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28. Eo inopiae, to that e re thither of aut 3I. Primum a Suevis, etC. i. e. part by one and part by theothers. The Frisians occupie the ortheria par of hat is no v the ingdom of the ethei lancis and the adjoining coastis ei in many The Suevi lived for the mos par in solitheria an central Germany but the may have Come to the ea on redator expeditions by the Rhine and other riVerS. 32. fuere quoA: e Should expect the subjunctive after a relative illi indefinite antecedent; ut his phras seem to haVelaC-quire somewhat the force of an indefinite, quoActam Horace,
was in possessior of the RomanS mutatione mentium: .e.,
The manuscript readin is that given heres; ut the earlies editioris, by an error of the editor, read Granssimn and the Scotch antiquaries naturali buste themselves to indisome ill illi a modernname,hicli might have been derive from his There a none; theres ore searchin for ome localit where the batile might naturali have been ought they pitchedrupon the reat ountain rangenorthi Perili and gave it the nam Granasian Ount, hicli ithas continue to bear to the present M. See Burion'. Sio infScottanae, Voles. p. 16 The name, however, is no olde than the
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28. in nostri manilaus contrasted illi hos Briton bywhom in the reviolas batiles Certatum EAt. 29. eoque this i the manuscript reading hicli has been altere into liquQ in the round that heir nobilit Was no reasonfor thei occupying the penetralia o Britain. ut is, considernolailissimi ole used in iis primitive sense, as relatinito birili, weshal se that the furor orn the auIochthonue, ould naturali bellisai penetralilaua Aiti.
expressions , - Ihe remoren on the artis, and the last refugi os freου- m. io the nationalit of the Caledonians se note o Chap. XI. 33. Ainu famae this figure is tine sto the Sinus o povchmadet a sol in the toga, an is est explaine a meaning the obscurit 3 of Veis fame recesAu a sinu may be regarde a akind of hendiadys, the obscurit of fame resulting rom distance.
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tar roads were Constructed illi suci solidit that the were like a fortification, and the wor regulari used for mal in road was
16. anoipia this ord, meaning - originali a format methodo purchase, and then applied to the objecis conveyed by this formality, was in later times used speciali for laves. Semel onj
I7 ultro, ver antabove in addition. 18. familia G. e. of StaVei a Common se of the word. 2I nolaim: .e., accompared with the res of the Britons. theyare subdiae for purposes of gain, we or destruction. 26. EriganteS: se Chap. XVI. Eoadicea was queen of the Trinobantes CalgacuS, hoWever, mentions the Brigantes of Northerii Britain, probabi astein belleranown to the Caledonians. 29. lilaertatem the manuscript have in lilaertatem. y this expressioni means that he Caledonians,il no sint into supine-ness, SoCorctia, a the Briton had done paenitentiam means change of purpOSO.'
19. a. pucto cliciti a Ver rare ConStrUCtion. 4. hostem in apposition with Gallo etc. IO. lia: i. e. Some ther han Rome. The Romans ad large numbers of barbarians as auxiliaries in thei armies. ΙΙ. ignota omnia in apposition illi Caelum etc. I S. OStra manum: .e. the wil desert torus. Ι7. tamquam inuemactmoctum tam quam, mas).18. ultra i. e. is, gain his victory. I9. Aenum prodicate, the colonis are composed of OG men.
The ni genuine colon in Britain a Camulodunum Colchester Londinium an Verulamium St. Albans were municipia.
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These two classes of owns dissere in thei origin: colonies,ere Munde by Rome municipia ere native town invested illi Roman Citigenship. There a at this perio no practica differ- ence belween them, ut the colonies stoo higher in rank.2Ι. Hi ctuta, etc. the contraSt ni and idi is etween the Caledonians and the nemy the eade an arm whom heycould trusi, and the oppression an exactions hicli the mustendiare i the should ose. - metalla labor in the mines as a
26. moriS Sc. At a genitive of OSSeSSion. 27. Cantu the war-Shout o ali barbarous nations. 29. CieS, c. Titannorum the Roman were stili in thei entrenclimenti se Chap. XXXV.
32. Octavus' annua it Was reatly the Seventi, ear as Agricola came in 78. me rectione probabi frona his consulfhip Freund).33. Auspicii imperii the auspices without whichis impor tant enterpris was underial en, ere, in the Republic, ahen by the magistrate, and were his auspices they wer no the auspices of the empire o the mPeror.
Vise Moliata retreat.14. Neque enim, etc. that is in case of thei retreat, alie comparisin is,ith the pursuin Caledonians. 16. mihi ctecretum QAt minae has been mais et .
24. Protaimo anno se Chap. XXVI. 27. PenetrantilauS, c. OUiA. The early editor understood this to e general, - More et o senetrare. and there re Changed polletiantur into pelluntur. It is belle understoo to refer tolli northward march jus accomptished. 32. noviASimae EA, etc. the Stratis the are in and thei hodies in the extremit of ear. 34. Transigite, ave done.
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Not . 33. quinquaginta anniA thi Was reatly the orty-secon year since Claudiustegan the conques of Britain se Chap. XIII.
21. 3. iscursum. Notice the distributive Orce of the prefix the were gathere to isten to his address and then an apart. 6. sectitum : a partitive genitive. Me aauxiliar infantu 7. firmarent forme a firmiody, conmoSed. 9. Citra Romanum anguinem i. e. i Roman lood should noti shed. The brunt of the batile was thrown on the auxiliaries, and the legions, hicli,ere compose of Roman troops, were held
22. lactii and EtriR ablative of instrument explaine by Somerus ablative o characteristic bein irmed ira et:). 23. Stavorum, etc. these tribes live in the Roman province of Lower Germany the Batavians at the molith of the Rhine, the Tungri in Belgium Tongeria). Quas Sc. ΟΛΟTtES. 27. Quoct: .e., hi Style of fighting. 3O in arto the manuscript rea in aperto; ut a glit inopen ground was ust What the laymores of the Caledonian were fit for. 32 qui in aequo Stiterant qui relate to ita underStood, used absolutet with tratis these ere the primum agmen
33. Cetera CohortEA: .e., of the auxiliaries Tacitu regulari uses his term for auxiliar troops in contrast,ith the RomanlegionarieS.
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dissiculi passage, ritet sollowing ex read aequa noAtri forequentre of the manuscripis, an inAtante for aut tanto, mising the confusion refer to the Romans It is Vident, o ever, sto the followin Chapter CirCumire terga vincientium, that the Roman were Successsulis far, and were malitia thei Way triumphanti up the hili. The event of the batile had been a follows
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I3 equitum alan in auxiliar cavair were always divideclinio alaε these stood, as has been seen in Agricola iston line. Ι6. a fronte, etc. r.e. the alae Equitum havin repulsed the Briton who were aliing the Roman in the rear, ere noW tranS- ferre sto the direct front, an came rotundi a circuit upo theback of the nemy, avernam acilem invaAere in his a the Strategy of the Britons was turne against themSelveS, Conailium
8. pignorum, fles aeno affection, wives and children.
quam appears to e used here a in Chap. XVI. tamquam Eπο-
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rabilior, to expres a rea reason, in the round that Sometakerit in iis origina sense, as iri an interpret hei pit a a pre
16. Spargi, protracted. Io lento itinere, a fer a stois march.
23. uncte qualifies lecto. The siluatio of this oricis unce lain but it was probablyin the Frith of Forth theloin frοm,hichthey ad started. The fleet appears o have coaste the wholeeaster Ahore, and then returned. his is the voyage of discoveo referre to in Chap. X.
26. ut Domitiano, etc. compare ut Dardari moris, Chap.
28. falsum triumphum: SuetoniuS a early contemporarywriter, say m. that he ought a se batiles varia froelia; Cassius Dio more than a centur later that he di no even se theenemy. No doubi it Was a tristin Campaign nevertheless it musthave been a real one. e must remember that Tacitus was em- bittere against Domitia b his tyranny, and in specia b his Subsequent treaiment of his fallier-in-law. See erivale, Histor Viae Roman uniter Me Empire, Vol vii. p. 82. his barre eXpeditio of the emperor a in the Same ear A.D. 84 a Agricola sbrilliant victory. 34. Stucti fori, etc. See Chap. II. AS usual forum refers toth bar, hil by civile arte is meant the practice of politics. especiali in the Senate. 24. I. imperatoriam virtutEm, Me prope excellence of an emperor He remembered, no doubi that his oWilather Vespasian, ha been a mere governor os a province an hae been made empero b his soldier aster exploit noway so rilliant a thos of Agricola. 5. Nam etiamtum, etc. he must at an rate remove him stomitis overnorshi and thus mali him impotent.
7. triumphalia ornamenta ornamenta are the distinguish-
in insignia os some ossic o dignity, grante by the senate a aspecta privilege to e orne pon state occasionsi persons,ho
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have notiel the ossic o dignity itself As, unde the empire the honor os a triumph was restricte to the emperor, priVate Citigens could ni have the ornamenta triumphalia and of these themost inportant the laurei crown the Sceptre, the gilde throne Mere confine to the emperor. The ornamenta grante to Agricola Could therefore. have been ardi more than the toga praetetata. MommSen RomAMES IaalSrecht, i. p. 378.)12. majoriUUS: Syria Was an imperia province of the firs rank, governed by a Diatu consularis, in his ranking with Britat an anumber of thers; ut it ranked a the mos important province in militar potnt of View, eing on the frontier oppose to the reatrival empire o Parthia. - rectictere plerique, it mas Eneralbbel ves . nilaortum free flaves stili continue in the service of thei former masters, an in clos persona relation to them, likethali client to patron Emperor of the type of ero and Domitia macteis of thei Deedmen, cunnin and unScrupulous fellowS,as agent in ali confidentia affairs an sonae of these reedmen roserio great wealth and influence. 16. freto OCEani the Englisti Channet. 18. Em ingenio prinCipis, o sui Me character of the princes; construe&with notum, etc. 2o. Elelaritate this ord oes no seem to e sed in iis primitive ense whicli is early Synonymous with frequentia, butin the es common, although perfectly classica meaning of D-
24. palatium this Wor is in iis origi oni another for of Falatinus the hilli Romelapo whicli the earlies cit was uili This hill was electe by Augustus for his residence and his successor bulli splendi houses upon it. The nam the was graduali transferre froin the hil to the edifice in hicli sens it has passe into the modern languages a salaces. The nam Palatium is derive sto that o Pales, oddes of herd an floclis, ponwhos festivat, the Palilia Apri 21) common tradition place thesoundinios Rome Prelier, omisches Flisolo D 9 364.)23. grave inter otioSos, a Source of a rehension in times of
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33. auctanteA, no lauctatoreS, hicli ould mea a personwho made his a practice the participi i Stricti temporary, those ho practe ne This prais is ometinae underStood astronical, o secret nemies it is belle to understan it of the inopportune, although sincere, rais of injudicious frienos; see optimus quiaque lilaertorum elow. 25. 3. imito this ord properi means a path est A boundaryletween w estates rom his there is a natura transitionto a boundar line. Unde the empire it is sed foris fortisted frontier. - ripa no doub stom ha goes e re the ank of both Rhine and Danube were meant the specia referenc is however to the Danube where the Goth invaded the Roman provinces.
17. proConsulatum AAia et Africiae. In his revious commands, Aquitania an Britannia Agricola ad acie simpi asDiatu or deput of the emperor in administerin province of whicli the emperor himself was in theor governor it Wa no his time to ecome iniself the overnor proconsul, o a Senatorial province se note Chrep. VII.). his ossice, in hicli the governor ad in theory independent power, a Superior in dignityrio that of the imperia provinces in hicli the overnor a ont adeputy; ut it was inferior in effective power, ecause e Xercise ont civit authority It was estowed a in the republic onmen ho ad held magistractes Asia an Africa alone to those who ha been consul. the otheriine to past praetorS. But, hereaSin the Republic hey were iven to the magistrates immediatet uponleavin thei office unde the empire there must be an interva os Some ears. at this period generali thirteen earS. Μarquardi, KδwAM S aativeretoauun . i. i. os. The ossice wacheld forinlya ear at a time. Mommesen, RomAche Stactur is P. 234.