De bello Gallico commentarii

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both in front and rear, vii. 76. 6. diutius ut, 6. 1 n. aueri, Helvetii; a1teri, Boii et Pulingi. 2. nam I say, se receperunt, contulerunt, nos fugerunt, forthroughout this batilo no ono AaW an ene 'A bach. ' RVersum ustientem. hora septima, the day Was dividod into tWolvo equat horae, from Sunrise to sunset, in Auch a manner that the seventi, would begin about noon. 3. ad multam noctem, 22. 4 n. pro vallo carros: the Gaula as the Germans, iv. 14. 4ὶ piled up their baggage-Waggons to SerVe RS a rumpari, and here, during the figlit, stored the wOmen and child ren, Who, according to Plutarch, C. Ι 8, Were massaered: a faut whicli C. very natural ly omiis to state. The immense carnage may be Eeen irom C. 'A own account bycomparing the number of the furvivors, g 5, With that olfhose Who Atarted, 29. 2. subiciebant, opposed to conicere e loco superiore. The spei ling 8ubiicio, coniicio is incorrect, the Romans disti hing the coming together of ii. matara mαιαris, materis), a Gallio pike, hurled by the han d; Liv. 7. 24. 3, consul laevo umero mαtari prope traiecto, ce88erat eae αcie. Theti α9uἰα cp. V. 35. 6, 48. 73, in uae also among the SpaniardS, Was SWung by a Strap. 5. die quarto, irom the day of batile rechoning inclusively. The distanes Was about 60 Roman mitos, ior Whicli this time, considering the many hindrances of the march, WaA not OVerlong. The exact selli Oi batile is not precisely known, butit was certainly east oi Bibracte, not west as Napoleon thought. 6. Lingonas. The Greeli accusative is used in the names of Gallic tribos, as in Allobrostas i. 14. 3, Vii. 64. 7; Beli. C. iii. 63. 5; Atrebαtαs viii. 7. 4; Curiosolitαs ii. 34. 1, iii. 7. 4; l αε, Beli. C. i. 35. 4. nuntios ...1Marent, i V. 19. 2; Beli. Cis. i. 9. 3 ; literas mi8it...ut discederent. The Eubstantive and verb nuntios misit) simple Verb. qui ...hauiturum. The relative is drawn into the subordinato clauso instead oi boingattached to tho principat verb habiturumin and supplying iis objeci, Whicli thereiore is here omitted. Cp. 44. li, qui nisi

both numero and in numero cp. 28. I With vi. 6. 33, both honore and in honore scp. v. 54. 4 With Beli. C. i. 77. 2ὶ.27. 2. iussisset. The subject is suddenly changod as at

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b6longod to the Province,' Intr. , P. Xi. 5. egregia Virtute erant, Ι 8. 3 n. Boios, accusative, affer collocαrent; note the oriter. petentibus Aeduis, ablative absolute. They Were anxious to strengthen themselves by the ingraffing of this Warithe tribe. concessit, granted theirrequeSt, ' absolute. Postea, as they are mentioned vii. 9. 6, 10. Ι) as dependent on the Aedui, this equaligation must havebeon a result oi the pars they took in the Vercingetorix cam-Ρaign, and the present note SubSequently added, In tr. Ρ. XXXi. 29. 1. 11tteris Graecis, but nos in the Greeli longue, V. 48. 4 ; Vi. 14. 3 n. qui numerus m quot, nos ratis numeri qui. pueri, etc. : C. has in his mind'A eye a predicate such as were gruen in the census, ' lienee the case. mulieresque. In Euch enumerations et must be used With each subst. or Withnone, but que osten couples the last two; iv. 14. 2, Beli. C. ii. I. I, α99erem, vineα8 turreSque. 2. rerum. C. is fond of using res for the Simple pronoun, hero even os persona ; in the enumeration os large numberstho idoa oi individual personali ty VaniShes.

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iv. 12. 1 n. The aorist gives the result of the counting summa erαt, the amount Which gradually mountest res the countingWent On. al, 4. 2n.; Liv. XXii. 41. 2, ad mille et septingenti. 30.-Ι. Galliae, i. e. , Κellio Gaul, to Whicli tho Holvotii bolonged; I. 1 n. 2. tametsi is used four times by C. in books i. -vii., always With tolloWing tamen. He1Vellorum ... Romani, Minflictod by tho Helvetii on the Roman people.' Thiscombination os objective and subjective genitives Oecura Vii. 76. 2, universαe Galliae consensio libertαtis vindicandae; ii. 17. 2 n. ex usu, to the ad Vantage '; cp. the phrasea eae merito, e re, eae iniuria, eae integro, eae contrαrio. terra Gallia, tho land of Gaul '; cp. flumen Rhenus, mon8 Iura, mure Oceαnus siti. 7. 2), Tac. Ann. I. 9; Liv. XXV. 7. 4, terrα Italia. Tho tand of Gaut is opposed to the Roman seopse, not Without significanee. 3. norentissimis rebus, implying that there had boon nonecessisy, which Was hard ly the case. See 5. 1 n. copia, locorum per totam Galliam. concilium ... Galliae : Sueli generalcounciis are olfen mentioned. The leave to convene this council Was asked in ordor to avert any supicion as to iis object whicli might ari se in C. 's mind. enuntiaret: theobjoci is nos the plan os convening the councit, but the measures which would there bo determined On. C., with charactoristic brevi ty, informs ua of the conferenoe only by saying that it Was brohen ΠΡ.31.-1. 1dem α ιιdem. fuerant, cum Cae8αre. 3. factiones, cp. Vi. 12. I; Intr. , P. XXii. 4. potentatus --here only in C., and alwaysa rare usage; Cic. de Republ. 8. II, cum ad eum Romulum potentatus omnis recidisset. Galliae, Celticae. 5. adamassent. The pi. and pipi. ind. and conj.ὶ are theonly classical forms. The αd is intensive. 6. clientes. Between the larger and certain of the smallor states existed a bond by Whicli these laster enjoyed protectionand in return supplied soldiers and paid tribute. The numberoi clionis variod with the power of the State ; vi. 12. 2, magnααuctoritas erat in Aeduis maynaeque eorum erant clientelae. senatum, ii. 5. I. That the picture of the lossos of tho A. are greatly oVercoloured may be Seen iroin the part whichtheir nobilitas and equites play in later camsaigna of the War, e. 9., vii. 32. 33, 38. 4; cp. ii. 28. 2.

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9. Roman . . . Venis Se, Vi. I 2. 5.

ferendum, i. e. , it WRS So much bester. Gallicum, α9rum. hanc, i. e. , Gallorum. 12. Admagetobrigae, Intr. , p. xli. Gesser. Indeae, S. V. imserme ... DOseere et edere: here, as in 23. I, are fWο, notthree, memberA of the sentence. The generat crudeliter imperare

of whicli the crudele imperium consisted. eXempla, examΡles or modes 'in os punishment, 'more accurately described, in C. 'Amanner, by cruciatu8; cΡ. iii. 3. I n, V. 17. 2, servitute et cαtenis. edere eaeemplα, put fortit, ' display '; honos, in aliquem edere put into practice agninat Eo cαedem 8trassem, cinus), edere; cp. Liv. ii. 53. 6, nullum genus cαἶαmitαtis contumeliαeque nou editum in Volscos e8ις xxi. 57. 14, αdeo omnis libidinis crudelitαtisque et inhumαnae superbiae euitum

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4. Teliquorum, fortunαm, Which can be omitted at will. horrere in classical Latin usualty tahes accusative Ahrinhirom'; in C. here only. coram, in person.' tamen, yet ut any rute,' referring to a suppressed thought, 'although theymight suffer irom Ariovistus' tyranny, yet,' etc.

oi tho hingly titio on Ariovistus, Aee Inlr., p. Xii. It waSmeant to extend over the Germans, nos over the Gauis. 2. secundum, neXt to these considerations, ' those Damelybrought forWard by Divitiacus. Secundum mas originalty participle of sequor; cp. Cic. de Or. iii. 59. 223, in actione

cogitare, take into consideration.' fratres consanguineosque 11. 3. in tanto imperio, in View of the extended EWay. '4. sibi t. quin, 7. 5 n. cimbri, Teutonique, Intr. , P. xi.

They appeared On the fronti er of Italy B. c. ΙΙ3, and foughfagainst Rome tili B. c. 101. The Toutoni wero doloatod by Μarius at Aquae Sextiae Aixin B. c. 102, and tho Cimbri by the Same, and by the proconsul Q. Lutatius Catulus at Vercellae B. C. 101. AA C. alWays declines the names of tribos Teutoni, 40. 5; ii. 4. 2, 29. 4; Santoni, II. 6; iii. II. 5; Vii. 75. 3J aiter 2ud deciension, the genitive plural Santonum, 10. I, Teutonum, Vii. 77. 12, Ahould be regarded as the older form

Aee Crit. App. on ii. 35. 3. Rhodanus, i. e. , only the Rhone,' and this could bo forded at severat potnis, 6. 2.5. spiritus, arrogance, atra'; scp. in tus), usualty in plural as animi, ii. 4. 3; Liv. iv. 54. 8, cum et Uiritus plebs oumpsisset; Cic. de imo. Pomp. 22. 65. Tho tuli statemont oi delatis marks Caesar's sense of the importance of the crisis. 34.-1. placuit et ut mitteret, he resolved to sond '; thoini. is more usual. But Cic. ad Att. Viii. 12. A. 4, placitum e8t mihi, ut . . . mitterem. Ιt 8tatus censeo) ut, as 35. 4; vi. 40. 2, medium utriusqite, lying betWeen the tWo, and thereiore common to both hence the gen.).2. quil se velit: Ter. Phorm. 15l, numquid aliud me vis δBesido tho accusativo of the person can Stand also a Second

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soli acquainted with. 33. trans Rhenum, nos the Simple acc. res at 12. 2, etc.), be- causo the destination also is here given. permitteret ut liceret, the pleonasm is not rare. Cic. de c. iii. 4. 20 has evenlicentiam dat ut ... liceαι. illi, 1111s, the Sequani. 4. si ita fecisset, and then si non impetraret, 44. 13 n. impetraret, change of subjecf. M. Messala, M. Pisons consulibus, B. C. 61. censuisset, uti, vi. 40. 2 n. quod is in this formula not the aec. Oi qui quantum, as much as,' as faras '), but a contracted torni os quoad mentioned by Varro undother early Writers ; cp. Wagner on Ter. Eun. 215. The Same formula Occurred in commissions On entry to ossice. Cie. αd f m. i. 1. 3, ut regem reduca8, quod commodo rei public αe Ταcere possis; With 8i, V. 46. 4; Vi. 32. 5. So per commodum. commodo, ablati Ve as damno, Vi. 44. 1. se repeats 8e8e oWing to the intervening clauses. C. by these Worda means Ariovistus to take his reply astrom the Senate. J

sent ; cp. the equi valent phrase 44. 2.2. suum ius is Eo essentialty a phrase per se, that iis introduction hero as applied to the Romana causes no confusion; 8uus in Or. obi. Strictly refers to the πραher. 3. Stisendiarios, i. e. , With a money payment, res against

5. neque ... neque, the former neque is both a connectingandcorrelative partiole, but Deither. . . nor '; iii. 3. 2; vii. 52. I. quod convenisset, What they had agroed upon '; tho fuit Phraae, quod inter eo 8 convenerat, occura ii. 19, 6. 1 --

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verb stands, Nepos MilL 3. 5, non idem ipsis eaepedire e tmultitudini. a Treveris, the preposition is repented to main that the o assies Were distinet. 2. eorum, the Aedui; 6. 3, 11. 3. pacem, a friendly disposition on the part oi. redimere, 41. 12 ; Beli. Civ. i. 39. 4,

inmitione militum voluntates redemit. 3. Pagos ... Sueuorum. The attempted crossing must havo

been intended to talio placo near Maing, as the informationcame irom the Treveri, and the invasion Was to be an independent one on the pars of Suebi, Who had no intention Oimerely acting as a contingent of Ariovistus's forces. But thorowas tho danger 4ὶ of the two torces uni ting. Ιi We compare iv. 1. 4. Willi Tacitus Germ. 39, vetustissimos se nobilissi

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are iem. quod est ο99ldum ; cp. ii. 1. 1 ; Vii. 68. I ; Cic. Phil. 5. 14, Pompeio... si uod imperio populi Romαni lumen fuit, interfecto; contrast V. II. 8, sumen, quod appellatur Ταme8i8. a suis stnibus, viz., that part oi Gaul Whioli ho had

annexed, 31. 10. prolicere, advance.'3. facultas, means of obtaining,' With objective genitivo, Omnium rerum; usually, opportunisy '; cp. iii. 9. j cvltatem navium et Beli. Civ. i. 49. 2, harum omnium rerum

could hold tho town illi roiniorced by tresti hordes, 33. 3, 37. 3, 4.

The commeαtus compri sed nil the provisions except the corn ;Sometimes, us at iii. 3. 1, reliquus is added. ex as a resultos 'ὶ percontatione : their anxiety is ali ho displayed in audincreased by their questions. Vocibus, talla ' ; Cic. ad Fam. ii. 16. 2, voculαρ. ingenti magnitudine, ii. 30. 4; iv. 1 0itho Suebi). congressos is used only oi hostile encounters, and Eo cari apply to Galli, nos mercatores. non mediocriter, an example of Litotes, by Whicli a Strong notion is conveyedunder a weali forin os speech ; cp. 42. 6, non irridicule, very

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3. illata α medium prolata; Phaedr. i. I. 4, iurgii cau8αm intulit. necessariam, urgent, ' 16. 6. diceret, 23. 3 n. Vultum lingere, assume an expression to hi de their fear. 5. Volgo, on ali Sides, ' v. 33. 6. 6. Tem ... Dosset, or they feared that the corii supply could

primorum ordinum centuriones besides the legati and quass- fors and tribunesi took pars, Intr. g 20. But as this Was nocouncit oi War, but intended to encourage and admonisii tho

attend. consilium ... consillo, a faVOurite repetition in C.,

6. 1 n. , 48. 1, 49. 1, Vii. 72. I, and osten. incusare, rebulae,' distinet irom accu8are, ii. 15. 5.2. ossicio, loyal gratitude to the Romans. 3. stat persuaderi, that he was persuaded,' suam, Caesar's.

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4. quid vererentur, ΙΦ. 3 n. tandem, in queStions ποτέ, I pray. ' diligentia osten m the caretui circumspection and accurato attention to delatis Whicli marks a good generat, Opposed to temerita8. 5. cum Videbatur, a Strihing transition to or. rectα. ΙΠ-stoad os continuing to treat the mattor as an in direct argument C. gives the actuat state of things With cum quo tempore. Plui. Cαe8. 19ὶ mahes him say that he is as greata generat as Marius. Servili tumultu. The Servile War, under Spartacus, Was carried on B. C. 73-7l, chlesy by the German staVes talien by Marius. tumultus, a War in theneighbourhood of Rome, i. e. , in Italy or Cisalpine Gaul. Cic. Phil. 8. 1, mαiores nostri tumultum It αlicum quod erat domesticus, tumultum G αllicum quod erαι Italiae itimus, praetereα nullum nominabαnt. The simple ablativo as at g 13; bello Cassiαno, 13. 2. quos, antecedent Τ ΟΡ. LiV. ii. 53. 1, Vel ens bellum eaeortum, quibus Sabini αrmα coniunaeerunt. xlii. 47. 7, lliditati8 Grαec αe, ud quos fallere hostem florio8ius fuit. aliquid, ior caSe ep. iV. 1. 8,

referring to two substantives ot disserent gender, does nos occur et SeWhere in C. ; practical experience and disciplino 'are not to be talion together usus disciselinαe, as the pluralsublevαrent also Serves to ShoW. Madv. g 213. sublevarent,not sublevαssent, to bring the reader to the standpoint durino the War ; V. 10. 2. 6. posse in an apparently Subordinate clause, Where po88et might have been expected. But eae quo et eae eo; ii. 4. 3, quα eae re fi er i. inermos, of the inadequato equi pment of tho undisciplined hordes. Flor. iii. 29. 6, e viminibu8 pecudumque testimentis incondito8 8ibi clipeos, e ferro ergα8tulorum recocto stlαdios αc telα fecerunt. The torm inermus Beli. Civ.

i. 68. 2ὶ is iound also in Cic. ; inermis, ii. 27. 2 ; iii. 29. 1;

lative is attracted by congressi, and the chiei Verb standa without an object, 26. 6 n. , ior the fact, i. 4. qui, Helvetii. tamen, reterring to a suppressed clauso, 3I send); cp.