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2, 3. Silvestria virgulta, the forest undergrowth, used loosel sor arbores, introduced into his book a supporter of the ine. 5. tibi, p. . i. 12, 1 . For the the an is right withoeemingliar ves of the vine. Damnino auctumno, et ther ablative of time, 'heia autum bears the vine, or like ὀπωρα in reela Soph. r. 7o3 Pind. I. ii. 8 , sed ag ruit' or itoom of autumn.' 8. exestis, pluche of ' is belle than direptis, retained by Ribbeck. Both verbs impi violent naichingQ ut 'diripio ' usuali in either ea in
Pieces,' plunder, cp. Aen. iii a 27. E an I are constanti consuSed, C. g. in nom. aec Plur os i stems an in Hor. d. iii 5. a there is the Same variation etween derepta' and direpta.'9. Nature has disserent method for producin trees.' artior usCrestrictis dat. cf. . i. 3 an belo l. 178. The method specifie are si
fication is loose for spontaneous generatio mustae rom Seed. Θmorum maxima, queen of the forest, lit. greatest re of or elongin to the wOods.' dulcissime rerum Hor Sat. . . cismo qui te analogoUS. OVi,
for in honour of Jupiter.' osculus and Quorous are sal to denote Novarieties of the edi bie or Italian Oata OueF ciι robur); ut the term areused indifferently, and here the word nemorumque . . . quercuS' Seem to emeret a poetica amplificatio sor the oak-grove o Dodona sacre toJupiter. 17 I9. Dullulat, Sprouis, i. e. by pulli or hoois; uva, P. G. i. 76:
22. via, in t course: no exacti 'b regula method' Con. theide heing that os practica experience usus, p. Ecl. i. 7I, note graduallydevigin ne proceSSe as it goes n. Such ne processes may have been hi oni chance an noti regula method. The si proceSSes mentione lind. 23 3 Mere technicali named avulsio,' infossio, ' propagatio, ' Surculatio,' concisio,' insitio.'
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laiter interpretation. 32. impune, Mithout harm. vortere, intranS., P. G. iii 365. 34. Dirum, Subjectis forro. aDictos corna accordinito Con in thecoriae fruit, and Drunis abl. loci in in plum trees. But hy hould the comet, victus infelix' Aen. iii 6 9), e graste on a fruit-bearing tree 3 Virgil must intend the converse of this that plum are gras ted on cornel-stoclis corna bella poeticatly used for cornos' as poma l. 26), re-taining iis epithei aDictosa, hila ranis is abi. o materiai, Mith
35-37. generatim, after their ind, a Lucretian Ord i. O, etc. . iuvat, etc. halcio to plant Ismarus illi the vine, an cloth huge Taburnus it olivest ' Virgil potni t two great triumplis of humanindustry Ismarus as amouisor in in Homer' day, Od. ix. 96.
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mea that o havinginished his invocatio an introduction e proceedsto his subjeci. 7. oras Med. is et ter than auras,' luminis orae ' ein a favourite expression o Ennius an Lucretius, denotin the line or order hicli divides light rom darkness. bein sto non-being cp. Lucr. i. 224 Aen.
vii. 66o: and for irae, edges. Lucr. v. 13 G. v. 39 Aen. X. 528. On. quotes Gray'S X pression the wam recincts of the cheerful day.' 9, O natura, ' Productive power, Lucr. iii 273. inserat, grast ' Wit cultings homother rees . scrobibus mancte mutata Subaetis, transplant them to well-dug trenches ' p. Cic. Sen. ID terrae gremio mollito ac subacto semen excipit, and the phrases subigere arva, etc. 52. artos qualiti ' or lessons acquired by training as opposed to natura, cp. . iii Io I. B constant training the goon it fosso 'hat-soeve line ou hali isti. Voles Ribb. Do Med. Vat. Pal. Rom., Wanting), is perhapscies forcibi thai voces' Forb. Con. etc.); ut notsussicienti s to verrule the est S. eviden ce. ennedy, retaining voces, would read sequantur' without S. authori ty an regard saeue rint a pers conj. but there is no grammatica solecis in suci a se ofand ut indic. t is possibi torii Virgil do 'o stricti to the aules' of the Latin Grammar.5 . faciat, Ribb. Dom Med. Is hand). faciet' Forb. Con. etc. correspondsietter,ith sequentur l. a is voces be retained aut se previous note. r. Kenned Appendico Virg. Syntax, p. 67O says, Here R. read. faciat V the whymot sequantur 3'-but is no the dissiculty of S. authorit Suffcient reason 3 aeuos Vopen fields, in contrast to the ood, where it has no Oom t gro . 57-59. Seminitius iaetis posito semine' l. 14. He is stili speal ingos natural growllis seri neDotibus, 'descendant yetinborn, CP Aen. X. 8a, and so the idea Ecl. ix. 5o. Doma fruit in generat, Sicl. Vii. 54. 62. Cogenctae mustae drilled 'cinio renches a soldier in ordinem'). multa meroecte, latinareat cost os labour: Cp. Juv. xiv. 273 Hic tamen ancipiti figens vestigia planta ictum illa mercede parat' sc periculi, of arope ancer . 63. rLineis, ei ther abi insu. by the method os, o mith de supplied stom the nex line; truncis seem to referri caudicibus sectis l. 3o, and solido de robore to the method of seis insossio' described in l. 24, 25. TeSDonctori ve a retum ' no derive seo the use respondere nominibus of ebtors Con.), ut parallel to it Do the generat de of giving SatiStaction, P. G. i. votis respondet' which shows the origin of theuSage): Seneca Nillam, quia non tota ad animum responderat, diruisse.'In Columella it appears as almos a technica term for yielding produce vitis, nisi praepingui solo, non respondet' iii. 2. II).66. Coronae deScriptive gen. the had tre that oraned the chaplet os Hercules; i. e. the poplar Ecl. vii. 6I , hich, accordin to legend Hercules found growing on the antis of Acheron, hen e brought Cerberusseo below. The stor perhaps re out of the Gree name χερωις
blac poplar langvage ein osten the parent of mythology. 69. his line scit stand is hypermetrio, an is analogou i iii 4 9,
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old editions and commentator e. g. Servius . MoSt modern editors, however, includita Ribbeck, transpose, o as to et id os the hypermeter, inseritur vero ot nucis Plautias orricta fetu one reason eing the
Supposed incompatibilit os a trochai ending illi the law of hypermetricverse horrid a), sulphur a)J. ut 1 the Xamples of suci verse are too se to justis much inductio a to iis laws; ' a the last mot of an
ordinar hexameter is reali a troche -o , he line ei nil dactyliccatalectic, whicli ould account sor ur neve findita a dactyl there, asin allither seet where it is the equivalent of a sponde )-Se Introd.
remove metrica anomalles a in Aen. i. 33, Vii. 437), ather thali introducethemi mistake, and the genera canon os preferen e so the readin whichis eas lihelyrio have been interpolated, oin to retaining the SS. order, in the absence of helter videiace a to the metrica law whielicit is sat di infringe: the occurretice of a simila rhythm in ii. lessens theobjection that might be et to et aining a metrica peculiarit in a solitaryinstance. I have there re preferre t folio Conington Magainst agner, Forbiger, Ribbech, ennedy, etc., bellevin that, on a Potnt of much diis culty he has adopte the more critica altitude on ordinar hyper- meter se G. i. 295. horricta, rugged, probabi in allusion to iis ough
sing. depending on fore, understoo sto the ex line Them S. ea ling retained by Ribb. is sagos; castaneae then i nom. plur. and the wordshelon to the revi ous clause- castanae gesSere fagos.' ut Why hould Virgil speah of grastin beech-nuis ora chesinu tree. The reverse is muchmore probabie, and it is eas to se ho ' sagos might have supplanted an original fagus, i a Copyis regarde the lalter a acC. Plur in his, and substitute the prope form in os while a between 'sagiis an sagus the balance ould turn in savour of the vie whicli obviat e the metricalanomaly. Here, then other consideration massairly verride the testimony
73. Nor is the methodis grastin and of budding one and the fame.'
8O-82. Et, a remnant of primitive Simplicit os expression ' Con. . i. e. in coordination ather than subordinationi clauses; p. in Englisti, TheLord hecis God, bantis the are urnishe with bees. Se ora Ecl. vii. 7. Xiit, perhaps implyin instantaneou action, p. G. i. 33Ο Aen. viii. 5. miraturque, Med. and ther have mirataSque'-i. e. probably miratastque' mirata est que introduce to hannonige it exiit. 8 . lotoque, que disjunctive, a belowIl. 87, 39 Aen. X. 32o.
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kind of rape in Columella. 97, 98. missima, test for heeping. Pli ny xiv et spealis of the
firmitas of the Aminaean Mnes, contra omne sidu firmi SSima.' SSurgit, riges in respectfor, yield precedence o, cp. ECl. i. 66, Juv. xiii 55 si iuvenis vetulo non assurrexerat,' Cic. PiS. 2 an qui Squam in curiam venienti assurrexit γ' ib. Inv. i. commune est quod homines vulgo Probarunt, ut maioribu natu assurgatur.' rex, hing of wines. The inesos Ptianas in Chios, ere proverbiali fine; p. Ecl. v. 7I; Hor Epod.
99, 1 oo Argitis, rom ργος, in allusion to the colour of the grape or ne There ere an 'Argitis maior an 'Argiti minor. oui non, etc. ,hichione an malchrior ielding o muta, etc. Certaverit, econ fui. indic. uere, Grare, a seeer poetica use of infin. to expreS result, h.
IOI, O 2 ctis, etc. The est ines ere reserve so the desseri or
1O . neque enim, etc. nor indeed is it important to count them p. O this earlier gens of enim se note tori. O belo . IO8. Ionii, C, maris, correspondso Libyci actauoris . Io5. Thesea-Waves an desert Sand are natura examples of number paSt counting: cp. the oracle invidi. i. 47 οἶδά τ' ἐγω ψόμμου τ' ἀριθμεῖν καὶ μετρα θαλάσσm,
IO9. p. Lucr. i. 66 ferre omne omnia poSSent.' The expression is probabi almos proverbial like non omnia possumus omneS' Munro). II . CultorihuS, abi. Os agent, more Sualty ith a, 'ab, but a far asthe force of the case goes, independent f the prePOSition. p. JuV. i. 3 aSSiduo ruptae lectore columnae, Hor. Pp. i. I. curatus inaequali
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tonsore ' and sor a correspondinianomalous Sage Se G. i. 23 . e tremis, remotest, is illustraled by the nex line. clomitum, Se note o G. i. 99. II 8 II9. acanthi, the acacia ' Iginiosa Nilotica), disserent froni Ecl. iii. 5. lana, i. e. cotton, calle εἴριον απο ξυλου b Herodotus.12o. Sit was suppose to e a down crape Dona the leave of reeS,untii, in the eigii os ustini an about 53 A. D.), Some PerSi an merchantSbrought silkwornis Dona the East. Se Gibbon, h. l. ecl. 3.122-Ia . Inctia, Oceano roDior, apparenti themalabar Coast, hose jungies, bound in in immense ea and ac treeS run cloSe to the ea. The expression extremi sinus orbis, earlli' furthes nook, poliat to the Homeri conception o a circumfluent ocean Stream-Perhaps a common- place os poetr aster it eased to e belleve Mas a laci. o Catuli lxiv. 3o Oceanusque mari qui totum amplectitur orbem.' aera summum artioris, the air above the tree.' vincoro, Mi their anthrough ' p. huc. i. Iες μυθωδες κνενικvκωτα, ' glories Whicli ave ad their a into the regioni satile; also Aen. v. 55 locum Superare Priorem.' 126, 27. tristΘS, bitter,' P. G. i. 75 tarctum Saporem, lingering taste.' felicis, alessen or propitious ' as an antidote). mali. citron.'Draesentius, etc., i more overei gn remedy, Se Ecl. i. 42, note.
Ι29. Apparenti interpolate sto iii 283. In ed. it is rit ter on themargin Vat. Pal. Rom. antingh in Some of the belle ninth-centur MSS. it ornis par of the texi and Servius comment on it a Such. Con retainsit in des aut of sufficient eviden ce against it but the probabilit i strong that itino into later MSS. stom the margina note onmed by Some copyi Stwho recollecte it in iii 285.13Ι-I34. molem, lappearance, Se note o Aen. i. 658. erret indic in apodosi for rhetorica livetiness, to howio nea the thing acto happening CP Aen. i. 55, iv. 5-I9, t. II 2 Hor. d. i. 7. 28, iii. 6. 3. actvrima, in the hi hest degree, ἐς τὰ πρ α cp. cum primis, 'in primis. 'From these adverbial Phrases grew the adverbs comprime,' apprime, and even an adjective ' apprimus; cum maxime cis similari formedaro. cum
136 176. Epigode in prat se os Italy. In his episode, sayg r. Sellar p. 253 the Sorro for the pagi an foretiodin for the future, hi chmarks the close of the ars book of the Georgics, has entiret cleare away. The eelin no expressed is ne os pride an exultatio in Ital . . . Theglor os Italy l. 17 his declare to e the motive so the reviva of this
ancient theme.'136. Silvae, gen aster ditissima, the Median land with ali it wealth oiwood. Con tal es silvae, nona. Plur. and terra in apposition. 138. Certent, Potentiat, Canule.'I O, I I tauri, in allusion to the Argonautic legend of Colchis Thelangvage is a remini Scence of Lucretius, v. O 'Diomedis equi Spirantes naribus ignem; se note o Ecl. X. 54. Satis entilaus, ablat. bSol. RSor os υστερον προτερον, as the dragon' ieeth were sown after the bulis had ploughed the an l. Transi. mo re-breathin bulis have ploughed, and no dragon' ieeth have been Own; Cp. Aen. i. 22.1 5. hinc, ex hac terra.' Helice comes the wa hors that rances
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I 6 I The Umbria rive Clitumnus agriamous sor a bree of white catile, heir hi tenes bein ascribe to the qualities of the stream, p. Prop. iii I9. 25 Lucan. i. 73 Byron, ' Childe Harold, iv. 66-68. Juv. xii. I speah ont of the satiening effect of it Pasitures, Pinguior taurus nec finitima nutritus in herba Laeta sed ostendens Clitumni pascua.'Saero, o ri Vers, SpringS, etc. a the abode of deities, p. Aen. viii. a. ix. 816. I 9. Here S eve present pring, an summe aster Summe time.' alienis mensibus recalis Lucr. i. I 8a alienis partibus anni, but in a disse. rent connection, Lucretius speaking of the derangement of nature Se noteto Ecl. X. 5 . Ver and aestas must e take looSely an alloWance madeso poetica exaggeratio of the climate os Italy.I5o Domis, probabi dat. , p. elo l. 323. Others, ta in utilis sertilis, malae it ablative. 152. semina, imitation rom Lucr. iii. triste leonum Seminium, 'explaine by Munrorio mean to the o g of tions aut the ree o raceto hic the belong: cp. Lucr. v. 998 Catulorum blanda propago,'
The hic Virgilia rustic meaSUre
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on the coastinea Baiae. Agrippa ut a channe belween them, strengthenedthe anti etween Lucrinus and the ea it magonry Lucrino actctita claustra , an naade an entrance in it for hips. The oubie haven asthen calle Portus Iulius in honour of the Iulia gens, and of Octavianus callet Iulius, Aen. i. 288 a iis repreSentative P. Hor. A. P. 63 qq. 163, 64. Where the Julian aters i. e. the harbour echo asar illi therecoli os the ea beaten ac by the claustra os the uter lake , and the Tyrrhenian id comes in to the channeis of Avernus' the inner ahe). Virili describe two distinc seatures, i the exclusion of the se by abreat water, et iis admission by the ent rance channe to the inne harbour. The Lucrine lahe was early fille u by an earlhquake in I 538, and Avernus is again hut os froin the ea. 165 166. tiae enctem, She oo' Italy). argonti rivos a Lucretian phras in disserent contexi Ecl. X. the origina resererice ein to Stream o molien metal, LuCr. V. 1256. y rivos Virgil probabi impli es vetiis of metal; ut in fluxit l. 166 he is thinhin os stream bringingdo inold like Pactolus Aen. X. I a , hic Was proverbia o wealth, P. Juv. xiv. 299 aurum Quod Tagus et rutila volvit Pactolus harena: 'Hdt. V. O ProP. i. 6. 32. Venis, loc abi. withinae frame.' lurima fluxit, Towed abundantly ' CP Ecl. viii. 6.167. Virum Memphatic he oeg on to celebrate the men hom ItalyproduceS, genu RCT Virum referring to ali that ollows gallant raceo men, too, has he orne-Marsi an Sabine chivalry, Ligurians trainedio hardshimand Volsci an pikemen the Decii and Marius an great Camillus an Scipio stout in ar Dudos, ille iuvenes ' Aen. i. 3 8), iuventus, etc. has the generat ense of WarriorS,' P. Aen. i. 477. Verulos, armed it the veru Sabellum' Aen. vii. 665 . I7O. EiDiactas, p. Aen. i. 8 2 a hybrid wor employed sor metrical reasons by Virgil an Lucretius iii Ioa ), an perhaps by Ennius e re them Scipiones' ein uiamanageable in heroi Verse. I7I, 72. These lines referri the setilement of the Eas by Octavianus aster his victor iam victor at Actium B. C. 31 P. G. iii. O iv. 56I.imhellem an expression fiational contemptrio the conquered Romanis citius, i. e. the even hill S, a in l. 35.
through the towns of Rome. Saturnia, a the eat of the Loiden age, P. Ecl. V. 6. Soraeum, i. e. Hesiodic, P Ecl. i. o. O the relationship
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IS . 185. uligine, the natura moisture os the arth, k ικμάς, P. Sil. It viii. 38 PeStifera Pomptini uligine campi. Quique frequens, aptain xuith abundant herbage and acleeminibosom.'I87 ctesDicere, Med. Pal. Vat. Rom. anting), and the bestilli centuryMSS: et Ribbeck odows an in serior ne norit in dispicere, inobedience to Lachmann who o Lucr. v. I says that despicere is notused illi accus excepi in the sense of contemn. For the Sahe of this non Lachmann has also to alter Aen. i. 22 , here Med. Rom. etc. Tend despiciens' Ribb. sol lowinihi muliere also), an to correct various paSSag in Lucretius Columella Manilius, and Ovid, here the counter evidelice of MSS. is perhaps es formidabie. 188. octitus, rising to the outh austro dat. Cp caelo educere Aen. ii. I 86, ita . I9O-I92. io, i. e. the Soil Whos various properties have been described in ii. 18 - Ι 89. olim, in time to Conae, See o Aen. i. o. VaΘ gen. after fortitis: so wit dives, ' selix,' serax, an other adjectiveS. Qualem, etc. the est ines ere sed for libations, P. l. IOI bove, Ecl. V. I. Dateris et tauro, uolde bowls.' I93 I9 . Ehur, the ivory sute, P. G. i. 8o Tyrrhenus, probabi acustomar epithe of sute-players in havin been like actor Liv vii. ), originali importe sto Etruria, the ource os ali the aris a Rome Thelis os a flute-player attache to ome temple ould mali him inguiS, sleeli and sat: ' p. the language of old Englis ballad about monk and friarS rectctimus. render, i. e. a a gist due to the godS, P. Aen. V. 386. I96-I99. urentes, the bite of goat was thought pol sonous, Speciali toolive reeS. Mantua, p. Ecl. i. and x. herboso numine, the Mincius, P. Cl. Vii. x abi loci, oris materiai 3 .2oo. eerunt, disSyllabie by SynizeSi S, P Aen. Vii. 262, X. 378. Ribb.writes Merunt aster Pal. 2O3, O . nigra, aliis is the colour os the an in Campania, an indi- Cates the presence of decayed animal and vegetable matter' Keightley). Dinguis opposed to tenuis' l. 18o impli es the character os a stron Claysoil sol that shows rich when the ploughshare is drive in . But Seebelow l. 2 8 Dutre Verumhling. '2O5. iuveneiS, abi. O circumstance. Other explain i a dat. 3 orabi os agent, ascis cteoectere in devehi.'2O7. uncte, i. e. terra ex qua. A latet cleare sol is also good for
2II. ructis, uniriel; so mare rude Catuli lxiv. II. enituit, X-
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222, 223. 1 , Forb. Ribb. sto Pal. Rom. and the codd. oleae 'Con fro Med. Ribb. and Kenn write oleost. facilem, hindly, opposedio dissicilis l. 79.225. Vnouis, desolate, i. e. thini Peopled.' p. vacuis Cumis Juv. iii 2, vacuis Ulubris ib. X. Ioa The rive Clanius in Campania verssowed
238, 239. Dertiitietur, What is commoni callex bitter.' Con. mahes the parenthesis exin illi frugitius, ut the position of the pronouncis in savour of the more Common punctuation arancto, teneath the plough.'This gerundia use of the partita in -dus' like habendo' l. 25o, domandum G. iii 2 o6, videndo ib. II 5, and like the ordinar gerundi ve se)seem to approach a fassive meaning but it expresses the verba notion asan abstrae Subst independent of voice. Thus habendo might be ei ther τοῦ χειμ O τῶ χεσθαί an arancto here might e translate by the ploughini or i bella Ploughed. P. Ecl. X. 24, note. 24I-245. Quulo and ola re the Same-baskets of lose-plai ted OSier, a Strainers of the ine-Pr S. tiuo, into them the cola' . actvlenum, colum, tili the Strat ne is uti scilicet, yo will see.'246, 2 7. ut the flavour Will clearly betra ii, and with bitte disrelisi, will ar into a frown the laces of thoseolio aste. manifestus, in Sense adverbial se note o Aen. i. 8. tristia, prolePtic torquetiit, P. Lucr ii 4oo At contra tetra absinthi natura ferique Centauri foedo pertorquent ora sapore, where Muraro cites Milton 'Par. Lost, x. 599 Mithhatelalles digretisti rithe their jaws.' amaro, Pal. Rom. amaror,' Ribb. Kenn aster Med.- substanti velial occurring Lucr. v. 224. Gellius i. I say that amaro ' a generali rea in his time, ut that Hyginus. an id commentator, prosessedo have discovere in a S. elongin to Virilit' sami ly the v. l. amaror.'2 8 249. inguis, here os a stis cla sol that williso crvmble, hereas