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sered romother nations in the reaiment of thei flaves in a Wayso much to thei credit, hen e conside the many and eightymotives, that ere presente to them thus to et EspeciallyWhen e consider, that in ther countries, there as O Sabbath so the lave, O da os rest, andio laws sanctione by the Divinio. RunaWay StaVeS, and thoseolio ere suspecte of an intentionio do it, ere branded, o the mos par in the orehead to hicli custom there are allusion in Galatian 6 17, and Revelation 14 9. 22 4. laves in heathen nations ere debat red rom a participatio both in ad the civi sestivais, an in ali the religious exer-
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cises, hich Was a very different state of things sminthat among the Hebrews. 1 ter Christianit had penetrate into hos nations stestate of things was in ome degre changed and laves in the Christia church e oyed equa privileges With any thers, a sar asthe Chiarch was coneserned Gal. 3 28. Coloss. 3: 10 11. Philem. 10. Cor. 12 13. Eph. 6 8. Slaves in ther nations ere o supported by thos With Whomthe labored consul POLLUX on the or πουσικαπλὶ They ere Ver raret permitte t mar , o to enter into that state calle by
subjected to th will of thei muster; and the were oblige to Aehim presenta from it. Wheneve the were O happyra tot manumitted the were stili unde the necessit os retaining the nam offree en liberti, octot in allusion to thei previolas condition and thei children, ascis the disgrace ere designe to e perpetuated, were denominated libertini, ree eUs sons. e have o timerio dwellis pon the occasionat, e might Sa frequent, and exceSSive erueli of thei maSterS. In a Word then the conditionis flaves a miserabie, and the JeWswere notato blam for boastin that the were the Deemen o Abraham, Joh 8 8. Paul himself acknowledges that the condition Osfreedom is orthy of ein eageri embraeed, hen it an e m-braced without dishonest o injustice; ut thedroedom hiulide es-teemediost orth in iis nature an mos important in iis OnSequences, a that hicli is ive through ur Lor Jesus Christ, Cor. 7 21-23. Rom. 8 15. Havin this statemen in regar tolli flaver os other nations in iew, ne is in a conditiones under- stan the orcse of that comparison introducet ut times in the NewTestament, hieli representa the Jews unde the Mosaic law, as in astate os servitude, and Christians as in a state of reedom, Joh 8 32, 34. Rom. 6 17. James 1 25. It is a comparison not ni livebnn impressive, butino hicli, unde the circumstances that existed in the time of Our aviora and the apostles, a very naturali made. Thiri PDm Pnrison, n saris res posito Sinners, had atready been made
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173. ΗΛRACTER OF H HEBREWS. TH character of the Hebrews exhibit in vices common among oriental nations, viz. luXury, pomp effemina , an arrogance. The arroganee of the HebreWs in later times a very great, Se Tal-mud Baba Meletia, p. 83. John 8 33. Among the reat, there asto great a prevalencem extortion, O Oppression, and of hypocriticalfriendghips, that ought to cove the ollownes of the ear beneath the externa appearance. e find that vices of this description ere uaround of complain among the propheis, and the
subjects of thei reprehension in ad paris of their ritings and stili it cannot e dented that there occur in the histor of the HebreWs example of great magnanimity, Gen. 14 23. 44 34. Judg. 8 23 1 Sam. 12 3, 4. 18 1. 20 4-8, 41, 42 23 16 18. 24 712 26 9 12. 1,ings 20 31. O the various traiis in ne cha aeter of the Hebrews, hic are develope in the o ars of their history the mos strihin beyon an question is that os stubborn-nes an inflexibili , se Acts vii. The dispositio sor idolat ceased aster the captivity. I it e the saei that the adnes of Worshippin idol seiged pon ome of the obter Sort f eople, So late soli time of themaee ees, it is sufficienti evident, that it id not extendo the reat bod of the nation. The public or political viriues of the eopte a perhaps e summedi by aying that the were industrious in the culture of thei selds, and brave o the fiet os batile. Η, should assume the province of mentioning an particular perio in thei history durin Which, more hamat an other time, the appear o have excessed in brave- 16.
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the Maccabees. Among the mora virlues, that are mos celebrate in the Hebre Scriptures, the ollowing may be mentioned;
1. ποῦ Σ justice, a genera term is se mora integris and
Ian other morat virtves and uties are commended and ensoreed in the old Testament so that here is no hesitanc in saying that the Hebrews, in 'nowledge of the principies of mora conduci, far exceede ait ther nations. ut e mustio Suppose, that therectitude of the conductis the HebreWs corresponde&on ali occasions to theiranowledge, o that the ali of them fulsile those uties, theobligation o whicli the were o weli insorme noto admit Onthe contrary Ver man disregarded the light, hiel God had given, and neglecte to fulsit hos duties hiel the fel themselves boundio persorm. his perversit os conduci exhibite itfel more sp ciali in the later period of thei existenceras a nation When manyamong them perverte the amo Moses by thei traditions and philosophiea quibbles Holdin to the letter, the wandered sumetently fur rom it spirit, and acquire amon ali nations a very dis acesul celebrit for thei salsehoods, impostures, an periuries. Tacitus, Hist. V. 5. 1 Thess. 2 15. Eph. 2:14. In the last War of the Jews,
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I cannot e dented that there prevalle among the Hebrewsn litti propriet and refinement of manners although the markso civility, hic the exhibite to eae other in thei socia intercoiarse, are by O means the Same in ali respecta it those, Which out be expecte in such intercourse ro a et bredan polite inhabitant of modern Europe. The prevalling astesor eivilit and sor resinement of manners a strengthenedi considerations Mawndrom the la os Moses, Lev. 19 32. The prooss, that uel civilit an suo refinement of manners actuali existedan prevassed, are so numerous in the Bible that a person ouldae disposed to complain that the were o numerous, ather thau that the were O se . But every Ount and Ver climate has omething peculiar in iis manner an modes of intercolarge, as et a in other things. I in any Ountry the common eXpression o civility, and the usualdo so politenes should e thoroughi examine and ut estimated, the woulda found tot more marked an extraVagant, than aS required by the actuat state of the seelings. The orientalS, especially, Would e thought y an inhabitant of Europe to e excessive in thei gestures an expression O good-Will When in trutholiose
fie more amon them, than a nod of the ead, or an extensiono the haud among the les animate an more moderate inhabitant os occidenta nations. The very ancient sorm o civilit and politeness, mentione in Genesis 18 1 0. 19 1-3 23 7 12. 41:43. 42 6, an spolien o likewis by Herodotus and the ancient historians have been perpetuate to a rea degre amon eaSternnations ill the presentiay. In the time o Christ the ancient modo of addressing those hoWere orthy of ein honored vig. by ann my lord, or Orci tostat effeci, as in a measure superseded and the honora indmore extraVagant addres of Rabbi, i. e. the reat, et , in Whichoriginate in the chools hadaecome common among the eople; QSo the ille of κοατιστε, o mos excellent, Luhe 1 3. Acts 23 26.
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mon salutation among the Phenicians It was in se also among
the Hebrews, but was no addressed by them in an person exceptiliet LingS. 6 Xαιρε, ansWering to the Latin V or ALVE in HebreWram ora ri, Luke 1 27, 28. Mati. 26 49 28 9. The gestures an inflections of the ody, hicli ere made nan occasion o salutation differe a disserent times, va in Withthe dignit an statio of the person ho was saluted a is thecas among the Oriental in his day. In pronouncin the Orm os salutation usi iven the oriental place the right and pon thelest reast, and with much gravit incline the ead. I two Arabfriend of eques rari in iis e meet together, the mutuali exten toeaeli ther the right anil, an havin clasped the elevate them, to his them. Havin advance thus sar in the eremony, eaeli oneraraws bae his and and Lissos it instea of his Dieiid's, and then places it pon his orehead I ono of the Arabs emore exalte in potnt of rank than the ther, he is a liberi togive themther an opportunit of Lissing instead os his own the hando his superior. The parties the continue the salutationa recip
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D175. MODE GF SALUTATION. 189 unde it, in hic eas alone it cla sulci touch the beard 2 Sam. 20 9. It is ometimes the case that persons, instea of this cere-mony, meret place thei cheeh8. Ogether. It is the common praetice mong the Persian sor person in salutin to his euehother' lips is ne of the individual be a person of high rank, the salutation is oven pon the cheelis instea of the lips, 2 Sam. 20 9. Gen. 29 11, 13. 33 4 39 11 48 10-12. Exod. 4 27. 18:7 The Arabians are in the habit is inquiring respecting the
When e conside the natur of the oriental salutations thoardor o gesticulationi suc an OceaSion, the prosession o friend-shi and good ill Whieli ere then made, e liould not onderthat in evangelist Joh in his secon epistie, eleventi verse thoughtit necessar to sorbid a Christian to salute a man o another feci, orto eleome imo his ouse For it is ver clear, that ursuing
would have possessed the ver injurious effecti cons undinidistinotions and giving encouragement in hereSy. In the presence of the reat and the oble the oriental inclinethemselves almos to the arth, his theiraness, o the hem of theirgarment, an place it pon thei sorehead When in the pres- ence of hings an princes more particularly the go S sar a toprostrate themselves a sui tengi upo the round Sometimes illitheiranees bent, the touch thei sorehea to the earth, and e re resumin an erect position either his the arth, or i the preser ii, the ee of the hin or prince in hos presene the are permitted
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The wor in rin: , he standin by tself, oes no mean prostration pon the arth, ut meret an inclinatio of the ody, ascis evident Do 1 ings 2 19. Prostration is expressed in Greehby the wor προσκυνόμ, an in Latin by the word adorare. The various positions of Ody of hicho have Spohen, ere assumedin the wor o God. The Greelis an Latin maintained that there hould eis prostratio of the od in the worshi os God Only, and Ot On an occasion o les importance, Acts 10 25, 26. Rev. 19 20. 22 9. The Hebre ver 'in is sed ni in reserene to the adoration o idols, an not of the supreme God, Isa. 44 15, 17, 19 46 6. The corresponding ord in the Aramean an Arabio dialecis is more broad in iis signification Dan. 2 46 3 5. 176. O VISIΤΙΝG. person, ho en on a visit, ound himself unde the necessit of nochin at the gate, or o calling ith a lota voice, tili the master of the ous came ut The visitant a then, sit appenred uitable to the master of the ouse, conducted in butno iii a sigii ad rs been made to the emales of the family, toret ire to thei rei propriate pari ments 2 ings 5 9-12. Acts 10:17. Thoseolio intendet to visit person that hel a high anhin ii se, ore in ille habit os senilin previous notice of thoi comi sena platei visit, bui ille dii no fulsit the purp0se the had thus
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aromati substances Traces of these eremontes Oecur in Gen. 7:27. Exod 30 37, 38. Prov. 27 9. Num. 16 6 17, 18 37, 38. In the East the ollowin custom has itherio prevalle and oes at present. I it appea convenient or necessar in the estimationo his hos sor the visitant to retire, in orde to relieve imself romth disagreeable necessit of sayin s in expres terms, he gives hima polite hin in respecto his isties by causing him to e regaledmitti incense or burni perfume. An this is accordingly the conclud- in ceremon of the visit. 177. O GIFΤS. The praetice of mahin presenis, rim: rizzz Vz, τιμη, Um. 22 7, 16, 37. 24 11-13, is very common in oriental countries.
The custom probabi ha iis origin among thos men, horarsi sus-taine the me of hings oraulers, and who rom the novel indperhaps the weahnes attache to thei Siluation chose, ather hanto mine the agardous attempt of Xaetin taxes, to content them-selves illi receiving thos presenis, hieli might e reel offered, 1 Sam. 10 27. Hene it passe into a custom, that WhOeVer approaehed the hing, hould come illi a gist This a the praetice and the expectation. The practice of presentin gist Was subsequently extende to ther reat men, tomen hooere inferior toth hing, but Who ere nevertheless, men o influence an rank it Was also extended O those ho ere quais, hen the were visited, Prov. 18 16. Ung themselves mere in the habit O mahin presenis, proba- bl in reserene to the custo in question and the eelings connected illicit, to thos individuals thei inferior in Gint of rank, Who the wishe to honor, and ais to those, ho like them- gelves, were clothe with the roya authority. These preSentS, Vig. Sueli as ere presented by the hin a a token of the roya esleeman honor, are almos invariabi denominate in the HebreW
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pressing thei dissatisfactio or indignation, Nings 5 5 8 9. In later times hen a se propheta in Orde to bini money, propheSied without truth and without authoi ity the true prophet8 so the pur- pose of Leeping the line of distinctio a marked an distinet aspossibio, rejecte everything that looked like pay Amos 7 14. Gisis of the hin that have no been described, are notato e cons undedwith those hicli are calle rinti, and whicli ere presente tojudges, notis a mar of Steem an honor, ut so purp0ses of bribery and corruption The ormer a considered an honor to thegiver but a gis of the lalter hin has been justi reprobated in everrage, Exod. 23 8. Deut 10 17 16 19 27 25. s. 15 5 26 10. Isa 1 23. 5 23. 33 15.
The iver a no restricte a to the in os present, hieli he hould malle. He might present not ni silve and old, ut clothes an a s also different ind of ood, in a Word, nythingwhieli eouldae o benesit to the recipient, Gen. 43 11. 1 Sam 9 7.16 20. 0 42 11. It was the custo anciently ascit is a thepresent time in the East, or an individual When visitin a persono high rank, to mali some present of Smal value to the servantsor domesties of the person visited 1 Sam. 25 27. It was theusua practice amon hings an princes to presentato thei favorite
22, 23. Est h. 8 15. The roya wardrobe, in hiel a large number of sueti arments a Lept is denominat ei in Hebre bet, Cliron. 9 24. It was considere an honor of the ighest Linit, ii a Lingi an person in igh authorit thought it proper a amanifestation es his su vor, o ivo way O another the ni ment