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that were sed against im, an impresse his countrymen by the display of some Capture flaves, hom e passed is a Romansoldier compelle by famine to leave the camp. These Captives Were made to a that Caesaria determine to draw of his armyin three days, is his operations ere o successsu in the intervat. The result was that the Gaul thre Io, O men, iched ut Domati thei forces, into the beleaguerediity, to assis the inhabitant in the delance of this all- important pOSt. Aster his the lege a pressed it great vigou by the Romans an resiste by the Gauis illi a skill an gallanim that
sion et re o by the defender at night an a determine sal lymade; ut the efforis of the aut prove in the en unavai ling. The would have est the city, a Course to hicli the were enco uraged by Vercingetorix, ad the no been topped by the women, hoSe hout reveale thei intention to the Romans Atlast the walis ere mounte by the esieger during a torm and the inhabitant puto indiscriminate laughter. ut of O, OSCarcelyram es cape to the campis Vercingetorix. ut the credito the Gallic eade was en hance rather than impatred by this disaster ascit a clearly traceable to the neglecti his Counseis. He even prevalle upo the auis to undergo the labouri sorti-wing thei camin an his forces ere oon repatred by fresi levies an ne alliances, in particula that of the Nitiobriges, a tribe occupying the district o the right an of the Garonne, here
Aster recruitin his arm for a se day on the ample supplies whicli e so undis Avaricum, Caesar a meditat in a regularcampaign, sor hicli the season adiso come, hen his attentionwas distracted by an embassy rom the Aedui, ho egged hi in tosetile a dispute etwee two laimant for the hie magistraCy, whic threatene to iunge the state in civit,ar. In orde to dothis the Proconsul wen to Decetia Decige o the outhem hordero the Aedua territory, a the law of the Aedui id not alloisthei chie magistrate to leave the Counita Caesar ound that Convictolitavis ha been dul elected by the priesis, and compelled his opponent Cotus to resim. When his bus iness ad beendes palched Caesar sent Labienus illi Mur legion against the Senone and Parisii, an himself marche with si against the
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opposite banli, o prevent the Roman genera fro Con Structingone fortim self Caesar howeve manage to evade the vigilance
of his antagonis by hiding tw of his legionii a ood, hile hesen o the ther Mur, o welle out by Captives a to resemblethe whole number, in orde to dra the enem aster them. ne
of the old ridges, of whicli the piles ere stili standing, a Soon repatres the res of the arm rejoined the commander-b a night march, a Dio Cassius xl. 33, telis us-and the whol force was transporten to the est bank. When Vercingetorix ound that he had been utwitted he hastened by force marches o Gergovia an established his campis the eight nea the to n. aeSarsollowed more leiguret an reache the place sive day aster his
disiodged the garrison stoma illis the oot of the mountain whicli illisit authorities are agree in regardin a L Roche Blanche , and establishe two legion there in a malle Camp, whicli e connected with the original ne by two renches I feet
ha the effect of shutting of the enem sto the Augon the onlyStream n the ouili fidem Gergovia, and a the fame time limit ingthei Deedomi foraging. While Caesar a thus occupie a Gergovia, the Aedui erebein drawn into the nationa movement. Convictolitavis adbeeniri bed by the Arvernians and ad concerte a plot illi someyOun nobi emen, hie among homoere Litaviccus an his brothers. It was arrange that Litaviccus hould have the command of IO, O Mot-soldiers ho ad been demande by Caesarseo the Aedui 34, I), and that his rothers hould urta in advance to Caesar. When his orce a within hirt miles of Gergovia, Litaviccus informed the men that ali the Aedua nobili ty,
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includin Eporedorix Viridomarus, an his own brothers, adbeen ut o death by Caesar on a charge os communicatin withthe Arvernians. This assertio was at once belleved, and Some Roma Citigens ho ere it the orce ere tortured o death, the m having made u iis in tocioin Vercingetorix. Meanti melio eve Eporedorix, ho was alive and well, ad informe Caesar of the desim, and the energeti Proconsul a down pon themwit Dur legion and ali his Cavair be re the had advancedive miles surther Litaviccus ed illi his persona followers to Gergovia, hile the Aedui thre down thei arm and hegged formercy. Aster allowin his soldier three ours' est a night, Caesar egan his march bach He was et bout at way bymessenger fro Fabius, ho ad been est in command to tellhim that the campia been attached in force durin his absence. This news increased the alacrit of the men, and these indomitable campaigner arrive in Campaefore sunrise, havin accomptished
Though Caesar had atinc sent essenger to the Aedui to tellthe ho he had spare thei men, yet thecli spread by Litaviccus had atready done iis Wota The propert o Roman citigens hadbeensiundere and themgelves ensiave or eventilled. A militarytribune, L Aristius, ad been rought ut unde a sala-Conductiso Cabillonum Chalon-sur-Saone along illi the Roman mer-chant in the own, and then attache o the way. The partydefende themselves illi vigou and were unde siege night and Jay, hen a Sudde Change a cause in the demeanour of the Aedui by the news that hei men ere in Caesar' power Thestate no took very mean to exculpate iself, ut o many persons ere implicate to allo of the public repentance eingsincere. Caesar a wellis are that his ancient allies ere leav- in him, an his ne anxiet now was o get awaydrom Gergovia an effect a junction illi Labienus. Some appearance of SucceSs against the enem besore he went ould mali his retrea look lessithe a ight. An opportunit for his Seeme no to preSentitselfo payin a visit to the malle cam Caesar a Surpri sed to
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the auis ould e preti nearly Complete, and hau in be Omeaware of this, the were o busti engage in securin i against attach. Caesar playedipo thei Pars by a Dint of attachin thispoint, hile his rea object was to capture the Camps of the enemy. With his vi eruae transferre his me a secreti a possibi stomthe large to the malle Camp, an hel them in readines o the levet ground beneath it, hi Ch a Ilo paces in a traight linefro the walis of Gergovia, under hi Ch ere the camps of the defenders. Aster impressing pon his ossicer the necessit os heeping the men et in and Caesar gave the signa to Stari, at the fame time deSpatch in the Aedui by another ascent on theright. The oldier started illi alacri ty, Cleare a ali si laethigh. hic haad bee drawn along the illside half-way up carried three of the Camps in a moment, and just misse capturin Teutomatus, in of the Nitiobriges, ho ad been talain a si est in his tent. This appearance of Victor Was exacti what Caesar ante togive a Certa in clatrio his departure. He ounde a recali, hichwas obeyed by the Oth legion, hicli as unde his personalcommand But the res of the legion were by this time beyondcontrol. The made a rus for the to a Centurion and three privates actuali mounte the walisa the omen egan to entreat D merey, and Some Ven to Surrende them selves to the oldier :hut thei natura defender ha by this time been summone by the ho ut ing, and the Roman were repulse With great loSs, heirpani hein increased by the appearance o the scene of the Aedui, hom the mistoo sor a resti od of enemies. Al that
Caesar could do was in Some mensure to proieci thei retreat. 7O men, o whom 46 were Centurions, eredos that day.
Such is Caesar' account of the batile of Gergovia, hich was the reat triumph of Vercingetorix, and whic to this da is regarde a a nationa glon by the descendant of the auis. There seem nothin intrinsicali improbabie in Caesar' having destre to alae the camps, hile he id not deem it advisable toassauit the ity aut even his armes supporter, Napoleon III,
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imone of thei temples, hicli the declare to e a trophy onsrom Caesar Caesar, he adds, only smile when e sa it there, an refuse to have it talae down. Servius Commentin Onthe passage in Vergil Aen. i. 743ὶ, here Tarchon renches Venulus fuit armed rom his horse, says that the incident is taliensrom history for that he hin happene to Caesar he he was figlitin in Gaul. ut ne of the enem recogni Sin hi as hewas ein carrie away b his antagonist, houted ut Caesar, Caesar,' hic in Gallic means te hi mino, an he was letio. This stor is gi ven to us o the authorit o Caesar himself in his Dia emeris), here e is diuelling on his own good fortune Even is there is an truth in the narrative, there is no Particular reason for assigniniit to this occasion, beyon the factthat Caesar a undoubtedi no a thecio est eb of his fortunes. The Roman genera no carried ut his intention o leaving Gergovia an directed his marchooward the Count of the Aedui. The enem di not urgue, an he rosse the Allier byrepatring Some of the brohen ridges. Here e was informed by Viridomarus and Eporedorix that Litaviccus ad set ut illial the cavair so the Arvernians it ould appear to gain verthe state to the si de of the rebel S. It was neceSSar for them, the Sald, o go in advance illi a vie to counteractin his desi s. Caesar Charge them to remin thei Counttamen os his services and et them go. e ma Surmis that the tookwith them themo, o infantG. The ast in with the Aedui wasnOw napped There a aclown in thei territor calle Noviodunum, hi clici generali identitie with Nevers. Here Caesar hadles the hostage fro Gaul, a wel as Orn, money, OrSOS, and Stores of War generat ly. The Aedui flew the guard of this depotan possesse themSelves of the poli. Thei nexi te was toendeavou to prevent his passage of the Loire, hic was Wollenby nowS. ut Caesar a to quic for them an crosse therive by a ford here the water an reas hi gli. O the righthan he obtaine abundant supplies of cor an Catile, and, hau in replenished his arm with these, he directed his march
Meanwhile Labienus, ithout havin suffered a repulse, lihe the
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Agedincum Sens), o guard the aggage, and ad advance with his Mur legions pon aris, hich was the confine to the standi the eine, o whicli the Cathedra os Notremam no standS. He probabi followed the est an of the Yonne an Seine Onhis way he ound himself confronte by an id an experien edgenerat, Camulogenus the Aulercan who ad been entruste Withthe Command of a large army, and who by availin himself of the natura barrier os a marsh, ad the further progress of Labienus in his directio impossibie. The marsh in question is Supposed by Napoleon III o have been forme by the ESSOnne, near heret florus into the eine at Corbeil. At ali evenis it a above Paris an belo Melun. For Labienus ad ahidnight marchiacito Melun Seire Some fift vesseis surpri sed the own, hich like Paris as on an fland of the eine, repatre a ridge hicli the
appri sed of this manceuvre the burn Paris an cut the brieges. Just at this time Labienus ear o Caesar' ill fortune illi addition due o Gallic imagination. The Bellovaci too em tothreaten himself. His ne destre heresor no was to et achio his base at Agedincum But he had ut himselfin the wrongbank of the eine or his present purpose, ein expoSed to an attac sto the Bellovaci, an heing hut ossa that rive itself before it junction illi the Yonne), sto the oin at hicli hewas alming. It was true that Camulogenu an his arm were onthe lest anti, but omethin must e righed, and Labienus determine to glit them But o cros the rive in face of theenemn This as accomptished by an elaborate ruSe, herebyLabienus, hil malain a Dint of rossin above Paris towardsMelun reatly Conveyed his arm acros at a potnt mur miles belowhi Camp. Camulogenus an his arm Were ut o pieCe astera Stubbom resistance, Labienus pichedipiis baggage an reserves at Agedincum and oine Caesar illi ali his orces at ome potnt whichias no been mentioned. O the defectio of the Aedui the war asSume large propor
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u sed them to coerce averers. Their own sense of thei services was o Teat that the clat me the supreme command as against
Ariovistus. ut in counci os ali aut hel a Bibracte thenationa hero a confirme in his positio by a unanimou voleo the eo ple He urgue his id tactic o avoid in a generalengagement an t in to Starve the Romans ut of the Country, but at the fame time e supplied them illi an additiona motive so leavin by organi ring attach upo the Province TheSe ereresiste parti by the provinciat them selves an parti by Lucius
llis cousin. The Proconsul imself, loched by the aut homCommunication illi the Province an Italy, ought id homheyon the Rhine, an rein force himself,ith that mixe cavat ryan insanir of the Germans, hic he regarde a So effective. Acting on the principi o assigning the est instruments to thebes performers, Caesar substitute the horse of his own ossicers for the oorer animal that these allies ad rought illi them. The success hi chlawaited hi may be trace in great measure tot his iece of wisdom, incem subsequent Critica occasions it was the Germans ho decide the late of the day. One of the mos remarhable things in the stor of the Gallic aris the surpris in tum os fortune that no follo ecl. Caesar as infuli retreat to the Province bein sonae here o the borde belween
Champagne an Franche Comte 66, ), When Vercingetorixencampe irith in te miles of him. o Confident ere the auis in the superiorit of thei cavat ry that the night bound them-Selves by a Solemn vo noto retum to thei homes ill theyhad id de twice through the rank of the enemy. NevertheleSs, the Galli Cavala were ulteri deseated chiefl by the id of the Germans, an Vercingetorix, des patring of holding the eld, huthimselfi in the hill-fortres of Alesia. Is we ad an certain clue to the localit of this las batile, es hould have ome round to go on rom the ex of the ommentarie in determining the si te of Alesia Ascit is, emni knowthat o the da aster altero die, 68 et a batile hich too placein the territor of the Lingones Caesar pitched hi campini Alesia. Napoleon III mahes ut the batile to have taken place o the Vingeanne, ea Longeau; ut his is pure conjecture an is ut o Leeping illi his own sar eiter rounde vi e that Alesia is
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batile is 63 hilomδtres rom Alise so that he is oblige in
the eeth of at Latini sis to tali altero die a meaning ot thenex day,' ut the secon da aster. I therelare there erenone ut textua evidence, it might e dissiculi to decide etweenthe confictin claim for the honour of identit with Alesia pulso ard by the supporter of AEge-Sainte-Reine in Burgund and of Alai ge-les-Satin in Franche Comte. ut the ControverS maynow e considere to have been setiled by the spade in favour of the forme place. When the ver stimuli 73, 4), whicli Caesar fixe in the ground to incommode the read os unwar antagoni StS, have been clu uino the spo an are to e seen in the Museumat alni-Germain Salle III, Vitrine 26, ), hat is there est for the mos captious Criti to objeci, excepi indeed that in thecourse of two millennium someone besides Caesar may have employed like instrument so the fame or a different purposed Caesar describes his oubie lines at Alesia, hereb he at nee hemme in the eglege arm an protected himself rom an attach Do without, illi a minutenes in hicli e sel domindulges excepi lienae get o his favourite topi os en neering. We ma notice in passing that these doubie lines ere nota noveli in Roman wariare, ut ad been employe at the si egeo Capua in B. C. Ι2, during the war it Hannibal Appian, viii. 37). At an early Stage of the operations a Cavair engagement took place in the lain des Laumes, hi Ch was again decide against the Gaul by the strennii and valour of the Germans Aster his, the investment not eing et complete, Vercingetorix sent wayliis cavair by night to thei respective states it instructions torous the whole Counttario his deliverance illi in the hirt daysduring hicli e expected hi provision to last. His Countrymen responde to his cali, o indeed by the universa leu sor hichhe had asked, hicli the thought wouldie unmanageable but byample contingent Domiti Severat stateS. ut thei coming was delayed beyond the time expected, and the O,OO men hut up in Alesia ere reduce to such extremittes that the turned ut the Mandubii, o hom theoown elonged, leavin them to peris libetween the cit and the ines, hil in a Counci of war a Chies Critognatus recommende that the figlitin men hould see on
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Roma lines both Dom ithi an stom ithout The figlit asa furious ne a both si de fel that the supreme liouria Come, the ne opin for liberty the ther sor an end of thei labours.
There ere two potnis here the Roman suffere moS SeVerely, Cne a in the circumvallation, and was that attached by Vercas-Sivellaunus, the the wa in the counte vallation, here it an verthe eighis, possibi on the lopes o Mont Flavi my. Herea desperate effori a made by the est ege to rea through. Caesar Sent Labienus illi si cohoris to the relie of the two legion solio ere illi dissiculi guarding the firSt oint, and repelle the assallant at the secondi firs sendin Brutus, then C. Fabius, and lastly goin himself,ith res Succours. No oonerwere the enem drive bac here than a meSSage came rom Labienu that he was bout o mahe a Sally, a Cours that he hadbeen authorised by Caesar to tali in caseis need. Caesar hurried
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Roman Cavair appeare in the rear of the enemy, hile resti Cohoris ere Seen advancin to the attach. The the auis fled, and the rout a goon turne into a Carnage. It was ni the wearines of the Roman that est furvivorso return to their
1h6Groa QUIETA Gallia Caesar, ut constituerat, in Italiam ad 1 66 CODVentUS gendo Proficiscitur. Ibi cognoscit de Clodii
Duritio Caede, de CnntUS UC ConSUlto certior factus, ut omnes C es x' iuniores Italiae coniurarent, delectum nota proVincia
Gaulsilo habere Stituit ae re Galliam Transalpinam a ς ς0J00 celeriter perferuntur Addunt ipsi et iungunt rumoribus Galli, quod res poscere Videbatur, retineri urbano motu CaeSarem neque in tantis dissensionibus ad Xercitum Venire posSe Hac impulsi ocCasione, qui iam ante se populi Romani imperio subiectos dolerent, liberius atque audacius de bello consilia inire incipiunt. Indictis inter se principes Galliae Conciliis silvestribus a remotis loci queruntur de Acconis morti posse hunc caSum ad
1. o. o Clodii cascto. Veli coniuraron in 'iurandi causa Pat ii 47, Quo tempore P. Clo convenirent in C. iii Io 2 6 2. diu a Milone, candidato consulatus, ctelectum Flor 45. Dia exemplo inutili facto salutari reipub- aberat tune Caesar Ravennae di-
licae, circa Bovillas, contracta ex lectum agenS.'occurSu rixa iugulatus St.'