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38 et

M. TVLLII CICERONIS

PAR III. num accepi dolorem, intellexi fortunam ab eo nostram despectam esse. Quid quaeris sortasse miraberis in maximis horum temporum doloribus hunc mihi scito esse Velim ut tibi amicus sites hoc cum tibi opto, opto ut beatus sis erit enim tam diu. Consilium nostrum spero Vacuum Periculo ore s

nam et dissimulavimus et, ut opinor, acerrime adServabimuS.

Navigatio modo sit, qualem opto, cetera, quae quidem conSilio provideri poterunt, cavebuntur Tu, dum ad Sumus, non modo quae scieris audierisve, sed etiam quae sutura providebis scribasio velim Cato, qui Siciliam tenere nullo negotio potuit, et, is tenuisset, omnes boni ad eum Se contulissent, Syracusis Prosectus est ante diem VIII K. Mai. ut ad me Curio Scripsit.

Utinam, quod aiunt, Cotta Sardiniam teneati est enim rumor. O, si id fuerit, turpem Catonem Ego, ut minuerem suspi-4

istionem prosectionis aut cogitationi meae, prosectus sum in Pompeianum a. d. IIII Idus, ut ibi SSem, dum quae ad navigandum opus essent pararentur. Cum ad illam Uenissem, en- tum est ad me centurione trium cohortium, quae Pompeiis

sunt, me velle postridies sconvenireJ-haec mecum Ninnius a noster- Velle eos mihi se et oppidum tradere. At ego tibi

I Fortunam . . esse that he lighted meis account sis position.' a. Fortasse miraberis, c. id quod

dicturus sum.

3. Hunc, c. dolorem 4. Ut beatus sis, that ou may be Prosperous 5. Tam diu, so long and n longer. Consilium nostrum, is intention ' ofleavin Italy. 6. Dissimulavimus, 'Phave concealedm intentions.' his appear tot the read

haves dis imulabimus. Adservabimus, shaliaee them secret.' adservare summa diligentia custodire et occultare. Boot O ut Opinor, P.

7. Navigatio : P.ap. 6 I, 5, Ole. 1ae quidem . . poterunt, is far atteas acit illae possibi for orethought toprovide so them.' p. EP. Io 2, Ote, Onthe positio of quidem. The conjunctive Mouldie more common after ' quae quidem'

in this sense. Cp. Madv. 36 . Obs. 2.8. Dum adsumus, ,hile Pana stili in Italy. p. dum scitur Ep. 69, 3. Io. Cato: p. Intr. to Par III, 9,

notes.

Nullo negotio in sine ullo negotio.'Cp nulla reda, nullis impedimentis Pro Milon. Io, 28 madv. 257. Potuit: p. Ep. 4 I, Ole. II. Ad eum so ad quem.' Cp. Madv.

I 3. Cotta M. Aurelius Cotta seems onlytoae mentioned by Cicero here and Adinit. Ia 2 2, 2, where heris spoken Das a learned

Est enim rumor, sc eum ita facturum.' O the occurrences here reserre io, P. Intr.

to Par III p. 29I, note Ia. Cicero had notye largi ven Cato for opposing the vote os a supplicati, tu his honour Cp. Ad Fam. I 5 5. illi Ad Att. 7. 2, 7.

I 6. Pompeianum: P. EP. 9, II, Ole. 7. Ventum est ad me, received a deputation, hic said. On the accus and infin whic folio , cp. below, a misit . . puerum se ad me venires an Madv. 395. I9. Me velle postridie. Perhaps convenire ' is superfluous. p. EP. 29, 9 te . . ipsum cupio. Boot. Haec mecum, sc ' locutus est. On theellipse, p. p. 33. 4, note L. Ninnius Quadratus Was a rea hien o Cicero. Cp Εp. 9 4, and Intr. to Pari I, 6 o.

Ep. 7 . EPISTOLARUM AD ATTICUM X. 6. 383

postridie a villa ante lucem, ut me omnino illi ne viderent. Quid enim erat in tribus cohortibus quid, si plures quo apparati cogitavi eadem illa Caeliana, quae legi in epistola tua, quam accepi, Simul et in Cumanum Ueni, eodem die, et simul fieri poterat, ut temptaremur; omnem igitur u Spitionem s

sustuli. Sed dum redeo, Hortensius venerat, et ad Terentiam salutatum deverterat sermone erat Sus honorifico erga me. Tamen eum, ut puto, videbo; miSit enim puerum Se ad me venire Hoc quidem melius quam collega moSter Antonius, o cuius inter lictores lectica mima portatur Tu, quoniam quar Ioiana cares, et medum movum morbum removisti, sed etiam

gravedinem, te vegetum nobis in Graecia siste, et litterarum aliquid interea.

I. A villa. I does no appear heres perhaps at Cumae. 2. Quid enim . . cohortibus, ,hat was the value of three cohoris Τ' Cp Ep. 9,

Quid, si plures sc essent, temptandum erat Τ' Quo apparatu sc. temptaturi eramus

aliquid Τ Abi instr. cp. Madv. 254. 3. Eadem illa Caeliana, the fame exploit o Caelius of whic I rotelesore. Cp. Ad Att. Io Ia 6, lib. The allusion is obscure. It is osten reserre to a Caelius who aised a sorceri oppos Sulla in Italy, and who is apparenti noticed according toon reading, in lut Pomp. 7. It is justpossibi that Cicero may have atready heard that M. Caelius Rufus was discontente With Caesar Cp. Intr. to Par III, o a.

5. Fieri . . temptaremur, 'it Waspossibi that peopte ere tryin to entrapme.' Gn the ood, p. Madv. 373. omnem . . suspitionem sustuli, Iremove ali round sor suspicion, whichCaesar' friend would have et is he had

even listene to the proposais made. 6. Dum redeo: c. in Cumanum.'

Hortensius, o of the reat Orator.

Η was a man o dissipated character cp. Ad Att. 6. 3, a Io. 4, 6), homo served Caesar, ut aster his deati supporte and obeyed Brutus as overnor o Macedonia, and was ut o death aster Philippi by Antony' order, in revenge so the deat of

C. Antonius, hos executio Hortensius

Ad Terentiam . . deverterat, had

II, o the se of the supine. 8. Tamen ' though he had calle wit out findin me a home. CP. p. 29, 2I, note Mesenb has ciam. Misit . . venire p. 6 4, Dote. 9. Hoc quidem Melius, c. secit. CP. P. 327 l. note, o the ellipse. Collega, as augur Antony' electio is referre to P. I, I. Io. Mima: p. Ad Att. Io Io, hic tamen Cytherida secum lectica aperta portat, alteram uxorem ' also Philipp. a. a , 58. Quartana: p. Ad Att. Io. 5. ς' te aquartana liberatum gaudeo. It was a severreturning very ourth ay Forcell. II. Ne dum. Forcell. hinks that this is used in a sense resembling that os non dicam an a simila sense is ound in aletteris Balbus and Oppius. Ad Att. 9 7 A. I. ut it seem noto be Ciceronian, and Weserib thinks that omething has ropped

novum.

Novum morbum. Perhaps the dis-orde Was δυσουρία, mentione Ad Att. o. IO, 3.

I 2. Gravedinem, 'col in the 'ead,'

catarrh. Perhaps an usual consequenc os

the sichnes hom hici Atticus ad been

suffering Boot read novum morbum removisti, omittin nedum, and putting sed etiam gravedinem in bracheis. Thebest S. hac novum vel nedum.

Te egetum . . siste, present oursess

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M. TULLI CICERONIS

PARTIII.

TULLIUS TERENTIAE SUAE SAL PLURIMA M. Omnes molestias et sollicitudita es, quibus et te mi Serrimam' habui, id quod mihi molestissimum est, et Tulliolam, quae nobis nostra vita dulcior est deposui et eieci quid causae autem uerit, postridie intelleXi, quam a Vobi disceSSi χολυ κρατον noctus eieci; statim ita sum levatus, ut mihi deus aliquis medicinam secisse videatur, cui quidem tu deo, quem ad modum Sol CS, Pie

et caste satis acies iis est Apollini et Aesculapio Navem a

spero nos valde bonam habere L in eam simulatque conscendi, haec scripsi. Deinde conscribam ad nostros familiares multasio epistolas, quibus te et Tulliolam nostram diligentissime commendabo Cohortarer UOS, quo animo sortiore esseti S, ni Si os fortiore cognOSSem quam quemquam Virum. Et tamen em Smodi spero negotia esse, ut et vos Stic commodi SSi me perem

CAIETA. In p. 54, 6, Cicero ad written that he had ships ready a Caieta an a Brundisium in caseae decide to ait

IIo. 3Oo: Pro Flacco 20, 7 cur unus tu Apollonidenses . . naiseriores habes quam aut Mithridates aut . . pater tuus habuit usquAm.'

χολὴν α κρατον He se Gree wordsperhaps for delicacy's ake, or, as r. Jeans savs a Latin is sed nOW: P. P. O4 I. s. ieci in ev ,niui. Forceli. Medicinam fecisse. t h.ive adminis. teredis remedy. Facere ' ' adierre. For- celi. p. De Orat. a. 4 1, 8 ' adhibere medicinam.'7. Satis facies m gratias ages. Frey. coles.' Forcell. On the ood an tense, se ΕP. II, 3. II. duo in ut eo,' that by so much. Cp. Madv. 44 b. Obs. I. I a. Et tamen: p. p. I. 6.I3. Spero esse, soli. Cicero here twiceuses the present infinidve wit spero.' p.

Εp. 6. EPISTOLARUM AD FAMILIARES VIII. 17. 385

esse et me aliquando cum similibus nostri rem publicam defen- Suros. Tu primum Valetudinem tuam velim cures deinde, si

tibi videbitur, villis iis utere, quae longissime aberunt a militibus. Fundo Arpinati bene poteris uti cum familia urbana, si annona carior fuerit Cicero bellissimus tibi salutem plurimam dicit Etiam atque etiam vale. D. VII. Idus Iun.

76. M. CAELIUS RUFUS O CICERO AD FAM. VIII i 7).

CAELIUS CICERONI SAL. Ergo me potius in Hispania fuisse tum quam Formiis, cum tu prosectus es ad Pompeium Quod utinam aut Appius Claudius in hac parte fuisset aut in ista parte C. Curio, cuius amicitia me paulatim in hanc perditam causam imposuit; nam mihi sentio obonam mentem iracundia et amore ablatam. Tu Porro cum ad

te proficiscens Arimino noctu venissem, dum mihi pacis mandata

sensuros, CP. Madv. Is c. esenb potnis out that this constructio is not Ciceronian, and prefixes fio laesensuros.'3. Utere, apparenti future v. Sup. n satis facies, Nesenb ho ever, cures has gone besore reads utare. A militibus, sc Caesarianis.

4. Cum familia urbana, withthe flaves of ou to establishment.' They couldae maintaine more cheapi at Arpinum hana Rome probably. The estate at Arpinum has been mentione Ad Att. 5. I, 3. P. De Legg. a. II Appendi 5 I. 5. Cicero bellissimus, yOung Marcus. O this se of the superlative illi a proper

by the allusion in o a' Caesar' arm asapparenti atready in presence of Pompey's, and o the ther hand by the deat of Caelius havin apparenti taken place early in 8 .c. p. Intr. to Pari III, Ia, P. 3OO, notes 5 and 6. 7. Ergo Servit eleganter conquestioni et indignationi. Forcell. Μ potius . . fuisse, to thin that Ishould rathe have been. Cp. p. a. I.

8. Quod utinam soli. Quod in and. Cp. MadV. 4 9. 9. In hac parte, o Caesar' fide. Me . . imposuit, Me me by degreesto embar in his desperate cause. Imposuit ' in iniecit. Forcell. II. Iracundia et amore, i angeragainst Appius and affectio sor Curio. 'ia. Ρroficiscens Arimino perhaps onlymeans ' from Ariminum. Caelius had beensen to Liguria by Caesar early in the civit War cp. Ad am 8. 5 a , an probablyrejoine his commander at Ariminum. Where Cicero received his visit oes notappear o the tense of das and agis. cp. Ep. 69, 3, Ole.

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M. TULLI CICERONIS PARVIII. 386

das ad Caesarem et mirificum civem agis, amiς 0GςiV 'ς ς

neque mihi consuluisti. Neque haec dico, quod dissidam huic

ausae, sed crede mihi, perire 'tiψ' 'x' m h '

timor vestrae crudelitatis non esset, eiecti iam ridem nincta , hi nune praeter laeneratore Pauco ne homon rdo quisquam est nisi Pompeianus. Equidem iam essec,

Cur hocp' inquis Immo reliqua exspectate; o in to Vincere coegero rana alterum me Catonem' vos dormiti neque

Gazz hi videmini intellegere, quam nos Pate mu 2

apud me plurimum solet valere, dolori atque IndgmtatiScauS

CId isti facitis proelium exspectati quod si ras

Vestras copias non novi nostri valde depugnare et facile algere

is et esurire conSuerunt.

Et mirificum civem agis an in playing the partis an excellent citigen, bytrvin to effectis pacification. Dissidam rep. p. 28, 7, note sor

offende because Trebonius received the praetura urbana while e ni ha the Gregrina. Cp. Dion Cass. 4a, Veli. a. 68 LivyΕpit. III. . Vestrae crudelitatis, o the crueityos Ponipe and his friends. II inc, drom Rome, o stomItaly. Faeneratores. The reat capitalisis, ho were pleased by Caesar' measuressor the maintenance of public credit. Intr. to Par III. 64 8 Iaa Caes. Beli. iv. 3. I, Mommse 4 2, 379 38Q. 7. Plebs, the rabbie. . p. p. 8, II misera ac ieiuna plebecula Populus, the ounde par os me population. The word cantardisbe explainedhere sis p. 238,l. 4, Ole. Esset the tense, p. adv. 3d3. 8. Reliqua, the sequel o m con- 'Vos invitos vincere coegero, I hali compet octo conque against our Will, a nee at the mismanagement of the Pom-

minus multa patent in eorum vita quae sortuna seriat. Caelius perhaps meant that Pompenshould land in Ital instea os continuing the struggle in reece. II Quod apud me, soli. The neuterseem rather irregular, ut P. Ep. , 3 id: also Madv. 3Ι5 b . . Ia Indignitatis, indignation p., however, EP. 7I, 3, Π te Ia. Istic, i.e in Epirus. Duod firmissimum habet sc Caesar. the result os hic Caesar a relywith the greates confidence.' his se of firmus seem peculiar, ut P. Ep. 3, 4, note on firmissimum habere. Wesenb. doubis,hether these Word ca bear suc a meaning and prinis the S readin quod firmissimum ' haec.

Beli. Civ. 3. 47 40 sor instances of the e duranceis Caesar' soldiers.

77 DOLABELLA TO CICERO AD FAM. IX. ).

DOLABELLA S. D. CICERONI 1 S. V. g. V. et Tullia nostra recte v. Terentia minus belle habuit, sed certum scio iam convaluisse eam. Praeterea rectissime sunt apud te omnia. Etsi nullo tempore in suspitionem tibi debui venire partium causa Potius quam tua tibi suadere, ut te aut cum Caesare nobiscumque coniungere aut certe in otium referres, spraecipue nunc iam inclinata victoria, ne possum quidem in ullam aliam incidere opinionem nisi in eam, in qua scilicet tibi suadere videar, quod pie tacere non possim tu autem, mi Cicero, sic haec accipies, ut, sive probabuntur tibi Sive non probabuntur, ab optimo certe animo ac deditissimo tibi et cogitata et scripta esse io

For notices os Dolabella, p. Intr. to

and a 42 I. e supporte Caesar C-tivel in the civit ar The date of this lette is ahen stom Baiter. I. S. V. g. si vales gaudeo valeo.' Minus belle habuit, ' has been unweli. Cp. p. 53, I an recte hoc par habet EP. 34, 3. Se habere is also sed in simila passages. p. Ad Att. a. 37, I Atticam . . belle se habere. a. Certum, adverbial: p. Pro Scauro 15, 34 sive patricius sive plebeius esset

-nondum enim certum constituerat.

3. Apud te, in ou home. Dolabella Mould have later new of Cicero' familythan Cicero imself as Ital was hel by Caesar' friends. 6. Inclinata, hals Mon. Cp. p. I, In . . aliam cincidere opinionem.

Hosm hesitates between come to any other opinion an meet it an other reputation. Supsse adopis the last, hic is supporte by Ad Fam . . Io, a ' in eam opinionem Cassius veniebat . . finxisse bellum. Wesenb agrees it Stipfie, and mahes the words in ullam aliam suspitionem tibi venire.' r. Jeans agrem in substance wit Stipfle, an remarks that theapodosis hegins it ' praecipue nunc. 7. In qua scilicet, soli. hese Woessare ver curious ' scilicet ut videar ' Mouldbe more regula Mahan of hein thought torecommend wha I cannot it proprie omit o mention.' eseiab. Omit ' in 'be re qua . On the conj. videar. p. Ep. 5, 8. Scilicet in tot fure, sed mean, Mahalcis. See Epp. 2 4s 38, 9. Ab optimo . . animo. The prep sitio seem superfluous; ut P. Madv. a55 ObS. I.

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M. TULLI CICERONIS

iudices Animadvertis Cn. Pompeium nec nominis ui nec rerum gestarum gloria neque etiam regum ac nationum clientelis, quas OStentare crebro solebat, esse tutum, et hoc etiam, quod infimo cuique contigit, illi non posse contingere, ut honeste effugeres possit, pulso Italia, amissis Hispaniis, capto Xercitu Veterano, circumvallato nunc denique quod nescio an nulli umquam nostro acciderit imperatori. Quam ob rem, quid aut ille sperare possit aut tu, animum adverte pro tua prudentia; sic enim facillime

quod tibi utilissimum erit consilii capies Illud autem a te peto, io ut, si iam ille evitaverit hoc periculum et se abdiderit in classem, tu tuis rebus consulas et aliquando tibi potius quam cuivis sis amicusci satis actum est iam a te vel ossicio vel familiaritati, satis lactum etiam partibus et ei rei publicae, quam tu probabaS. Reliquum est ut, ubi nunc est res publica, ibi Simu potiu quam 3 is dum illam veterem sequamur, simu in nulla. Qua re velim, mi iucundissime Cicero, si forte Pompeius pulsus his quoque locis rursus alias regiones petere cogatur, ut tu te vel Athenas vel in quamvis quietam recipias civitatem; quod si eris acturus, velim mihi scribas, ut ego, si ullo modo potero, ad te advolem Quae-ao cumque de tua dignitate ab imperatore erunt impetranda, qua est

I. Animadvertis, yo must be Ware. MetZg. 2. Neque etiam, nor ei. For iis sorce aster nec, p. Caes. Beli. Civ. I. nec . . sui periculi deprecandi . . neque etiam extremi iuris . . retinendi.

Regum et nationum clientelis, 3. Appendixa, and Caes. Beli. CiV. 3. 3-4.3. Ostentare, to boastis. Forceli. Neque . . esse tutum, ' cannot loo sorsalat to. Cp. De om. 42, Io 'religionibus tuta. 5. Italia. For the omission os a prep sition. p. l x his quoque locis; also p. 63 4 Madv. 262. Capto exercitu veterano. .e theam o Afranius an Petreius in Spain. Cp. Intr. to Pari III, I. 6. Circumvallato dat agreein with illi. For the facts Cp. Intr. to Par III, Quod nescio an nulli soli. whichperhaps has happenexto no generalis ours. Cp. Madv. 453. Andis nostro imperatori in e nostris imperatoribus,' p. Caes. Beli. iv. 3.16 paucos suos ecfuga nactus, and Madv. 284, Obs. 7. 8. Animum adverte, consider.' Miththe whole clause, p. De Nat Deor. 3. 37, 89 non ne animadvertis . . quam multi votis vim tempestatis effugerint.'9. Quod . . consilii capies o thegen. CP. p. 75, I, note o the omissionis A id,'ap. 34, 7, note. Io Se abdiderit, shal have retired. Ia Satis factum est, soli., yo have satisfied the laim os ut an intimacyrsreq. in his sense. Forcell. 13. i rei publicae, that constitu

I 4. Reliquum est ut Ut is perhapsneedless. p. Ad Fam. I 5. I, 5 reliquum

est tuam prosectionem amore prosequar.'

Baiter has inserte it rom Lambinus in both places. Res publica, the seat os politica lise,'

Caesar.

2o. De tua dignitate, about mainin

humanitate Caesar sacillimum erit ab eo tibi ipsi impetrare et

mea tamen preces apud eum non minimum auctoritatis habi

turas puto. Erit tuae quoque fidei et humanitatis curare, ut is tabellarius, quem ad te misi, reverti possit ad me et a te mihi litteras reserat. 5

CICERO ATTICO SAL. 1 Accepi ab Isidoro litteras et postea datas binas e proximis cognovi praedia non eniSSe Uidebi ergo, ut Su Stentetur Per te.

the meaning dignitas,' p. Epp. 29 5; 47, I 6 , , notes. Qua est humanitate, descriptive abi., considering Caesar' courtesy. p. adv.

CP Ep. 29. I, ole. a. Non minimum in maximum.' Or-

on our pari, as a retur for m services.

letter feem to have been writte besore thesecondis ster Caesar', deseatae re Petra Onwhicli p. Intr. to Pari III, 6 II. NowCaesar Beli. iv. 3. 49 says that the cornwas egi nning to ripen besore that disaster, and Ib. I that he harves in Thessalywas early ripe lienae reached Metropolis. Cicero seem to have rematiae a Dyrrhachium aster Caesar' departure rom theneighbourhood of that place Cp. Intr. OPar III, 6 Io. 6. Isidoro Isidorus seem to have beena lave or reedmanis Atticus. e is lilymentione in this letter. Binas. Distributive numerat are generali used illi plura substantives denotingcompound objecis, hic cano repealedand counted. p. Madv. 76 c. ut os oneletier inae litterae. no singulae, is aid. Cp. Ep. 45. I, Ote ais Ep. 79. 3, Ole. 7. Praedia Some estates hicli Cicerohaxwishe to et so the benefit o Tullia and Terentia. Cp. Ad Fam. 4, 6. Videbis in curabis. Forcell. p. p.

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39o M. TVLLI CICERONIS

PARΤ ΙΙΙ. De Frusinati, si modo futuri sumus, erit mihi res opportuna. Meas litteras quod requiris, impedior inopia rerum, qua nullas habeo litteris dignas, quippe cui nec quae accidunt nec quae aguntur ullo modo probentur. Utinam coram tecum olim potius 5 quam per epistolas Hic tua, ut possum, tueor apud hos. Cetera Celer Ipse sugi adhuc omne munus, eo magis, quod ita nihil

poterat agi, ut mihi et meis rebus aptum esset. Quid sit gestum novi, quaeris De Isidoro scire poteris Preliquam non videntur esse dissiciliora. Tu id velim, quod scis me maxime Io velle, cures, ut scribis, ut sacis conficit sollicitudo, ex qua etiam summa infirmitas corporix qua leVata ero una cum eo, qui

I De Frusinati, ' about the propertynea Frusino. which was a town siluated ona laeder of the rerus, bouto 5 miles .E. of Anagnia Cicero ad sold this Iand reservin poWer o repurchas it apparently, whic he now seem to have been anxiousto do Cp. Ad Att. II. I 3, 4. Manut. Si modo futuri sumus, is Iam stili toexist. Futuri victuri. Forcell. p. Ad Fam. 6. 3, si non ero sensu omnino carebo.' eseiab. suggest salvi suturi, but oes no adoptrit in his text. a. eas litteras quod requiris, asto our antin letters hom me. Youare su rised a m Wrilingis seldom, ut. Metgg. Requirere in to miss. Cp. ΕP. I 5, 8. quod requiris' cp. Ep. 8, 4, noterian on meas in his sense, pp. 72, IG77, a notes. Quas nullas P. p. 77, 2, note n

nostro.

A. Quippe cui . . probentur, a Pamno at ali satisfiexeithe wit What i goingonis Wit the measures ahen. The indicatives are sed aster the indefinite pronoun quae; the conj. probentur a givin areason. p. adv. 366. Obs a, and 36 a. Accidunt casuri aguntur ' ex consilio et voluntate Pompeii. Manut. . Utinam coram tecum, sc. delibe ravissem.' p. Ad Att. II. 3. I si tecum olim coram potius quam per litteras . . deliberavissem. Cicero probabi thought that

5. Tua 'Four states. Atticus' pr pert in Epirus has osten been mentioned in Cicero' lettersa e g. 6. Iri 6 6. Apud hos, sc Pompeianos. Cetera Celer, c. dicet. me a asreedmanis Atticus. Cp Εp. 68, 4. 6. Omne munus, an ossice.' Mieland. Ita nihil . . aptum esset, hecause noduties ere ope to me suilest mysei andio m interesis.' itherae a no offereda igh nough command whic Would degrade himself, ori Dared by accepting onet irritate Caesar, and o injure his pro-

a. ith his sectionisither the lette is

8. Quid sit gestum novi . . scire poteris Cicero here reser probablyrio adeseatis Caesar near Dyrrhachium, described Caes. Beli. iv. 3. 66-72. Aster that assair Caesar marche into the interior, and Pompe solio ed im, hile sichnes de-taine Cicero ea Dyrrhachium cp. Plui. Cic. 39 . his accounts sor Cicero' langvage belo , ero una cum eo, soli. P. Intr. to Par III, Io. Reliqua, ' the res of ou task. Cicero does no sani he hares the genera confidence expresse by videntur. On reliqua, cp. Ep. 76, 2 note. 9. Id . . quod scis me maxime velle. Probabi that he would tali care os Terentia an Tullia. Io. Ut scribis, ut facis, as ou rite that ou do, an reali do.' p. ac Dial. de Orat. 23 ut potestis ut facitis.'Ε qua etiam soli., and great hodilyweaknes arising rom it.' eseiab. suggesis the insertionis' est ' aster corporis.

Sollicitudo Anxiet either I asto the result os Pompey' excessive confidence-Cp. p. 88, 2-or a a to the probabie behaviour os Pompe an his suin porter aster decisive success: the ast is Manutius suggestion. II. Qua levata, but when this has been alleviated.' Levatus might also e sed. Forceli. Cum eo, Pompeio.

negotium gerit estque in spe magna. Brutus amicus in causa versatur acriter. Hactenus sui quod caute a me scribi posset. Vale. De pensione altera, oro te, omni cura considera, quid

faciendum sit, ut scripsi iis litteris, quas Pollex tulit.

I. Negotium gerit, is activel en-g3ged. Brutus M. Iunius Brutus, no with

Amicus, c. mihi est. In causa, soli. Vis serving our pari With

a. Versatur 'agit.' Forceli. Hactenus fuit . . . posset, 'onl thus much ca I write ithout imprudence.' nthe tense of posset, cp. Εp. I, I, notes andon the Ood D. I, 3, note Cicero Wasprobabi a good dea threatene by violent partisans os Pompey. p. Inlr totari III. io; p. 8o a. 3. De pensione altera, about thepayment of the secon instalment of Τullia' portion to Dolabella. Boot, o Ad

Att. II. 3. Iri P. II. I, 2.

. Iis litteris, perhaps Ad Att. II. 3.

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PART IV.

CICERO UNDE THE GOVERNMEN O CAESAR.

INTRODUCTION.

i. FTER his landing in Italy, Cicero remaine sor some monilis at Brundisium, here heaears of the late os severa os the leader of his party. e a disquiete by many troubles it was illi some dissiculty that he obtained leave to emat in Ital fro Antony, CaeSar' representatives his brother an nephew, who ad gone to mahe their eace Willi Caesar in Asia seemo have calumniated him; his aughter'smarriage a unliappy', and he had some dissiculi in payingier dowry;Whil he a bymo means satisfied illi the conduci os Terentia' toWhOSe extravaganc he attributed in great meaSure, hi eXistin embarraSSmentS. Above ali however, he was seriousi alarmed by the aspecti public assairs. He had returne to Ital unde the impressiontha the War a virtuali at an endq; ut Caesar' dela at Alexandria', and the reporis hicli ere circulate of the gro in strength of the optimates in Africa dispelle this ope, an he accused imself os precipitation-eSpeciali as a proclamation o Antony, hici gave him leave by nam to emat in Italy, ould mar him ut so the suspiciono the optimates in caseis thei ultimate SucceSi'. HarasSed by these anxieties, he remaine a Brundisium ill the September of 47 .c., hen Caesar δ' ande a Tarentum aster his victories

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394 INTRODUC NON

ove Ptolem and Pharnaces. Cicero hastene to mee him, as hindlyreceived an seem to have go leave to x his residence hereve hechose. He probabi spent the res of the year in Rome or at Some of his villas in theraeighbourhood. a. His letters rom Brundisium are perhaps more depressed in onesta annothers an a Abehen remarks this is probabinio e accounte so b his laetin more selDreproach than he had et a thetime of his exile in 58 s.c. Thenae Mund om relie in attachmgother so thei perfidy no h could ni blam himself. His Wo

principat correspondent were Atticus and Terentia. Perhaps e hardlyventured to write to any les intimate friends. He expresset JoWeVer, to C. Cassius his discontent at the prolongation os the War. His rother Quintus had made , though in ather ambiguou termS, an apolog sor his hostilily. Aster ards, however, hen Caesar Seemedinclinexto pardo Marcus Quintus armi congratulated his roster; and a good understandin seem to have been re-established etWeenthe brothers-a least outwardly though Marcus ad eason to sin fauit

again subsequently'.

3 Caesar, aster the batile is Pharsalus, pardone many of his opponenis, includin M. Brutus He the with a mali orce sollowed

Pompey', an received in Asia the submission os C. Cassius, ho ad commande a quadron in the Ionia se at the time os the decisivebatile, and ad made partiali successsu attach o the nava forces Whicli,ere bein organige so Caesar a Messana an Vibo Caesardid not vertahe Pompey, and the lalter havin reache the oadsteados Alexandria illi a se sitips, was reacherousi murdere there On Sept. 28 δ' by order of the oun hin Ptolem, advisers. Caesar received the new of the crime illi horror, and astene to Alexandria, Where e arrive early in October He secure two rival laimanisso the throne os Egypt Ptolem and his sister Cleopatra; ut ad towage a long and doubila struggle illi Arsinoe ounge sister os Ptolemy, ho a supporte by the roya arm and by the populaceos Alexandria. So embarrassing was Caesar' position that he released Ptolem in the liope that he might ac a mediator; ut the ounckingtoo the lead amon Caesar' enemies Mithridates os Pergamus, hoWever advancesto Caesar' suppor stomasia illi a considerable force yy;

Cleopatra queen os Egypt detained Arsinoe a a prisoner, an departed in July sor Asia, here the successes os Pharnaces demande his pre-Sence. That prince, son os the amous Mithridates lia deseates Cn. Domitius Calvinus, hom Caesar ad est in charge of Asia Minor. But Caesar obtaine a decisive successi Augustis a Zela in Pontus, and aster mahin provision sor the governmen os Asia, lande in September a Tarentum .

4. In Illyricum the fortune os ar ad been variable Aster thebatile os Pharsalus, Caesar hadcles Q. Cornificius there illi two legions,

and that arm Was subsequently re-insorced by Cicero' old nemy, A. Gabinius. The alter suffere some reverses at the and of the Dalmatians, an asterWard die os saligue and vexation. M. Octavius, Who commande a nava sorce in the Adriati sor the optimates, attempte subsequently in conjunction illi the natives, to occupy the province, but a bamed by the energyis P. Vatinius , ho fitted ut a nava sorce hastil a Brundisium an deseate Octavius Thus the province remaine in the and of Cornificius, an Octavius falle to Africa, hither man os the leader of the optimates had atready betahen

Among them ere Cn. Pompeius the ounger, Metellus Scipio Afranius, Petreius, Faustus Sulla, and Labienus Cato, too carrie a bodyos troops by sea Dom Corcyrario Cyrene and thenc led them toll- Some march to the province of Africa ' At his suggestion, Cn. Pompeius retire t Mauretania, and thence to the Baleari istand an to Spain to tali advantage of the disaffection hichaad been caused there by the misgovernmen and dissensions os Caesar' officers'. s. Ital had been disturbe during these monilis. When the neWsos Pompey' death reache Rome the senate vote that CaeSar, empoWere to ea accordin to his own pleasure illi member of the conquere party, and to mahe eace and warmn his own authori , should e name dictator sor a year, an Should have poWero nameth curule magistrates sor severat ear in advance' M. Antonius, holia lande with some troops so the delance os Italy, was ame his masteris the orse ather irregularly sor it Was usual so the dictator to

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om INTRODUCTION

nam his own master os the orse, and there a no time o en to Caesar at Alexandria . Anton was mus again entrusted th the govem-

crueity, and reate Cicero in particular illi much consideration , ut the measures os delance which he had in adopi mere probabi burdenso to severa towns, and is, may belleve Cicero, his licentiousnessani rogance caused generat disgust M. No ordinar curule magistrates ere electe so the ear 47 .c 'illloward it close P. Dolabella, o tribune', aiSed an agitation lavour os an abolitionis debis, hicli threatene to ecome serious, buvias cheched by Antony, who introduces bod os troops into the capital dethghtesed goo os the ioters. The agitation as Ot, O ever, comoletet appeased ill the retur os Caesar sto the Eas . mutinous' spirit also prevalle among the veterans quartere in Campania', and the efforis os Caesar' officer to mel it ere me by

clamoured sor a discliarge grantexit at once. The were consoundedand asked permission to remat in his service, hicii e grante With

π otim os ille ear Q. Fufius Calenus, an P. Vatinius,

were elected consul. Caesar shewed imsel anxious to in ver as

an os the optimates a possibie he name C. Crius ne i bi

legates entrusted Cisalpine Gaul to the govertamen os M. Biutus, and Greece to that os Ser. Sulpicius Rusus'.

with Hirtius, Dolabella, and Cornificius Parti perhaps to quiet bis

own uneas seelings e vindicate in various letters y the polic he had pursued besore the civit War, Whichae represente a having been ne os conciliation an his determination to retire sto the Struggle aster a decisive batile. Mannos his letters were ritte to console frienditiving in exile, andio old ut opes to themo a speed return to their country. Suchwere thos to Caecina, Torquatus, an Plancius'. He expresse his gratitude in the senate so the pardon o M. Marcellus'. an subsequently leade With much independence so that os Q. Ligarius , hoWas accused e re Caesaris having hewn peculia hostili into im in Asrica Next year he defende Deiotarus os Galatia, accuse of having plotted against the lis os Caesar . His expression os opinioni public assair in the letters of this timeare very guarded, andae Seem to have been move by conflictiniseel-ings o the ne and regre so the sal of the old constitution, an sor the los of his id influentia position o the ther' by an involuntar admiration o Caesar' magnanimi . His distilies of someos Caesar' mos prominent adherent remaine unchanged, and may have contribute to dissuade hi sto mixin in public flairs Helia litti destres 'owever, o the triumph ither of the optimates in Africa, or of the fons os Pompe in Spain; his ast abandonmentos his part in the autum os 48 .c. ould o have been largiveni either case Caesar' victor at Thapsus relieve hi Dom his apprehensio sor a time; and he eem to have pent the las hals of 6

r. His amit troubles, hoWever, continued Toward the lose of this ear, or at the eginning of the nexi, e thought it advisable todivorce Terentia V. What ground sor displeasure he had given him hesides her allege extravaganc it is hard to V. His letters o herduring the previous yearia been hori and rather collyy. Cicero a stili much in an os money anxio relieve himself rom his dissiculties, marrie his oun and wealthy Ward Publilia δ' Sheseem to have been eatous os Tullia, and to have received titile assectionstomae huSband. The severest low whicli e suffered was the death of his aughter

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INTRODUCTIONT THE FOVETH PART

not long urvive Her athe was long inconsolabie her society hadbeen his principat comiri, and netther philosoplis no the consolatoryletters is hiend could give him much relies e cherished sor ometime a ish to uil a stirine , in her honour, ut oes no appea toliave carriexit out The societ os his oun Wise a no more haneve distastela to hims e refused to se her illi much harshness, and presenti divorcedier. His son Marcus seems to have been restiess, and to have wished eitherio tali service unde Caesar in Spati', oro live separatet Do hissatherint Rome Finalty ho ever, he accede to his ather' suggestion, that he hould go to stud at Athens' sor hicli place e set ut in Marcii 45 .c. The outh seem to have complaine os his ather'sparsimony' probabi Without good rounds. Cicero' brother ad atready paid courtrio Caesari alloWing his Son to become a Lupercus , and to attend Caesar on his Spanisli campaign. I 8. bout his time Cicero seem to have thought os sendin to Caesar a letter V-probabi on the state os the commonwealth, but Wasdissuade sto doin s by Caesar' stiends, ho oubte the acceptabilit os his recommendations. He also rote Some complimentar butindependent remarhs o Caesar's anticato. ,hicli ere sent to Caesar With the approva os Oppius and Balbus. At the ver en os the ear 45 .c. Cicero received a visit DomCaesar at his villamea Puteoli, os,hich he has give a livet accountΤ'. Heraeem to have e oyed the intervieW, but notrio have been anxioussor iis repetition. s. Durin Caesar' sta in Ital aster the deseat os Pharnaces hequelled, as has been atready mentioned the mutinous spirit os his veterans, an re-est lished tranquillit in the capital He also filledu the rank of the senate Τ', hicli ad been greatly thinne by the civit War increased the number of the praetor sto eight to ten ;and added ine member o 'ach of the areat priesti colleges .

Io Caesar a consul so the thir time a the eginning os this ear, illi M. Aemilius Lepidus as his colleague. A both ere patricians, his as a violation os the Leges Liciniae Sextiae M. ToWard the lose of the ea Caesar a perhaps dictator so thethir time, illi Lepidus sor his master of the orse Cp. Appendix

Caesar' sorce a sor ome time mali, composed in great measureos ra recruits an in cavalry speciali inserior to the enemy . Theoptimates could bring into the fiet 7o,oo regula insanirn composed, indeed, in great measureis hast levies and emancipate flaves, with animmense number os cavair an light troops, an severa elephanis

surnished by thei ait Iuba Nor ere capable ossicers antin inthei ranks Afranius, Petreius, an Labienus ad ali serve Milidistinction and the resolute endurance of Cato ad been recentlyattested'. ut the clites command seli, accordin to constitutionalrules, o Scipio, ho as incapille an obstinate Iuba, proud os his victor over Curio, et up pretensions hicli it Was embarrassingeitheroo admit oro resist'; the provincials ere arassed by oppression δ' and the Gaetulians an Mauretanians V retatne a Lindlyremembrance os Marius, hic disposed them to regard illi avo the representative os his par . Stili, sor ome time Caesar' position a dissiculi. In an engagement ought oon aster his landing the duantage rematne wit hisenemies '' and he was oblige to remain early inactive so more hantwo monilis Gradually, hoWever, his position improve a reinsorce-ment came in rom Sicily V an a diversio made in his avour P. Sittius, a Roman adventurer, an is Bocchus o Mauretania , compelled Iuba to illidra sor a timeo protec his Wn dominions. The provinciais, toO, a sar a the dared, heWed their good illino Caesar λ'

Α last, early in April, he et stron enough to is a genera batile.

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INTRODUCTIONTO THE FOUETH PART

great.

Soon aster the batile Cato illed himself a Utica, and the eader of

the deseated pari perished almos Without exceptio by their W handsorinthos of the enemy. Scipio, Petreius, Juba Asranius, an Faustus Sulla, non os them long urvived Cato' Labienus e to Spain, and there co-operated with the fons os Pompes . LII. Caesar, havin speedit made suci arrangement in Africaa seemedios necessars'. and havin reduce Numidia to the formos a province ' falle sor Sardinia o June 3 and thence to Italy. He entered Rome o Jul 26. In August e celebrate Mur splendi triumplis sor his victories in Gaul, Egypt Pontus, an Africa Representations of the deathsos Scipio an Cato ere carrie in the procession, hicli ave much offence. The triumplis ere accompanie or sollowed by liberal granis os mone an Mod to the oldier and eople, and by Street improVement on a great scale; among hicli ere the layingout os the Forum Iulium, and the erectio os a temple o Venus Genitrix δ' Caesar also allotte land to his veterans as he had promised, ut these ere not contiguous, and thus here a les interserence illi existin right os possession 'han ad been sua in

For an account of the honour now votexto Caesar, os his legislation, an os his amendment of the Calendar, se Appendices 8 Io. O ingto the amendmentis the Calendar, the nominal and realiates correspondsrom the beginning os 45 .c. I a Toward the lose of 64.c. Caesar starte sor Spain δ', hereth sons os Pompey, aidedi Labienus, had gained reat strengili Thema Was obstinatet maintainexsor nearly three monilis, and was decided by a desperate batile ought at Munda in Baetica o March 7, 45 .c. 'Cn. Pompeius and Labienus ted in the batile, o soon astemards; ut Sextus Pompeius escaped, and maintaine himself in Spes tili Caesar's

death C. Asinius Pollio remaine a Caesar' legat in the arther Spati'. C. Octavius, sterward emperor, attende his reat uncte Caesar in his campaign'. Caesar a delaine in Spain il late in the summer returne to Ital in September, an entere Rome in triumph in October . Two of his legates, Q. Fabius and Q. Pedius, triumphel Shorti aster ardssor successes in Spain. Fabius as electe consul so the las monilis of this ear illi C. Trebonius'; ut Fabius ted hil in ossice, and was succeede sor ne da only by C. Caninius Rebilus, a piec os

scrupulous formalit whicli occasione much amusement . The distributionis land to the veterans continue during this year'. Caesar' triumphal estivities ere marhed by one incident hich seemst have made a patrisul impression a knight named D. Laberius knowna a riter of sarces, a oblige to represent a character in one os hisown δ' pieces o the Stage. The electionis consul sor B.α a marhed a cordin t Cicero,

by perfidyrio Dolabella Α, Wh ha been led by Caesar to ope so the

consulfhip, ut sor lio Caesar substitute himself. Dolabella' election ould have been a violation os the leges Annales δ', but Cicero does no notice his.

13. The earlies monilis os his ear ere employed by Caesar,no consul so the fifth time an dictator so the Murth, in preparations sor an expedition against the Parthians '. Heiad formed a considerable cam in Macedonia δ' and had sent the oun Octavius to Apollonia, probabi that he mightiecome acquainted with the oldiers, hile pur- suin his studies. Meanwhile the conspirac Was ein formed hicli prove sata in Caesar Both the old parties in the State ere represente among the conspirators C. Cassius an M. Brutus ad both serve unde Pompey δ' D. Brutus an C. Trebonius ad been active o bellat os Caesar Seneca remarhs yy, Divum Iulium plures amici consecerunt

Dion Cassius 45. Io. Ib. 43. 4I Suet. Oct. Veli. a. 59. ' Ad Att. 3. 45 I. si iv Epit. II 6 Vell. 2. 56. ' Acta Triumph. Capit. ap. Mommsen, Corpus Inscr. Lat. I. 46 Dion Cassius 43. a. 7 Suet. Iul. 8o; Dion Cassius 43. 46. ' Dion Cassius i. c. Ad am 7 3O, I Suet. Iul. 76. Ad Fam. 13. 4. uet. Iul. 39 Macrob. Sat. a. 7 Ad Fam. a. 8, a.

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