De bello Gallico, books 1-7; according to the text of Emanuel Hoffmann, Vienna, 1890. Edited with introd. and notes by St. George Stock

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during the conflict. ut a movement, hich was ordered by the ConSutS, of tW pro-praetor upo Clusium recalled theatruscans to the delanceis hei homes, and the seem to have ahen the Umbrians illi them. In his Way the Samnites an Gauis vere est o do batile alone against the Romans Fabius, hocommande the right, referred, illi the warines of his great deScendant, O reServe hi Strength to the end considering that the Romans ad more stasn power than the Samnites, and

that themauis ere physicali incapable of earin tot and

commande the est, as ounge an more impetuOUS. e D ' u ''attache the auis illi a fur like their own. ut hen the Gallic ar-chariot came into play the thunder of their heelsdismayed the orses of the Romans, and thei panic-Strichen stampede carrie disorde among the legions. The batile asgoin against the Roman unti Decius, illi hereditar devotion, Summone the pontifex to consecrate himself and the enem to Earth and the spirit of the ead Then e rustie into thethichest of the Me and Mundieath and victor together.

In the year 289 a colony a sentiu to Sena Gallica, in the Colonycountry f the Senones, a sure sign that the Roman wer . 'x ψgetling the eiter of thei forme conquerors. Gallica. The Senones seem no to have been nominali in alliance Roman

a mercenarieS, thes Senate Sent ambassadors to complain os

thei conduci. Thei chi es, Britomaris, hos sather ad beensiain by the Roman when e was glitin for the Etruscans, Was turnini for revenge, and Ἀον Iam an Opportunit Osobtaining it He oo the ambassador in thei sacre robes and with the symbol of thei ossice, ut themo pie es, and flun out the fragments into the raelds App. iii. 6 civ. II). The Roman naturali declared war against the Senones, but at firs thei essoris eremo Successsul, so the praetor L. CaeciliuS,

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CAESAR 'S GALLIC VARwho had been consul in the precedin year, a flain by themalong illi his legion ut Roman retribution a no longdelayed. The consul P. Cornelius Dolabella, holad set ou kr Etruria, turne aside through the coianir of the Sabines and Picenum, and marched irato the and of the Senones 4rom hichthe bulli oscit natura defenders ere absent. Hereae te allthe adult males excepi Britomaris, ho was reserved for triumph, ensiaved the omen and child ren, and so devastated the countryas to rende it for the time ein uninhabitabie. The Senones in Etruria, ho eremo homeless, ere marching on Rome totali vengeance, hen they et in illi Domitius, the colleague

xyd Qt RV in me age-lon struggle belween Latin and Celt. Neve againdo the aut march with aight heari pon Rome Hencesorththe struggle illi upo Gallic soli, and the auis ill e the invaded, o the invaders. The Mundin os Ariminum in B. c. 268 Eutr. ii 16), jus belo the Rubicon, is a permanent sign os this turn of the tide But there is a long ut in the contest e re the Roman addres themselves to the tas os conquering the Cisalpine auis. The aut during this periodWere glad nough to e et alone, and the attentio of the

Dolabella Thicis the order of the evenis accordis to Liv. Epit. I and St. Aug. C. D. iii I7, though not accordindito Polybius. This was stili calle 'Italian Gaul in the time of Appian vii. 8, ad fin. .

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the Ligurians The Ligurians eremo GaUlS, ut the appea against theto have been losely ahin to them, an at allisVent the Vere h.' 16hhos connected with them sor many a year in resistance to the Roma therargi invader The Gauis, ho ad restat ne stom molestin the ' Romans at the time that the were engaged With Pyrrhus and the Carthaginians, o began to tremble M their Wn Sasely. The Summone their countrymen rom acros the Alps tothei assistance, ut at rs the seli ut, an even came obloWS, With the new-comers. his a i 236. In the followin year the temple scianus as close for the rs time Since the eign os Numa. In 233 the amous Q. Fabius IIaximus, ho was the so the rs time consul, Celebraten a triumph ver the Ligurians. At ast in 225, the Cisalpine Gavis accomptished thei purpos os bringin a formidabie armiyos thei Transalpinearethren to assis them against the Roman S. BUt Rome a no to stron sor a Gallic tumuli. A dictator a not appotnted though immense levie Were made, inSOmuch that he historia Fabius, horaim sei served in that campaign estimate the whole orce that the Romans ad ready so thei delance at omething the oo,oo men'. The Gaul achieve some successes, and vere retirin With their boot when the consul Aemilius Papus inflicted a crushin deseat upo them Then emilius verran the territor of the Boii an reduce them to submission Not content illi these SucceSses, the Romans no attache the Insubres. In 223 C. Flaminius, then in his sirs consulfhip te a Roman armyla therars time acros the o. In spite of the essoris of hisari Stocrati opponent to annui his consulfhip i mean os

Polyb. i. Eutr. iii 5 Plin. N. H. iii θ 38. his statementincludes the reserves. Liv Epit. Eo bello populus Romanus Sui Latinique nominis trecenta millia armatoriam habuisSe dieitur.'

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CAESAR 'S GALLIC VARMarcellus; a in the spolia opima.

tionis Placentiannd

Cremona.

the auspices, e carrie through a successit campaig and celebra ted a triumph by sole grace os the eople. The solioWin year B. c. 222 is a noticeable ne in theannals of the Gallo-Roman wars. The consul Claudius Marcellus, te With his own and Viridomarus' the eader of the Insubrians, an asterward dedicate the spolia opima,' Whichme carried in his triumph siungi a polemve his Should ery, to Romulus R. When the chie was dead Mediolanum, the capitalos the Insubres, fel by assauit, an event hicli a MiloWed by the submission of the whole tribe. ut more important eVentha this a the Mundinii the fame ear of the two coloni e Sos Placentia an Cremona, the lalter of whicli asin the furtherbanti os the Padus. The varyinisortunes of the Se two utPOStS

mar the rise an sal of the id o Roman dominio in Cisalpine aut Liv. Epit et o Veli Pal. i. 14,4 8 .

V e have no reache the period hen Hannibal is o his marcii into Italy. The Gavis arei the tip-to os eXpectation, hopin to in in him that salvation hicli the had in alneXpected rom their W countrymen beyond the Alps. In the dispositio of their orces made by the Roman to receive him, weaeario of ue province of Gaul Liv xxi. Ir, i), to hichthe praetor Manlius as appotnted with two Roman legion anda large contingentis allies. When the Roman ambassadorsi ho ad been sento Carthage aster the sal os Saguntum, ere o their Way Ome to Italy the reception the met illi in Transalpine Gaul was not

Viridomarus, Flor. i. o Virdomarus, uir iii. ci calle by tui.

Ac triumphans Marcellus spolia Galli stipiti imposita humeris suis vexit, Eutr. iii. 6. Verg. Aen. i. 859 tertiaque arma patri suspendet capta Quirino.'Vergit is more exact here than the historians ho talk of these arm asbein dedicate to Iupiter Feretrius, at east is, may trus Servius onAen. i. 859. Who says that the spolis ahen by Romulus ere dedicated toJupiter thosea Cossus to Mars, and these las by Marcellus to Quirinus

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en Ouraging. It was the custo of the barbarians to comearme into councit This might of itfel be disconcerting opeacem enuoys; ut hen the ambassadors, dwelling on thegreatnes of the Roman Empire, proposed to the aut thatthey hould resus a pasSage t Hannibal, the equest a met

by the magistrates an elders. ere the auis to dram destructio on their own homes o bellat o a nation homere expellin me of their ac fro the sol of Italy, o else

subjecting them to tribute and ther indignitiei It was notatili the reache thei allies a Massilia that the Roman ambasSadors et illi an sympathy. Here the were old that themind of the aut hau been preoccupiedi Hannibal, ut thathe was o lihelyrio in them ver tractabie, unies thei chiesswer plied rom time to time illi old Liv xxi et o). Hannibalmas himself aware of this, and bought a re passage rom them, When the assemble a Ruscino to bar his Way saying that, is the would allo him, he would no dra the word unti hereached Italy. his promise he heptin v et ache could Butis the aut hadiso causera love the Romans the had goodreason to ea Hannibal, who ad just been subduin theirneighbours in Spain. Accordingly lienae reached the Rhonelie found the natura dissiculties of rossin that rapi riverincreased by a crow of howl in barbarians o the far anh, Who ere ancin and shahing their hield ove thei headswith the lestiand an brandishing their eapons in the right. These ere the Volcae Arecomici, ho had despatred os holding thei land on theriar si de of the Rhone, ut thought that illiste id of the stream the might mahe good the ear One. The were disiodged however, eing ahen in the rear by Hanno the son o Bomilcar, ho ad been sent to cros therive secreti at a potnt twenty-sive miles hi glier p. Aster his, Hannibal et illi no surther oppositio sto Gaul S, exceptamong the wil tribes of the Alps. horti aster rosSing the Rhone e was et by nvoys rom the Boii, illi thei chie

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CAESAN'S GALLIC IVARRevolt of the Boii

Iagalus xvlio unde riooh o uide him ver theolps, and who exhorted in to reserve ali his strength sor Italy, inste ad os attaching Scipio, ith whoSe cavali y-SOme Os Whom ere them-selves Gauls-he had just ad a skirmisti on the antis os the Rhone. Pursuing thei advice, Hannibal marche inland untilli came to the country os the Allobroges between the Rhone and the sere. Here he was called pon o arbitrate in dispute so the throne belween two brothers, hichae decidedi savour os the lder, Brancus, ho a the legitimate laimant, and was Supported by the Senate and chiess. In re turn or his service he was supplied by the Allobroges illi provision sorhi troops and Clothing, hich Was speciali opportune in ieWof the old ourne bes ore hi m. Meanwhile the mere news that Hannibal ad rosse the Ebro, hicli a brought to Italy by IIassilia enuoys, Wasenough to stir the Boii an Insubres to revolt, o hom

Cremona an Placentia ere a thorn in thei fide. Some Roman land- commiSSioners, o Roman ambassadors-it is not

certain hich-who ad sed sor refuge to Mutina distrustingili strength o Placentia, ere calle out to a conserene and treacherousi seiged by the auis. The praetor Manlius has- tene to retiove Mutina and avenge his utrage, but indignationrendere hi incautious, an he was very roughi han die ontiis Way by the auis, hocia in ambusti soraim in the oodswhicli then hirte the oad. It was illi dissiculty that he reached the village os Tannetum nea the Padus, here, ein able o obtain supplies by riverand aided by the Brixian auis, he protected himself by a temporar sortification against a dati increasin multitude of theenemy. His position cause so much anxiet a Rome thata ne levy was made by the consul, an a Secon praetor, C. Atilius, en to his relies illi ne Roma legion and 5,ooo of the assies, who reache Tannetum Without misadventure. Shorti asterward the wo praetors ere supersede in their command by the consul P. Cornelius Scipio, ho arrive at

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was illi his arm os a recruit that Scipio me Hannibal onthe TicinUS. Both Scipio an Hannibal encourage thei men es ore Combat ofengain in combat, ut it S the mode of Xhortatio em otiiVhi b ployed by the alter that alone concern us here. Perhaps Hannibalii as Hannibar Semitic in that madeat addi es himself, after the maniae of the old Hebre propheis to the ye e reli appealed to the ear Havin calle his arm round him hese in thei midsi ome of themauis ullo ad been ahen in the mountains. Then e puto them the solio in propoSal

of theiriwn condition, and that the to muS Conque o die . The effect of Scipio' ill-succes o the Ticinus Soon ad Digassec-

A similar tornis tot o Miltiades, with this disserence, that it Was combat galli gallinacei, notis human Galli, that he et e re the Athenians at the Panathenaica See Philo ii 466 Q. O. P. L. I9.

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tietween Rome and Carthage.

Flaminius flain by

Ducariu at Trasimene. Postumius

and his

destroyed by the Boii.

os the pennines, he ould e les exposedo attach Dom

The Gaul as a Whole id oin Hannibal, illi the single exception os the Cenomani Liv. xi. 55, ), though thos in

the immediatem ighbourhood os the Roman army, etween the Trebia and the Padus, besought the assistance of the Romans against the soragers hom Hannibal a sendin against themi impatience at their no comin ove to him. ut hen the Gaul realised that the immediate effect of the presence of their ne ali mas no that the Should join, a the expected inpiunder, ut that their own territories hould be ad the eato war and e crushed by havin to suppor the armies of both sides in their inter-quarters, thei animosit Was turned againfroin the Romans against Hannibal The lis of the Cartha ginta commander a at this time in such dange that he hadio have recolars to disguis in orde to protect imself against assassination. ut the inabilit to combine, hici has alWaysforme the weahnes of the elis, o prove os service to Hannibal; for, hen ne hiestat lai a plo against im, it ould e betrayexto hi by another. It was his prosound dissatisfactio of the auis, hom it was Hannibar potio toliumour, that suggeste his premature attempto cros the Apennines an ledo his reti rement into Liguria aster iis saliure. In the ollowin year A. c. 217 Flaminius o the fata fieldo Trasimene at the penalty for his victories ver the Gauis. For in the press flatile an Insubrian knight named Ducarius recognising the consul, and shouting ut Mol here is the Stayer of ur Countrymen ' ut spurcio his orse, chargedat hi through the throng, and after irs cuttin down his armoUr-bearer, tercedaim vitii his lance. But a more renchant revenge a enjoyed Soon sterwardsby the Boii. The ear of Cannae B. c. I 6 had not et unout hen Rome a strichen illi the new of another disaster. L. Postumius Albinus ha been assigne Gaulis his province,

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and was stili car in on operations in the northis Italy, henhe was electe consul in his absence so the ear 2I5. The Gavisano vin that he was bout o pas through a vast OOd. the Silva Litana, had cut the tree o both sides of the Way, Soas justo leave them standing. The when the army, hichamounte to 25,oo men, includin allies, ad entere thewood, the turring barbarians-so at eas the tor runS-gaVe pvsh to the utermoSt trees, hicli, communicatin the impulset the est, brought destructioni man and beast. The auis then rushed in an despalched the s vivors, o that carcelyten men scaped. Postumius himself fel figlitin desperately. His hul was chased with gold and deposite in the mos holytemple of the Boii, hos priest thereaster oured thei libations sto it at hi gh festivais, and drank ut of the ea ofa Roman consul. The Senate deliberatet postpone thei ven-geanc untii the were qui of the more formidable nemy, Withwhom Rome asino loched in a dealh-Struggle. This is the last that e ear of independent action O the Causes of par of the aut against the Roman during the a With ,-h rbs Hannibal Their quiescence may be accounte so by tW the auis cauSes, firSt, that o many of thei fighting-men ere Way ' lis

Servin a mercenarie unde the Carthaginians secondi y that Hannibal. thOS Who remainexa home ere overawed by the force hichwas hept in their country by the Romans Durin ali the longand desperate Struggle illi Hannibal the Romanari on aut Was neve relaxed. standinisorce of two Roma legions and a large bod os allies Was hept u in the country, and year Iear a praetor a sent to Ariminum, hich was the Roman basis os operations against aut Liv. xviii. 38 13). Meanwhile it a not ni in Ital that the Roman Mundiauis the rank of thei opponent swelle by Gavis Me read that ης in mi one os n. Scipio' many victories in Spain the poli tahen against theconsiste chiesi os the goiden nechlaces an bracelet of the ψη RR' Gauis, and that two note chie stain os thei race, Ioenia- coeptu an Vismarus, ere est dea o the eld Liv xxiv.

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were servin the Carthaginians a mercenaries, a the had done during the firs Punic War App. V. 3; i. ).IIasdrubal A there had been a stir in the Gallic ori When Hannibal Cy0ξῆς xl, passed into Italy so there was again hen his brother Hasdrubal sollowed in his Moisieps. e came into France et provided illi gol to procure auxiliaries among the reed soldier offortune illi hom the country as warming. The Arverni and ther tribes received ii savoui ably, and many of them joine his standard. The Alpine tribes offere him no oppo

an enterpris in hicli Hannibal ad alle besore him aster his victor at the Trebia Aster abandoning the siege te despalched ur Galli and wo Numidian horsemen to his rother illia lette in hichae arrange to meet hi in Umbria Theseadventurous rider travelle the whole tength o Ital Without arrestranti the fel into the and of the Romans ea Taren-His deseat tum. The interception of thei despatches inspire the consul δ' ς' ' Claudius Nero illi a bol design. Leavin the army, Withwhich he had been Leepin Hannibal in chech, the Same in appearance a bes ore, he withdre Secretly illi the flower os his sordes and thre himself into his colleague's camina Sena. But Hasdrubal s Wary ye perceived a Wor loo about Some of the Roman hields, hici he had not notice besore, anda eannes about the horses. When his suspicions os an increaseo number ha been confirme by learning that the signa hadbee twice ounde in the conSur camp, he endeavoured tosti away rom his nemi es a night but, tosin his uides in the dark, he wandere in unknown ways, unti the Romansbrought crushin destruction pon his ire sorces, hici hehimself disdaine to survive Never illiso had Cannae been