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cion de Francisco Iavier, pocos anos despues de la muerte de este jesulta. Et pro soadquirio mayor fuerga con la introduccion de la causa dei fundador de la Compania de Iesus, Ignacio de Loyola, que se concluyo con la canonigacion de los dos et i 2 margo i 622. La propaganda - criticada avn dentro de la misma orclen - se realiZo tam-bien con instrumentos artisticos, como p.e. representaciones de los dos junios o conlas llamadas sividas en imagenesis, que siguieron la tradicion historica y fueron muydisundidas por la imprenta. Despues dei primer tentativo de canoniZacion en i 95, que no tuVo eXito, Se procuro crear una imagen de Ignacio de Loyola como un sanio de milagros, un tauma- turgo. Desde fines dei sigio 16 se creo la sivida de milagrosis, incisa en cobre tav. l). Algo semdante, hasta ahora desconocido, grabaeo en Colonia stav. 3), confirma lasuposicion de V. Kontg-Nodrhoss de 1982, que contemporaneamente con la de Ignacio sue publicada una tal sivida de milagrosis de Francisco Iavier, que representa al
muy discutida por los jesultas de entonces. La comparacion de la Vida de Ignacio, de Colonia stav. l) con et grabado delmonogramista siΡFn taV. 2) demuestra que esta incision es la original, que sue copiada en ta Provincia Renana. Se debe presuponer que la 6Vida det Iavieris de Colonia es de hecho una imitacion de la obra dei mismo monogramista, dei cuat, Sin embargo, no se conoce et original. Las vidas de Loyola y de Iavier, de Colonia, senatana tos dos - al contrario det original - con una siSis Santo); han Sido, por lo tanto, publicadas verosimilmente despues de la canonigacion de l622.
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IUAN CASANOVAS. S.I., SPECOLA VATICANA, AND PHILIP C. ΚEENAN, THE OHIo STATE UNIVERSI l. IntroductionThe name of Valentine Stanfel became known to most contemporaries
only through the inclusion of his vivid description of the fouthern comet ofl668 in Book ΙΙΙ os Newtoiss Principia. During his 42 years os service in the Iesuit pro vince of Bahia, Bragil l663-lT0 ), his astronomical observations were made with relatively simple instruments, but his lifelong enthusiasm forastronomy led to the independent discovery and caresul observation os at
Prague. From then untii l655 he continued his studies and also taught courses in grammar and mathematics, which included astronome. The bare record of his appotniments cloes not reveat how deeply he was interested in astronomy even in these early years. HiS two known pub-
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lications Dom this period were 6Dioptra Geodelican in which he included a description of a simple potnting device for measuring angles), and a crude
It was presumably in l6 6 or l6 T that Stanset moved to Ρortugal, hav-ing applied sor missionary service in the East Indies. In this alm he evidently experienced difficulties, sor he remained there sor about fix years, studyingand teaching at Elvas and the Aula de Essera do Collegio de San Antao Lis- bon). Using the Ρortugese form os his name, Valentim Estamcel, he pub-tished a litile book Orbe Adonsin, describing the use of a vertical sundial towhich he gave that name. Also hom that period there is a manuscript in the National Library at Lisbon of a treatise on navigation entilled Tiphys Lus,tano o Regimento mutico Novo. Two chapters of this work, containing a catalog os observations made by navigators, chieny Ρortuguese, on the Variations of the compass, were published by Ioaquim de Camatho in l944'. Finalty in Iune of l663 Stanset was permitted to join a group of twelve Iesuit missionaries salting for Bragii. There he spent the remaining 42 years of his life , almost ali os it at the Iesuit headquarters in Salvador, province of Bahia. 2. Comet of I664Ιn Bahia, Stanfers enthusiasm for astronomy remained undiminishedand became concentraled on comets after his independent discovery of the comet of l664. This comet had been seen in Spain in November, but sincethere were no ne spapers in BraZil the sirst printing press permitted to operate there was brought to Rio de Ianeiro in l808), word of the apparition had evidently not reached Bahia by the night os December l2. It was after midnight of that night that Stanset went out of his rooms tolook at the stars. In his wordssi ... the day December l3, at the second hour past midnight: in the silence, curious about that immensity, I tumed my eyes and spirit towards the expanse of heaven ... When Over the eaStem horiZon, very Smali to the eye, a body weah in light, in faci a comet appeared besore my eyes, in the constellation Corvus, below the eye and the ah, at this time diffuse in light ... ny
n that night he had no instruments with him, which was unfortunate, since it was only near the fame date that useful measurements of the comet' s
Τ Οur translation, hom p. 3 os Legatus Uranicus ex Orbe novium Veterem, hoc est Observationes Americanae Cometarum. R. P. Valentino Stanfel et Mathesi Pragensis Prague, Universitatis Carolo Ferdinano l683). Unless another work is specissed, the page reserenoes that sollow reserto this volume. We reproduce the titie page in Figure l.
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position began to be made in Europe. It was not untii December l6 that Stanset was able to si . . . retum diligently to the new phenomenon with precise instruments of every kindis'. He measured the position of the comet's head throuis December and Ianuary, but aster Februa he Mund the comet toosaint for precise meas ement. During the last ten days of December, when the comet was brightest, he made estimates also of the tength and position of the init. These observations had to wait ninetren years for publication, in the book Legatus Uranicus: issued in Prague in l683 with the collaboration os the Iesuit astronomers in Prague'. A consequence of this delay was that his observations were not ofuse to the European astronomen who were vigorousty discussing the distances and pallis of the severat bright comets of the l Tth century. Thus Count
enormous, though uncritical, compilation, the Theatrum Cometicum, of ali theobservations of the comets of 1664 that he could unearth by corresponden with astronomen sand others) known to tam/'. Stanfers measurements must have been less precise than those made by Hevelius Mili his murat quadrant and other large instruments and used by Halleyin his sint orbiis of the comets of l60T Malles and 16643. Although it is wellknown thatTycho's observations with his large G1xed instruments had a mean error of only about l', his earlier positions measured with a cross-staff or a triquetum were uncertain by 4', and there is no reason to think that Stanfers obser-VationS were more accurate. Neverthel ess, it is os interest to see how Stanfelattempted to use and interpret his data, particularly since his observations seemto have been the only systematic ones made in South America in those years. The observations of Dec. l6,l664 are given in sufficient delati to fhow that Stanfel followed the common practice of Tycho Brahe and other astronomers of the l6th and l Tth centuries in determining positione Τ. For example, on December l6 he measured the angular distance stom the comet to Spica a Vir) and to a Crucis, and having the ecliptic coordinates of these stars he solved the spherical triangles to obtain the latitude and longitude of the comet
' Ibid. T. Stanset cloes not state here what instruments he used to measure the position os thecomet, but in his more popular book: Urianophilus per Mundum Sidercum Peregrinitis Extias Author Valentino Estancel. Ghent and Antwerp l685), he gave dra ings showing observationsos altitudes Ming made with a triquetum, or three-Stars, as designed by Regiomontanus.' The phrase, siet a Mathesis Pragenisis on the titie page Fig. l) resers to these collaborators in Prague who contributed observations or helmo in the publication of the work. λ' Stanislaw LUBINIECΚY, Theatrum Cometicum Amsterclam, F. Cuperuum, l666-68). Count Lubinieck was a Polish nobleman, author also os a history of Lutheranism in Poland. Living in exile in Hamburg, he was polsoned in l6 5. yy The methods are described in considerable delati, for example, by M. ΡINGRE, COme- Iographi ou Traite Historique et Theorique des Cometes ΙΙ Paris lT843.
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Similar observations on later days allowed him to compute the meandally motion of the comet, but the error in these estimates is uncertain, forhe osten stated the locat time os observation only to the nearest hour, is atall. The datly motion, which on Dec. lT was gi ven as about l3' per hour increased rapidly as the comet swepi past the earth during the last week of December, and amounted to about 30' per hour on Dec 28 29. Stanset cloes not state the epoch to which his positions are referred, butit presumably is that of the star catalogues that he used . For Some starS Spica, Regulus - Cor Leonis) he specificatly mentions Tycho's Catalog, andis he had avallable the most complete list of the stars observed by Tycho, whicli Kepler published in l603yy, the position refer to the equinox of l600. For a sew comparison stars Siriusi, however, he refers to Clavius. The dates and times for which Stanfel gives actuat positions are Shown in Table l. Table lComet os l664
Latitude Longitude Declinationi 664 Dec. 16
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There are obvious inconsistencies in the coordinates mund for the sirstlaw days; afte ards they run more smoothly and agree with the European observations in showing that the greatest fouthern latitude was reached onDecember 28. Some of the uncertainties were probably due to the low altitudes of the comet in the east when it could he observed in mid-December, although the fouthern declination of the comet made it much easter to observehom Bahia, at a latitude of -ly, than Dom Europe. Hevelius observed Dom Dantgig at latitude N, and on December 28 when the comet was more than 29' south of the equator, iis meridian altitudeat DantZig was only about T. This partly compensated for the instrumental superiority of Hevelius' fixed observatory. Exact comparisons are difficuli tomake because of the time disserence of about mur hours belween Bahia and eastem Europe. Stanfers latitudes and declinations are some minutes to thenorth of most of the positions gi ven by European observers for the samedates. This is consistent with our assumption that he did not process the positions of the comparison stars hom the epochs of the catalogs of Tycho orClavius to l66 λδ. More interesting than the measurements themselves is Stanfers attemptio estimate the comet s actuat position and motion in space. As a Iesuit writ-ing in the century in which Copernicus' De Revolutionibus was placed on the
Copernican theory. Many Iesulis avoided the problem os reconciling the officiat position of the Church with the evidence for the earth's motion bysupporting Tycho Brahe's hypothesis that the sun and the moon moveoaround the earth, while the sive other planeis revolved about the sun/'. Stan-Sel, howeVer, Seems neVer to have had any doubis about the position of theearth at the center of the universe. His diagrams show that he did not evenaccepi the rotation of the earth, but si ly belleved in the Ptolemaic theory of the datly motion of the Primum Mobile about the earth. In his later popular
hin The copies in the British Library and the National Library in Prague os the only publishededition of the Legatus Uranicus l683) do not contain a diagram showing the path of the comet in the sky. SOMMERV EL VII l483, item VIll 8, es t 04 under Ρrague reads Cometa caudatus Anni M.DC. LXV observatus in Collegio Societ. Iesu Pragae ad S. Clementis Mense Ianuario. Ρet. sol. , t p.D. The note sollowing suggesis that this sheet, Which is a drawing representing the path os the comet Dom Ianuary l to 10, l665, might have been delached Dom a book, perhapsthe Legatus Uranicus. We have not been able to learn whether the diagram is stili in existence. The suggestion os Sommemogel seems tess likely however, in view of the faci that the other l8 geomerical diagrams printed in the book are ali caresully reserenoed on the margins os the pages containing the relevant text. Our microsilm os the British Library copy does not include the diagrams, which were supplied to us by the National Library at Ρrague. λ' The siluation has been summed up well by Edward Grant in a monograph: In Defense of the
Earth , Centralit' and Immobilit': Scholastic Reaction to Copernicianism in the Seventeenth Gn- tu , Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., υ, Ρart 4, i 984 λβ The sentence on p. 33 os Uranophilos Celestis reads 6Deinde Nicolaus Copernicus insanuit qui e centro Mundi avulsam, circum Solem gyrari, Ρlanetae inStar, RSSeruit ... D.