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cessatum fueras Fuerat is used loosely in a sense equivalent to erat. Fui and fueram are used properi With the passive participle, to denotea tace, in hicli a thin has or ad been the participi thus has an adjectiva force Liv howeve osten ses fui, fueram in the sense of Sum eram a auxiliarie Cf. 23. I frocurata fuerant. p. 19. 1 11. inde Liv is fond of marking the succession ofevent by a series of tempora particleS: here, inde. . . deinde, ... nec ita nar ID OSt. ediderun caedem Edere in the sense of to produce, perform CauSe is osten sed illi substantives denotin action. hi phras occurS 2I. 3 45. 8 cf. 4. 7 geram Me Lucr. ΙΙΙ. 56o motus edere; Verg. Aen. IX. 78 tanta stra es ediderunt. 4 1 a. falatis. . . oblati See Critica Appendix Both palantes and palati are sed to describe me scattere in disorder, ut in Liv the perfeci participi occur much more frequently than the reSent; cf. 5. 5 forulatores i.e no the Roman Do the camp, ut anotheriody, wholad invade the territor os Capena. reliquias pugnae CL XLI. I et 8 reliquiae caedis Verg. Aen. . o Troas, reliquias Danaum. VeientiumJ partitive genitive aster multi.
dum . . . exclusere Dum lia a cauSal SenSe; s. Praef. 2, dum . . . credunt.
frae metu Prae denotin the cause of an actio is employed by Cicero an Caesar only illi negatives o verbS containing a negative
CHAPTER XIV. II DI quisse. . . cernentibus Guisse illi a participi so the more usua quisse qui With the subjunctive is ound in III 63. et quippe fuso
validiore cornu Hor. Od. I. I. I 3. non communicatum LiVyia a Simila expreSSion IV. patres non pro communicatis, Se ro amissis honoribus fremere. I Da ex conposito An adjective o participie is frequently combine with the reposition ex in a Sense equivalent to an adverb; s. 23. 2 45 8. I praetereundi verecundiam See n. On 3. 2. Verecundia is Sed with a genitive of the gerund in III. o. 5 interpellandi verecundia.
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is crederent The ood is oblique a the claus expresses the motive os the patricianS.
17 exciebant calle to thei aid See Critica Appendix. in religionem vertentes In religionem vertere an in religionem trahere et 3 6 mean to mali a matter of religious Scruple'. 18 Da. friore anno in the ear bes ore last', proximo denotes theyear immediatet preceding. 19 sinailem ,hichiseeme to give arning sto the gods'. O the dative rodigiis, Se n. On I. . et eventus A predicate fuisse must e supplied illi his ord, ascooriam is appropriate ni t hiemem. et g si in libris fatalibus Libri fatales, hici here denotes the Sibylline books se n. on 3 5ὶ, is more osten Sed ither of book of sate generali or of the book of the Etruscan Seers in particular as in
auSpicato abi abs. Se n. o II. 7. Besore the meetin of the comitia ook place, it was usual for the residin magistrate to conSult the auspices this sormalit was no observe at the meeting so theelectio of the tribuni plebis, an plebeians ere O regarded Squalisie to persorin his religious eremony cf. I. I. 5 plebeiuS magistratus nullus au icato creatur. et discrinaina gentium confundi Liv telis us IV. I. et that hen Canuleius proposed his lawJor sanctioning the intermarriage of patricians and plebeians, it was thought confundi iura gentumῖ. 2 praeterquam ... etiam osten used by Liv instead os non solum
. . . Sed Eliam: Cf. IV. 17 6 XXII. 53 6 malum raeterquam obum ... etiam atrox.
et 8 CamillumI Liv reser to Camillus as holding the ossice iterum in
3, DG his tribunis in thei tribunate' abi abs simila to hostibus Etruscis Ι5. in . admoduniri hicli originali meant up to the limit', illi positives mean completely , illi negatives at ali absolutely'.
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CHAPTER XV. p. 20. 3 a quorum pleraque Heraque is here used with a partitive genitive as in . 9 in I 6 7 e have a nominative in apposition ea pleraque. quia singuli auctores erant 'because there a only one an ovouch for each prodigyin'. spretaqueL and even stighted'. hostibus EtruscisDabl. abS. ea procurarent Prodigies ere supposedo hetoken Some impendin evit, hicli, however, might be averte or turne to a good
aruspices When prodigies ere announced sor hichio procuratio was provide either in the book of the pontiffsi in the Sibylline books, the senate usuali had recourse to the Etrusca haruspices This agimpossibie hile Rome was at war illi Veii an on this account the Delphic oracle a ConSulted. Da lacus in Albano nemore The rise of the water of the Albantake due partinio Volcani actio and partinio the melling of the noW,Was a mos celebrate event in Roman history. For a disci Sion of the legenti se Introd. gi. in Albano nemore o the west stope of the Alban ange, here thehilis ere thichi planted with rees. miraculo eximeret remove hom the realmis the miraculous'. Io Da. sciscitatum govern quidnam ...srodigio. Supine are rarelysollowedi dependent clauses CL 36 8 soStulatum t. ad Delfhicum oraculum We are tol that Tarquinius SuperbuSsent his sono consul the Delphic oracle I. 56. ), an intercourSewith Greece III 31 8 and the honoursiaid o Apollo in Rome III 63. et rendere it natura sor the Roman to see aid sto the oracle of
I in stationibus ac custodiis Stationes ere the pichet throw out in front of a cit o campo give arning of the enem y' approach, custodiae the Sentries PoSted at the gales o on the walis, hil vigiliae was applied to those ho undertook this ut at night cf. III. . vigiliae in urbe, stationes ante sorias . . . dispositae TaC. Ann. I. 28. These distinctions however, eremo always Stricti ObSerVed in 6. I
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and 84Iatione and custodiae Seem tot identica in mea ning and in η8.6 and 7 stationes is used generali sor SentrieS.
I vaticinantis used as a SubStantiVe See n. On and s. 22. colentium modo; 22 6 Sequentis modo.
emissa flet oss': the technica word soruat in o wateri artificial
foret whicli is arei used in Cicero an neve in combination illia participle, is requent in Livy. 16 g oneo govertis elicuit at the end of g 6.
et iaceret sc verba thre out hinis . G. haud intacti a casei litotes, ,hos mind was susceptibi toreligious seelings'. articipies are osten negatived by being compoundedwith in cf. in ictus gio inultus 16 3 insperato 23. 2. et si operae illi esset Aisae thought it orth hile, i he had time'. Operae has been variousi explainex as an abbreviation for operae fretium l.e a genitive) as a predicative dative. The phras is usuali found with a negative. 22 conSulere Pelle governe by causatus. The pronouns se subjectinand illum object are omitted. 25 nequiquam tumultuantibus 'in spite os the outcry P. et g B. ad inperatorem ma reser to the officer in command of the legion to hicli the oldie belonged, or ne of the tribunes may haVebee entrusted with the hie command . et sciscitantibusJ probabi a dative. 29 DP profecto. . inuisse Amus have been ' frofecto, like ἄρα in Greeli, is sed to reseruo a fac newl discoVered cf. a. 5; 7. 2.3o fatale with the dative patriae ascin 33. I fatali urbi. 3 goo cecinerit primar an secondar tenses are Sed in thesollowin sections ithout an difference of meaning. divino spiritu instinctus prompte by the inspirationis the god'. Other phrase of simila meaning are numine instinctus a I. a), Spiritu divino tactus 22 5 3. ).
p. 21. et forsitan whichoro iis derivation ors sit an should
rende the Sentence dependent, is always followed by the subjunctive in Cicero. In the poets, in Liv an in later riter it is osten sed asan ordinar adver ortasse without influencing the construction; it is ound with the subjunctive in 52. 5.
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libris fatalibus refers here to the book of the Etruscans, Se n. n
disciplinaD science'. stitiando See Critica Appendix. 6 dari L The present infinitive is sed vividi so the future; other
suserim deras in I 7. . sortis which hould mea oracles obtaine by drawing ois, asused generali for the answer of an oracle ho everrit a giVen. Io exspectandas agrees illi themeares substantive sortis his is nota violationis the ut give in as e have here a combination os a Wor denoting person with a ordienoting a thing. CHAPTER XVI. o go. Priusquam . . . redirent Priusquam an antequam are Some- times sed in Liv an Tacitus illi the subjunctive, os a lac in pasttime, here there i no idea DPurpOSe Cf. 23. 3. a Delphis The ablative of names of owns denotin place lienceis used both with and without prepositions Cicero, Caesar an Sallustusuali omit the preposition Liv more frequently employcit; cf. . I;19. a meis) 3 . 8 46. 7.1 iaculaJ used in the Same Sense a procuratio ς See n. Ο Ι5. I. I Da. Tarquinienses Tarquinii as a near eighbour of Veii probabi sel that the succes of the Roman would threaten her IunindependenCe. 17 multis simul bellis Simul has the force of an attribute Livysrequently uses tempora an loca adverbs as attributes; here thesubstantive is qualisied by another attribute, the adver is usuallyplace belween the adjective and the SubStantive cf. o. omnibus ante bellis); et 3 3 39 6 omne inde tempus); I. . fellis must betaken illi occupatos the intermediate ord are parentheticat. 18 Labicos Labici, aramali town nea Tusculum, had received a Romancolon in ID IV. 7. 5); the attack of the Aequi as apparenti un-
I ad hocJ a colloquia expreSSion Or praeterea.
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Veienti ne The war illi Veii, Falerii an Capena is regarded asseparate an distinet, an queri used to ouplerit,ith the attack of the Volsci and Aequi.
a. inter haec' sum up the siluatio described ina et unde thesecircumstances'. inter haec Sisten used by Liv instea os interea cf.
et locuniri Locus occasion is ound both illi genitive an dative; iniuriae is probabi a dative. agrum Romanuniri the territorsi Roman occupation, .e the districti the norit o Latium, justin agrum Caereum g 5 denotes the landoccupied by aere. et aut enim passuros The thought of the Tarquinienses is ut in
oratio obliqua ithou any goVerning Verb. et eoque is sed adverbially. Eo is frequently ound connecting two adjectives in his Way cf. XXXIII. 37. et per aperta eoque Iuta locas it is more raret found introducin a ne sentence mea re, Ufur ascitdoe in D 17. Io; o. an VIII 8 8 Eo et in postremam aciem reiciebantur. Lucretius V. o 7 uses hoc so this reason.
indignitast indignatio ait 45. 6.
et conatu essori'. et g 5. iusto dilecIu a regula levy', in hicli the magistrates could compei Service They ere revente sto carrying this ut by the veto of the tribuneS. et prope voluntariorumJ With dilectu, in consisting almos entiret ofVolunteer. p. 22. I gravis in pasSive enSe, heavit laden ' cf. XXI. 5. Magmen grave fraeda. et mortalis Se n. ns. 3.3 spoliis Spolia hicli properi denotes arm taliendroma conqueredfoe, is here sed lOOSel sor praeda, moveable properi carrie os in a
I. tertio i. e. die, hici mustae supplied Do biduum. 5 sub hasta The hasta, typisyin conques and wnerShip, as Sedas the signis a public Sale; laves ere Sol Sub corona See n. n
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themri f. II. Iet celera Sua sponte fata e deos gesturos and in reeli Eur Tro. 886 Ζευς εἴτ' ἀνάγκη φύσεος.
11 s. Romane, etc. I iiv probabi found this oracle reserve byone of the annalisis, an it Seem to have been originalty rillen in
Romane The individua is addressed a representing the nation cf. Verg. Aen. VI. 85 Tu retere imperio populos Romane nremento. Iacu contineri The alae ad not et vernowed 15. et); the Romans are directe noto allo the wafers to mali a courge sorthemselves suo sumine), ut o spread them ove theraelds. I ri bis future in an imperative SenSe. dissipatam ... exstingues distribute it in channet untii ita spent'. The metaphor aquam exstinguere is found also in ree. cf. Aesch. g. 958 ἔστιν θάλασσα, τί δέ νιν κατασβέσει. 1 o. audax adverbial. I memori irs used by Liv with acc. an in . Adjectives sed illithe constructioni participies are chien those hicli impi knowledge, memory, etc. Cf. ignarus I. 5; aud dubius 38. . i5 an sun etιri revealed . fatisti oracles as in Lucr. V. Mofunderenta. 16 g 11. templa poetic plura sor singular, a the temple os Delphicis
CHAPΤΕ XVII. 18 g 1 infens For in ens sed of person cf. IV. 6. 5 Canuleius victoria ingonS. coeptus with the passive ver haberi, hile coepere is sed illi theactive adhibere, Se n. On 3. 2.
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irregularly done auspicia vitiata and when the augurs declared that this
was the case, the magiStrate were Sal to e vitio creata, and were calledipo by the Senateri reSign.
Latinas Sc ferias as in I 0. I. The Latinae feriae the estiva of the Latin league in honour of Jupiter Latiaris was celebrate on the Alba mount. The ames Connected illi the festival I9. I were sollowed by a sacrifice sacrum). concessisse sormali proclaimed L A estiva celebrated annuali ona da fixe by the magistrates a calle conceptivus, and the date had to e formali proclaimed by the magistrate. The Latin festivaltoo place oon after the enlr of the magistrates on Ossice. et g a. abdicarent se The magiStrates, ho ere called ponoo resign, ere SuppoSed toto S Without conStraint See n. o 9. 3. 26 auspicia. . . repeterentur When auspices ad been declare to e invalid it was necessar that the Should e repeated. I magistrates ha been declare viri creati, the were disqualifie Dom aking the auspices and there re rom superintending the electio os thei successors It was neceSSarni RPPOint interreg S O this PurpoSe cf. 3I. 7flacuit fer interregnum renovari auspicia. In Such cases the senate
See Introd. p. xvii n. 6 appotnted an interrex, ho held office orive days is the electio di not tali place illiin that periodie appotnteda SucceSSor, and the proceS might be indefinitet continued. et g 5 turbarri an impersona passive. 3 convenisset We are noto Suppos that the plebeians insisted onthe election of their own candidates. The agreement mus have bound the interrex o admit plebeian a candidates accipere nomen a thepresidin magistrate might resus to tali votes rationen habere so any particular candidate. I Seem probabi that the patricians had trie tounsairi influenc the elections. p. 23. Quae dum aguntur See n. n interim I 3. . concilia Livy uses the genera term concilia for the assemblies of reign nations cf. I. 8 36. of the aut Sin; 3 8 of the eopte os Ardea). Dumnae The patron oddes of the Etrusca league, hoSe temple asino sar rom Volsinii. populi, cie n. n. I. 4. 5 undelm a quibus, and the antecedent ab eis must e supplied
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H. maxima in parte 'in a very great part in the greater pari See Critical Appendix an sor his use of maxima f. o. 7. The auislia atready invade norit Etruria, and thei preSence revente any substantia aidiein sent to Veii. invisitatam occur frequently in LiVy, 35. 4 37. 2G 45. . s. Cic. de Div. Ι1. 67. The word was probabi forme to avoid confusion
centuries of equite vote firSt cf. I. 3. I equite vocabantur primis, and wer hence called praerogatisae CL X. 22. 3.18 exactae aetatis In 2. II Liv describes Licinius as aetate iam gravis this expresSion denotes a Stili more advance age. a. Omnis . . . ex conlegio eiusdem anni Liv is inconsistent illi himself L. Titinius is the ni one ho was a colleague o Licinius in o 1 12. Io) Cn. Genucius and L. Atilius ere tribunes in the earaster I 3. 3). Livy' mistahes probabi aris stom his followin disserent authorities sor disserent paris of his or Without comparing or attempt- indito reconcile them. 19 resci present infinitive so future, Se n. Ono 5. II. 2 renuntiarentur Apparenti a majorit of the centuries had atready voted, ut the resul hadiso been formali declared. itire vocatis tribubusJ to e taken losely illi renuntiarentur. The tribeS, Liv aSSumes, ould e summone to a contio to hea the resulto the voting. Liv seem to regar the tribe an centur a par ofone organigation. It is probable that he is thini in of the Comitia Centuriata as it was organige at a later date, hen the tribe was ahenas the basis for the division into centuries, orie a be confuSing the Comitia Tributa illi the Comitia Centuriata. et, g concordiae fina dative aster omen. L. V. 8
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et eosdemJ emphati and predicative. rescitisIm iterum facitis; cf. I. 56. flebi Voleronem tribuminarescit. et nona D mere name'. p. 24. 1 g G. Eo dicoque J These two ord are sed speciali os dedicatin gist to the ods cf. XXII. 37. 12 sedem ei divae dare
iuro spontaneousis', in contrastri huic pete=ati. meisque. .srecibus abi abs coupled illi petenti to imos e Seelicit an a m prayer are added'. DF. fraecisitavere an example Dan active ver used in a reflexive Sense Liv usuali employ the active formis unwittingi fallin into ambusti cf. II. 51. 6,here thi Phrase occurs), the reflexive o the passiveos deliberate action. H. ante signa in the front antis' cf. 36 6. The standard Seemto have been carrie belween the Has ali and the Princises, and the forme were hence Sometime called Antesignani. Io tumulum wherei could notisastly be attacked he resusexto leave his positio an sight o leve term in the lain. In III. 2. 3 the Romans ha tine u thei positio loco eduo, an Liv spealis of thema nusquam se aequo certamini committentes.
SenSe, a mutare in I 3. II f. 9 5 iam Perterat fortuna. in irim ex ea re. 17 goo. victorem adjectiVal See n. no 2 3. Casenalem. . . iuventutenat both collectiVe, Se nn Ο 2. I and 4.
18 indet ab eo loco. g 11 his tumultuosioraD stili more alarmin accountS', explained by the accusatives and infinitives hicli sollow.
et tectis evastisque couple together by que, hile moenibus is a laeshide connected by c. 25 Si Sacra . . . SentJ. aliis hau apparently already taken place.