. Aster the disappearance of the Senones, Rome had res Domthe aut so twenty-three ear : ut in 36 B. c. the appeared again, an Camillus as appotnte to his fifth dictatorshi tocope illi them Thisi di successsully, and the enem Were dispersed into Apulia The veteran genera triumphe at theage of eighty, and die two ear later Liv. i. vii. I, App. V. I).
Vacationes non valebant, Cic. Phil. viii. Q D p. V. QI.
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the did not actuali mahe thei appearance illisve years late Torquatus 36 B. ), he T. Quinctius Pennus as appotnte dictator ' μ Liv. vii. 9 App. v. I). his, accordin to the bulli fauthorities, was the year in hicli the amous fight too placebetween T. Manlius Torquatus and the Gallic champion The Gauis ere perilousty ea Rome havin pitche thei camponi three miles is, o the Salaria Via beyond the bridge verthe Anio. Neither of the armies Would rea down the ridge, test the action houldie construexas a signis fear, ut eithercould hol it permanenti against the ther Then a gigantic Gaul stepped forti upo the ridge, and with insultingae StureS defied the raves of the Roman to meet hi in armS. The David o encounter his ne Goliath a Mund in OungTitus 2Ianlius, 'insma of the saviour of the Capitol, howas nomio ad the laureis os victor to the credit hichae hadalready on for his filia piet toward a severe ather. Byleave of the dictator e undertook o champlo the Romancause Protected by a Mot- soldier' shield, and iri illi a hortSpanisli mordit sor combat a close quarters, he advance tomeet his liuge antagonist, ho Stoo howlin and ancing onthe ridge. The Gaul, resse in a tartan-plai versicolori veste' and with arm embossed illi old, wun his laymore down illi a vast clatterin his opponent' shield, but the nimbieyouth Epped in unde his adversa 's arge, an stabbed imi the stomach ill e brought hi prostrate to the round. Thenae despolied him fit golde torques, and hande doWnthe nam os Torquatus to his posterity. That night the auisset bach o Tibur, and aster concludin an alliance illi themenis Tibur, retire into Campania. So nexi ear B. c. 36o the consul Poetelius Balbus te his Batilenear
' o mahe Liv consistent ii himself, ought to rea 'septem sor decem ' in vi. 42,4 6.
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4 CAESAR 'S GALLIC IVARos thei allies dictator, Q. Servilius Ahala, as appotnted, and the Romans fought thei savage oes ea the Colline a te unde the yes of thei Wives and children. Themauis erede aled, and too refuge in Tibur Liv vii. 11 App. V. ). Dese, 6 o ear later B. c. 358 an arm os aut came to Prae' 'V h neste, and then pitched thei camp ea Pedum se are toldei g. by Appia that the Se e re Boii, homi describes a the most bruti sit race among the Celis The dictator, C. Sulpicius,sought to ea them ut by Fabia tactic untii his oWn soldiersgre impatient at the tengili os time the were bella heptinwaysto thei homes. Force a lastri figlit, he stili supplementedunt ou i stratagem Me iresse u mules an muteteersas cavat ry, a Caesar id a Gergovia vii. 5, o) mahingthem appear at an opportune moment in the combat; andae surtheriade ach rank aster dis harginitis avel in together, sit down and et thos belli nil re ver iis head so that the enem ymight e verpo wered by a hower of eapons The resultwas a great Victory, Se condisnly to that o Camillus in renown. Repulge os Aster this 'es have an interva of ight years e re thee' 'μ' Roman Mare again disturbe by the auis plebeia consul. Popilliu M. Popillius Laenas, ad just been appotnte inraso, hen it
'en ' 'tis announce that a large army os Gauis ad pitche theircam in Latium. herillnes of his patricia colleague, L. Scipio Liv vii. 23 App. V. ), madesit neceSSar to entrusi the plebeianwith the defence of his colant ry He proceede cautiously, and began to sortis his caminon risin garound The impetuo sit of the auis e them to charge phili. But the triarii continue ltheir asti os digging, hile the lastati an principes drovehac the enemyrio the lain Here, Owever, the aut made stand, and the batile a goin against me Roman uiati theconsul, holadia his houlde almost run through,ith a piko, returne to the charge remindin hi me that the were notsightin against Italians ho might ecome thei allies, ut illi Wil beast that must sta orie lain. Then the Roman wedge
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liave come sto Sicily, ince the attention O Greece proper asthen occupi ex th the doing o Philip o Macedon musthave been a satisfaction to the wners of the Soli hen thesea-robber and the land-robber me in equa contest untii the retired, the ne to their hips and the the to thei campi notanowing hether the were beaten or VictoriouS. son of the reat Camillus a consul tht year, and the Combat omen of his nam prevented thes Senates stom appointinx i dictator ver im He encampe in the Pomptinus ager,' anda Gaul thinhing that the best Wayrio dea with the auis a to prevent them rom obtaining supplies It was here that that thercelebrate single combat too place etween a Roman anda Gaul, in hicli the young patrician, M. Valerius, helped, a the Stor runs by a raVen, o sor imself the urnam os Corvus o Corvinus The uel le on to a genera engagement in Whicli themauis ere des aled, and aster hicli they retirexto Apulia and the hores of the Adriatic. For a long time eaear no more of them Without actualty Roman
In 33 and again in 329 there as a salse alam o a Gallio tumuli. In the so e year a dictator as appotnted in thelalter, though his a no done so stringent acie F was held that even the mechanies ere calle out These incident illustrate the abidinidrea of the aut entenained by the Romans,
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a CAESAR 'S GALLIC VARwherea says that nex Io Me Galliis tumulis there a nouaces formidabie to the Romans a the Etruscans his alter The power, ndin their Wn territories invaded by the Gaul in 299 Etru Q Π avalle themselves of their ealtho procure the alliance os
th Gaul. thei invader ag,instuli Romans. The Gaul pocheted a large 'g j0β sum an gladi accepte the alliance but hen it came tomarchin against Rome the sal that the paymen the hadalready received was sor parin Etruria, ut that f the weret figlit illi the Etruscans the must be ive lan in their Ountry, here the might at ast rest rom thei Wanderings. The Etruscans howeve had more Gallic eighbour than theycare sor atready the aut marched os With thei gains. Combina Three ear later, in 296, a formidabie combination a gOtubi hi ho ' P against the Roman by the Samnite leader, Gallius Egnatius.
up He inducet the Etruscans and Umbrians o mahe common poti,itu CRUS With the SamniteS, and Gallic mercenaries ere also hired
emergeno A. Fabius and P. Decius Mus ere appotnte consul so the ensuing year 295) Thetars succes in this strugglewas scored by Gavis The Senones, hom e have lost sigillis, at leasti name, since the fac os Romemearly a centur besore, came in large numbers to Clusium, here L. Scipio a propraetor as in Command of a Roma legion Scipio, isti in tostrengtheniis position, re his orces uina hili, ut Mund the Summi in possession of the foe, and was ut o pieces illi althis en The new of the disaster a brought to the consuis, who ere at ready on their Wayrio Clusium by seeing the Gallichorsemen ridin by triumphant illi the head of their nemies si unifrom thei horses Chesis o carriedin thei SpearS. The unite forces os the enem assemblexnea Sentinum in Umbria, and thither the consuli sollowel them acros the Apennines. They agreed to dorm two campS, ne of the Samnites an Gauis, the other of the Etruscans and Umbrians. The Samnites an Gauis ere to engage illi the Romans, While the Etruscans and Umbrians ere to assai thei camp