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23 quem primum . . . locum For the Orde cf. I. I. 3 in quem primum gressi sunt locum The Subjectri occupaverant is Massilienses.
et patientibus Sabisy See Critica Appendix.
et fer Taurinos saltus Se Critica Appendix The Taurini erea Liguria tribe o the east fide of the Cottia Alps whos Daniesurvives in urin), and the Duria as a rive flowin Do the ipsint the o. iv represent Hannibalis following the fame route, so that he Taurini ere the rs tribe e came pon aster croSSing XXI. 38 5 . ommsen hinks that in both cases Livni mistat en and that the auis an Hannibal both came ver the Graia Alps. et g s. Tuscis The Etruscans the extende to the Alps, omnia locatisque ad Alpis tenuere 33. Io).haiιd procul sumin See n. On 5. 2. et agrum does oubie uty agrum in quo consederunt is subjeci, agrum Insubrium predicate. et cognominem See Critica Appendix The adjective cog nominis occurs in Plautus and Vergil Aen. VI. 383 , butio in proseae re Livy. CHAPTER XXXV. 3 g 1. Cenomanorum is an explanationis alia, 'anotheriand consisting of the The Cenoman were a branch of the Aulerci mentionedinci . . p. 44. 1 faventri hould e alien in agreement illi salsas, and governin Belloveso the preSent participle, although it usuali denotes
an actio contemporaneous illi that of the principat verb is ometimes used like an orist, referring to an ac relatiVel paSt cf. XXIV. 7. Romam veniens comisia edixit. et locos tenuerri ha thei Settiemenis'. In his sense loca is the usu alsor in Livy. a. Libui mentione in XXI. 38 ad Libuos Gallos as a Gallictribe. GIIumiiDidentica with the Salyes mentione in as attachin themassilians, and the mal in term with them and with the Gauis. They seem to have oine the auis in thei expedition to Italy. LaevosJ The Laevi cf. XXXIII. 37. 6 dwel in the eighbourhoodos the Ticinus and are described by Ρlin M. H. III. II in LigurianS. Poenino an abl. hicli combines the ideas of place and of means; the Same expreSSion occurs in XXI. 38. 6. The Poeninus the modern Greatra Bernard is to the norit of the Cottia pas. M Cenis).L. V. Io
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agro fellunt In Cicero the simple ablative aster pellere is rarelysound except with som particular ordS, civitate, domo, foro, satria. intra A enninuni J sc homili potnt of vie of themauis, i. e. norit of the ApennineS. Da SenonesJ a powersul tribe, hos struggle illi the Roman was continued sor som centuries. Some of them hancioine in the expeditionis Bellovesus 34. ), and the main bod were asterWard Setti exonthe coas of the Adriatic. 9 nis habuere 'occupied the territory'. Finis is used not in the senseos boundaries, ut of the territor enclosed by certain boundaries CL
36 3 Si. .sarum snium concedant.
II solamne . adiutam This clause houldie governed bysarum certum est,aut it is irregulari put in agreement Withidnum, and sarum certum est has no influenc on the OnStruction.
15 cis Padum ultraque For the Orderis. IX. 32. 9 ante Signa circaque. 17 adversus Romanos . . adversus populumJ Adversus is sed in two different senses, firSt to expres the genera relation etween the two nations Secondi to expreSchoStile action.
19 Dialos his embassy implies that Rome' powe was recogniSed in Souther Etruria and that the Etruscans ere no stron enough by themselves to resis the Gauis. et 1 M. FabiI M. Fabius Ambustus, son of the Decemvir Q. Fabius Vibulanus His three fons Quintus, Numerius an Kaeso ere electe consula tribunes for the next year 36. O . 23 socios populi. . . amicos Where a genitive elong to tW nouns Liv prefers to ut it etWeen them; cf. 27. I magistro liberorum et comite; in 6 3 venandi is putirstrior emphasis. e must assume that the Romans hau aken the Clusians unde thei protection, MotherWiSethis description Ouidie inconsistent Witha . et g o. quoque Stricti quoque linksine actu anotherii the fame natur Without marking a gradation, hile etiam does mar a gradation. Sometimes, hoWever, achere an in 7 6 quoque is used in the sense of
si cogat. . . si possetD The lalter contingeno is expresse les vividlyand regarded a more remote than the sormer.
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CHAPΤER XXXVI. et g 1. Mitis erati, sc erat This is an instance of the elliptical conditional sentence the embassy was os a peacesul nature, and would have had n serious consequences unies etc. 'go concilio See n. no7. 6. 3I novum emphatic, sor therars time'. p. 45. I audiant In his oratio obliqua primar tenses are Sed throughout except in See n. On . . credere The subjeci se is omitte acina 4 illi velle. Instances of
this omission occur abΟVe, 5. 6 22 6.
destre sor eace and explain the emphasis in ne se quidem pacem
6 nium See n. On 35. 3. aliterim alia condicione. 8 A. coram eisdem Romanis Notice the emphasis gaine by the repetitionis the word ων am Romanis and the additionis eisdem. quantumJ Seem onoo 5 cf.4 6 tantum eminebat an Cic. de ep. II. et tantum ceteris praestitisse. Praestare, hicli is ound in Cicerowith the dative is realed by Liv ascis it were transitive cf. III 6 I. 7 praestate virtute sedilem. Io is quodnam id ius esset what right the had oraeeli' ita refers to the proposais of the auis.1 discurritur Notice the contrast in discurritur, conseritur, theySeparated o tali arm and then Oinediatile'. o. urientibus . . fatis Se n. on et . . The late ac independenti os, o in combination illi, the god See n. no6. in and fulsit the Nemesis hicli me bring down on themselves by their own rastiacis thus Liv gives the ethicat fide of the destructioni Rome Theneglect of the divine arning 32. 73, the lawles ac of the Romanambassadors and the fata securit of the Roman magistrates 37. in brought upo Rome the Vengeance of heaven. I ius gent nydenoted the principies of law common to Rome and tolli disserent Italia communities, with hicli Rome came into Contact as oppose to ius civile the la made by an for the citigens). In course of time ius en tum came to e regarde as identicat illi thelaw of nature in the nex chapter I ivruses the term ius humanum;
16 GJ explained by the clauSe cum . . sugnarent.
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clam For ther adverbs sed a predicate in i ' Cf. II. 23. I prose erat, ut XXIII. Sero iam SV. Clam is o sed by lautus, Truc. IV. 3. 2 clam quae se Ni fore Lucr. V. II 57 id fore clam. Cic. de in I. 5 in a PaSSage Simila to that of Lucretius says fore
ment of the Roman arm to have been ept by the Etruscans thephraSe evectus extra aciem in the ex section Show that ante signa denotes in the ranks an no in front of them.
et g incissa signaJ .e the Gaulia penetraled therars line. et spolia gentem Spolia legore is properi applied to collecting the spolis sto the enem aster a batile 39. in here to trippin a single
is put ellipticali sor acceptae, si forte acciperetur so this se of si forte rari τυχοι cf. Cic. pro Mil. Io Hicine vir in patria naorietur, aut si forte pro sarria. osulum in the Comitia Centuriata, as the magistrates seem to have been appotnted orthwith. reiciam: This ord is osten sed, here a magiStrate refer a matterwhicli te might decides himself to innother authori ty CL o. S;
CHAPI ER XXXVII. Io a moles mali dange of suci magnitude'. The alliteration is
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obcaeca animos fortunis Lan instanceis Livy's satalism : me neglectthe warning of the gods, and bring thei fatempo themselves. Se n. on 36 6 and cf. the proverb, quem deus vult perdere, frius dementat. II refringa checked Miled ' cf. Caes. B. G. VII. 56 vim suminis refringore. Ia quaeli although 13 osten, collective, Se n. n 2. I. I auxilia The plura is generaliging, as it is obvious that theappotniment of a dictator i meant. tempestatibus metenasoribus a in 5. I. This Se a genera in archai Latin and was revived by Sallust. 15 Da e J resumptive, Sed to la emphasi on the relative Clauge; Cf. VI 26 6 pacem, quam nos praestitimus, eam a diobis serimus. ab Oceano The Ocean a regarde a the oundar of the worid, and aut extende to the Ocean; ut the phras is in appropriate to the Cisalpine auis. 16 bellum ciente Liv uses more frequently bellum concire o concitare 5. IIJ in 7 4 e have ciere ad arma This is a vivi phrase rousing War'; Lo. a. pugnam ciebant Verg. m. I. 5 I bella cient Bellum confrahere gQ is also a rare phraSe Cf. XLIV. o. 3 contraxit certamen. 17 a. tribuni should e taken illi praee; ant. Thos men eretribunes in supreme command by hOSe'. I dilectum ... habebant Liv represent the deseat at the Allia astroughtupo the Roman by their own ver-confidence cf. tumul uario exercitu)Pother authorities tellis that at the militar sorces of the state and of the allies ere calle out See Introduction ciet. I mediat mediocria, ordinary'; cf. II. 49 5 nihil medium sed inmensa
et g si interim See n. Ono 3. . et violatoribus iuris humani CL U. 9. 2 hicine est, inquit, rus orsederis humani violatorque gentium iuris ius humanum, Se n. n36 6 Violator a firs used in prosei Livy. 2 gra. d. . . tumultum Ad is osten sed in a tempora sense todenote OccaSion or cauSe cf. a. paventes ad omnia; 6. et nihil ad
et tumultum a ord speciali applied ora rising of the aut o to a civiliuibreah either of which would require militaryoperations in Italy; cf. Cic. Phil. VIII. I. a laque maiores nostri tumultum Datacum quod erat domesticus tumultum Gallicum, quod erat Baliae sinitimus, prae =ea nullum nominabant. The 'or is appropriate to the violent land
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impetuous method of ghting of themauis; cf. XXI. I 6 4 cum Gallis tumul uatum magis quam belligoratum. 27 equis virisque the sua expression sor hors and Mot'.
p. 47. G deinceps inde For his expreSSion, cf. I. inde deinceps; ΙΙ. 7. II deinde deinceps. et celeritas hostium The ne consula tribunes entered office On Jul I cs. 32. IJ, hen the demand of themauis ad atready been rejected, the batile of the Allia did not tali place illi Jul IM VI. I. II) so that the Romans haestim enough o Prepare. DF. qui e quibus with indicative. In early Latin the indicative was usual in the best period the subjunctive Liv uses both indicative and subjunctive, the lalter more frequently than the former. velutJ with tumultuario. tumultuario On the occasion o a tumultus se n. na 5 a levyen masse a made exercitus tumultuarius opposed to the regula levyexercitus iustus). lapidem Se n. I 2.
Alia Both Alia and Alta occur. The forme prevatis in Livy; cs. 39 6 and 8.
praealto alveo abi. of place ithout preposition, Se n. n 33. . infra viam Via Salaria rom Romerio CruStumerium.
B. omnia contra circaqueJ See n. O 26. 5.
nata in timuitus Nasus naturali disposed to, ad sor is Mund in Liv with a dat. XXII. . et loca nata insidiis o with in or ad 5 and the acc. conpleverant plura referring to the individual comprised in the
collective singula genS; Cf. 48. 3.
CHAPTER XXXVIII. 1 g 1 loco castris casto This fina dative is frequent in his phrase
IV. . I 3ὶ inra e haVe urbi condendae locus.1 non deorum saltem, Si non hominum, memor P regardies nolint osmen but eveni the gods . Si non is almos invariabi Mund with some adversative adver saltem, certe, tamen deorum salum, si non hominum, memores ouldie quite regular, but here the wholoephraseris negatived, and the meaninii obSCured. I et nec auspicato nec luato Se n. o II. 7. Litato is notrused elsewhere; Iitare et mali an offering hicli exhibit favourabie mens, o obtain savourable omen im καλλιερειν) Usualty the Sacrifice a uepealed
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unti it was successsul in his case the tribunes adde irreligion to theirother fauitS.I, diductam in cornu D dragingiui thei line toward the wings'm uatit diduceretur Diductam is simultaneous illi instruNnt, Se n. Ο ΙΙ. refulsi. I gra cum although', acina 5. 16 paulum ... editi loci D a mali eminence'. I ab dexter L on the right'. The repositio ab somelime denoted res in a place, an in his sense as speciali used in militaryphrases fronte, ab latere, a terio gχὶ . s. ab omni par 5 et ab ea via 28. 16). I g a regulus CL 8 8 the word is used by Livnto denote the clites of a tribe. et ad ii explained by ut...darent. 2 rectafronteJ Don to front ' cf. XXII. 7. et frontibus enim adversis
et inpetum darent osten in iv instea of the more sua inserum facere which he se in 3. I and 3ὶ cf. II. 9. . So iam dare is
23 A. i. . . desultiferi dependent on dubius and the condition to toriam fore. et aud dubius constructed like non dubito 3 with acc. an in .
in aequo campi For in aequo Se n. on 3. 2, and O the gen. camsi See n. n 29. . suseranti Lusuali interpretexas a dat qualified by multifudinem sibi cum multi udine superarer; superanti multitudine might be an ablativeos cause a the word should probabi herialien in agreement. et adeoJ so true is it that ' Se n. ni. 15. et g 5. aue Im Romanorum. nihil. . . non For the double negative cf. . . simile Romanis See n. O 28. 3. et fuga dismay' cf. I. 28 5 ut. . terror ac figia iniceretur.
omniumIm omnium rerum: See n. O I9 6.
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routin them pressed on to the rear of the Romans and attache thecentre and est in stillimi homilhind. p. 48. ignotum put firSt out of iis natura orde so emphasis. in Cri in acrique 'fresi and unwounded . suomet ipsorum cer amine qualisi es inpedientium. Suomet refers, no to the subjectis the sentence, ut to the subjectis inpedientium. In many aSe Suus, hicli is the possessive of the reflexive, seem to lose iis reflexive SenSe an trahiS, their own Cf. XXXVIII. I.
non modo Where two Clauses have the Same predicate non modo Or non solum a. 3 is sed in the rs claus in the sense os non modo non, i ne. . . quidem occur in the econd where the predicates aredisserent non modo non is sed as in gi. Io ne nuntius quidem Se n. On 9. 6.
quoque. The poSitio of the substantive and the ad ver both serve toemphasige the conduci of the Gauis in contrast to that of the Romans. miraculumJ With the epexegeti gen victoriae; f. 6 3 miraculum
audaciae.15 de rooted to the spol' correspondS to obSIupefactoS. 16 primum Notice the successioni tempora adverbs primum, deinde, Stremo, tum demum, and CL D5-8.17 folia Die=YI See n. On 36. 7.18 gere The historical ins sollows a perfeci steterun an is sollowed by an historical present perveniunt. I ga. postquam . . cernebatur See n. IO. II. nihil Aostiae no hostile movement'. et ante solis occasum Diodorus an Polybius malle two or three days elapse belween the batile and the occupationis Rome. et a stationem probabi distributive referring to the different gales. 23 aliud. . . miraculum thi second marvel'. et g . Anienem the rive Anio, hicli flowed into the Tiber a litileto the northis Rome.
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et alias usuali interprete a the gales as eli'; e may hOWeVer, tali itis ceteras, and suppos that the portae ina et re ni the gales onthe fidei Rome irst approached by the auis. quaenam ... sent The laus is dependent on the verba idea contained in exploratoribus meis qui explorarent. in se ita re in thei desperate case' the phraSe more Osten occurSin the plural ait 46. . et g Q. Romani The passage seem hopetessi corrupi se Critical Appendix The readin give in the texi is that adopte by the editorS. Romani must not be alien in agreement illi conplorati omnes fro iis positio a the eginning of the sentenc it is obvious that Livnis contrastin the actio of the Roman in the cit with that of the aut ouiside. The sentence result in an anacoluthon, a con- florali omnes ramourning or ali is inserte a an additiona subjectrio inpleverunt, although it should properi be par of the dependent clause. p. 49 I vivi mortuique whether dea ordivini'; hi phraSe occursagain XXII. 55 3 thi uSe of que Se n. O 26 8.
3 luctusJ The plura reser to the mourning of the differenthouseholdS. Stusefeci stunned, verwhelmes'. or his use of stupefacio illi an abstraci substantive a the object f. XXV. 38. 2 nisi metu maerorem obstu faceret the neuter ver stupeo is sed in a similar a stupenti ita seditione XXVIII. 5. 2ὶ The sollowin description is a mos vividPiec O narration, an may be compared it the account of the pani aster Cannae, XXII. 5 , 55.5 turmatis P in quadrons os cavatry)'. s. omne inde tempus at the intervening time L For theras ostempora adverbs S attribute Se n. On 16 2 and Cf. XXII. 6Ι. Io omni deinde vita. identidem iam 8 ever moment... immediately', explaine by primo
quia acceSSerant... quia ... Supererat Both reason are Statellas facis, although it ould e more natura sor them to e give a par of the oratio obliqua. Boc consita a manneris for hoc consilium. Se n. o 5 5 and L
plurimum terroris 37. 6). Cicero has o consili pro Cluent g IJ; hoc rationis pro Caec Det). II V. ratis Se Critica Appendix This is probabi an ablative absolute, illi the subjec omittes cs. IV. ratisin IV. 6o I fatentibus) It might be alien as dat with videresur.
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19 robur abstraci collective substantive, as are civitas gra and inven-
in arcem Capitoliumque The Capitolin hil has two summit witha hollo belweem the outher summit Was the Capitolium, containing the great nationat temple the northern was the ciladelis Rome. Some- times one or is sed to denote both SummitS, Se n. O. . et goo. inde in a loca sense, explaine by e loco munito. See Critica Appendix. et Romanum nomen See n. O 22. 8. 11. aminem In VH. o. cithree amis are Sald Ohave fought refuge a Caere, ut the samen Quirinalis is mentioned here and in o. aecause he hadispecialiuties in connection it the worShipis Vesta and too par in the preservationis the sacra. et sacerdotesque Vestalis more usuali calle virgines Vestales o Vestales in o. Io the are called sacerdotes sublicae. 23 auferre. . . deseri For the combinationi active and passive aster animpersonat Verb See n. On O. M CL 3O. 3. et g 12 facilem iacturam adigii sacrifice ' Se n. Ona. 8.eneysorsre f. 5. o. et seniorumJ depend on turbae. utique 'in an case anyhow'. his mus have been the originalmeaning of the word, and inra I et u go utique in patria essem it hasin fame force. It was used also in a somewhat disserent sense limitinga Statemen to a certain time, place or condition m certe, saltem and example of this Se e have in a . A 53 3 nunc utiquein.
et g 1 a. de plebe multitudo De flebe is sed in place of a defining