Cato major de senectute; Laelius de amicitia;

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it Seneca allows Cato the o unge to have been reali sapiens. optantur a philosopher lio propound wil theories is osten aidb Cicero optare ἰ cf. Acad. 2, 2 Somu a Democriti nou ocentis radopta uti Tusc. 2, 3 optare hoc Itidem St, non docere : . . , 9 optata mamis quam tu eum Leg. gr. comitata Sapientium auoptata furiosorum f. n. ΟΠ II.

P. S. - Fabricium : C. Fabricius Luscinus, consul in Sa and 278 and censor in 75 Commanded against Pyrrhus, and was fame for his integri ty one o Pyrrhus sui te is sa id o have madean offer o Fabricius to Oison the ing Falaricius meret Sent toin forin the in that here asin plo against his life . - Μ'. Curium D See n. in . . IV Fabricii. - Ti. Coruncanium D theciose frien o Dentatus see 39ὶ commanded illi istinctionagainst the Etruscans in SO . . in C. M. 27 he is mentione asone of thOSe quortim usque ad extremum Spiritum G provecta frudentia. iudicabant esse omitted a 'ith inferpretantur bove. - normam standarit'. - Sibi habeant: aes the formal e X- pression se by a Roman huSbani in clivorcin his it - Dιas res tibi habeto. - invictiosum et obscurum arrogant an unitatelligibi e . Concedant ut: heia concedere mean to gi V Permi SSion

to do omethiniit regulari tat es t illi Subjunctive but heia tmeans to admit a fac it S regulari followed by the accusative illi infinitive. The subjoine passage ho A the distinction ROSC. Am.

34 concedo tibi ut ea fraeterea quae, cum taces, um esse concesse.

Some times, however, Cicero substitute the subjunctive constructionis the infinitive butio vice Persa a in oti paSSage nil in. 5 78 si Dicis concedis ut virtus sola vitam in ciat beatam. In Sucla paSSages the effect of the admission is ather ooked to than the admissioni iself The mean in here is de them mali suci an admission a tobring it alio ut that these e re good men'. - Sapienti ab ulmus

commodi.

19. pingui Minerva: With ur roS xviis'. nother foran of the proveri, is crassa Linerva cf. also Cic. n. I, II invita , nerva mor A. P. 385 Minerva in these larases stan is for Mit 'or intellect'. The expression tit aiunt 22ὶ quod aiunt, O aiunt

simply Hor Sat. 2, 2 64j, at So Minoae aiunt Terent Phorm. O6ὶ ut dicitur Lael. 97 and Io I , and et od dicitur 67 a re osten in ei ted parentheticatly like τ λεγομενον to inclicate a proverb. - fide S

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Ono 7. The sentiment Manicho of Stoicism. The Stoic allisaid that the true life was life ac cord in to nature, but the were not agre eda to the mean in of the wori nature Some ook it o mean thenatural constitution o man other the constitution of the universe, frona hich by contemplation the wis man rex his tales of ise. With the word o Cicero here f. Arch. I multo etc. - Si the ad veri, here talles the place of an objecto ser icere Such Istale aliquid. - mihi perspicere videor : a modest way of sayingserspicio. - ita unde this Condition '; TuSC. 3, 5 ea lex

No e e nam ut . . . Societa his A the doctrine of Aristolle

in his Politic I, I plurει ἄνθρωπος πολιτικδν Woνὶ, hi Ch Cicero repent an expand in many aSSageS. Cf. Speciali Off. I, o and I, here the different grades o socia union are et forti as here also Acad. I, 2I Leg. I, 23 andi I Fin. 3, 66 and 3, 66. nthe doctrine that sociat nil politica organigation is no the resulto agreementis invention hut has it origin in the essentiat elements

of man ' nature, se Woolsey, Political Science, Par 2 Ch. 2, O PCCiallyri O. ut ... accederet: sc nobis, nos Or ad uos allo hi ceconstructions bella found with Iroxime accedere in Cicero . s. Os f. I, O optime societas hominum conitinctioque servabitur, si ut gilisqtie erit coniunctissimus, ita in eum leni uitatis lurinatim conferetur at Solor ut quisque f. Verr. 4 G43 Off. I, 5; and eloW, 26, 29 46. - alieni strangers', hether of ur Own or of any ther Ountry. Observe that alienus is neve used in good Latin illi the sense of the Englisti alien'. natura ipsa: i. e. nature an natur Only;her efforis ot avi ne been se condet hv hos of men. f. Arch.

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eviden ceci in favor o duos a the Ciceronian forna. iungeretur on the ten Se See A. 287, a G. II Rena 2. H. 495. - enim the condition os amicitia here iven re so difficulti fulfi linent that the account for the rarit os cit'unts a above i/aser datos aut paucoSὶ whicli is the aeria et os friendes hi p. - omnium . . . Con Sensi es in

I it is sal that the whole illi oninis vis of friendShil lies in the

consensio voluntatum stu torum Sententiarum. In the preSent passagethe objecis toward whicli the voluntates, studia, an sententiae aret be directe are so describe a to include ali hings in heaven an earth. The division o ali hings into res mutuae an res timanae elonge to veryda tali an ha no referetice to an philosophica system. f. the ille o Varro' greateSt orla Antiquitates

rerum humanarit1 et mi parum GalS IUSt in InSt. , , , definitionos tari ruisutia, divinarum atque humanarum rerum notitia, iusti atque iniusti scientia. Compare illi his definition os friendshipAristolle Rhet. 2 4 ἔστω δὲ τ φιλεῖν τὼ βουλεσθαί τινι ἁ οἴεται αγαθα, ἐκείνου ,εκα, λλα μὴ αὐτου καὶ δ κατα δυναμ ιν πρακτικbν εἶναι τουτων. f. Eth. Nic. 2, 7, 3. AlS Cic. Inveni. 2, 66 am, citia, voluntas eria aliquem rerum bonarum illius ipsius causa quem illi cum eius pari volunta Planc. 3 vetus est ex illa iustae veraeque amicitiae at Mem amici semper velint, nec est ullum certius amicitiae Uinculum quam consensus et societas consiHorum et voluntatum e Sallust, Cat. 2 Mem velle atque idem nolle, ea demum ma amicitia est.

ver ex ac definition os frie nil hil attempted. henevolentia et caritate hin illines and affectioia'. These ord a re osten thusjoined a in Sest 6 Phil. 2, Io and III; Off. I, f. 32 heu Pintentiae caritatem Cum benediolensia et caritate qualis consensio. hau scio an in Cic. nil ille est riters his phras i affirmative.

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ε, θεων, hi Ch Cic. thus turn in his translation, at the end of the fragmen o it hicli is preserve ici quo bono numina optabi in niι dum

graestantius neque datum est mortalium eueri deorum concessu tyr e

no intende to contrast Strongi With the rs par of the sentence,

Aristolle 'sinthi cs. - magnificentia: cf. Plato Symp. 2IO D καλους λόγου καὶ μεγαλοπρεπεῖs ma ui cum in a. -virosque ia negative proposition is follo vel by an amrmative, in hicli thesam thought is expresSed or continued, que et o ac S employed in Latin here in Englisti e se but 'V advig, 33, Obs 2;Cf. Roby, 22 . - Paulo etc. the plural in the sense of menlike P. etc. For Parimιs. cf. 9 for Gallus Mand o for Philus 4.

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est tibi saιut praefarata pectora in quae tit secretum omne descendat, quorum cou lentiam minus quam tuam Iimeas, quorum sermo Sollicitudinem leuiat, enuntia cousilium expediat hilaritas tristitiam dissipet conspectus isse delectet. - quis lit vliat sori of λ uis ould have meant meret Whati Tantus is here ni a rhetorical variation or magnus, an a tantus implies quantus there is reali anellipsis For the contexi ci AriStot Eth. Nic. 9, 9, 2. fructu ἰ enjoyment'. -a See A. 56. G. 46, M. 554 L 2 n. Sine eo: take the place of a conditional Ckause See A. Io G. 594, 3 H. O7, 3, . . quae Xpetuntur hicli are objeciso deSire' Cic. commonly Se exserere, Vetenda to repre Sent the Greel αἱρεῖν, αἱρετά, hici are technical ternas common to ali helater Greeli philosophica schools Anything hicli fornis par of

tauditur. Nullo loco ma howeve have an adverbia Sense equivalentio that o nusquam. The advert, graesto in the precedin clausemal es this probabie, and the probabilit is increas edi pluribus Iorisbelow A. 258, f; G. 383 Rem. H. 25, 2. - ut aiunt: n. n 9. Fire and water ere fixe u pono the firs necessaries o lis in the qua et in interdictio, hich wa equivalento a Sentence of exile. Cf. Off. I, 2 ex quo situ illa comm rinia os se , noli rohibere aga agros mente, pati ab Que i uena capere si qui et elis: Iustiniani diast. I,

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ib. 8, 5, 3 an αλγὶθη φιλία in Plato, LySi 2I D Cf. vera amicitialia 23, 58. - pauci cf. 5. For the Se illi qui se A. I 6 e G. 368, Rem H. 397, 2, i. - Partien Communi CanSque the two participies differ very litile in mean ing - no more idely than divi ling and sharing in Englisti. In partiens the notion o mere division is more t rominent, in omniatulcans the notion o contrade-shimor pariners hi P Cf. 24 iugericulis ... communicandis. P. 10. - 23. Commouitates : very litti different in sense romo ortaιnitates in a. Ossor unitas expreSSes ather the de of evceptional appropriaten esS, commoditas rather the Characteristic mi

usefulneS M an Ordinar fact. Cum . . . Contineat - tum . . . Prae-

Stat the normal construction illi cunt ... iam is for both clausesto have the fame veri, o for the verbo ii different in both clausesto e in the Same ood an tense. The reason for the variation here is the destre to poliat ut that the fac containe in the clausecum . . . contineat S ne hicli has been atready mentione an dis- pose of Seein that friendshi furni She ver many an important adVantage ...' Continet would have been appropriate ad the factio been mentione so the firs time. f. advig, 358, Obs. 3: A. 326, G. 589 H. 2I, 2, 23, . I. - illa. . . omnibus L ED,

abi. V. commoditate es. I hoc praestat omnibus omnibus rebus,

the verbs praestat an granucet havin the Same Subjeci, amicitia. Maia editors, in orde to avoid the exceptionat omnibus omnibus rebus, mali illa M. commoditas subjecto praestat so that omni s i. commoditatibus, hi te raelucet has for iis subjeci amicitia. The neuter omnibus Sed a SubStantive though rare, is Keil attested; cf. N. D. 2, 36; 2, 33; De Fato G 4, ii V. I, 45 3, 23. SPem praelucet the veri, fra tacere S rare even in poeir an ver rare

the editor and dictionarie are Auson Iovi l. 4, 8 p. lumen, and Plaut Casina I, 3 p. facem Plin. at Hist. 32, 4 Lia graeluceat

is to e alien in a les strici sense than in a vera amicitia. exemplar aliquod Seyffert,eli quotes here the Magna Moralia 2, 15 Cf. at S So. - absentes adsunt et intende contradictioni termS, Xymoron; cf. Mil. 97 gloriam esse hanc unam quae incere ut absentes adessemus, mortui viveremus, here edd. quote theepigram o Simonides noli heroesi Thermopylae - ουδε τεθνασι

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laudabilis D chiasinus. - auctabili be cauSe the Survivors Howeli in rem enabering their frientis. - rerum matura i. e. the univerSe. benevolentiae Coniunctionem, the on o good-wili' benevoletitia, the more diffuSed and wealter fori os affection, is here contrasted illi amicitia, it more concentrate an intense form. Benevolentia here is Aristolle ' ὁ χόνοια in Eth. Nic. 9 c. 6.

rightly rillen, o dissidiis. Most scholar no agree illi advig ad Cic. in Exc. II p. 12 et seq. in de nyin dissi tum to e

Latin or l. 2 quictem : Often sed like the Greeli γε or γουν to introduce a Statemen Confirmin a re violas Statem erat. - doctum quendam:

cini furores in v. et 2 64o. The reat philosophical poeni ofEmpedocleS, περὶ φυσεως, the ille of hicli is borrowed by Lucretiussor his poena me Rerum Natura', and whicli e greatly imitateS,

containe many passages that See me to ober-m inde re ader toborde on adneS cf. Acad. 2, 4 isti exclamant quasi mente incitati, Empedocles quidem it interdum mihis tr re videatur . also Lucr. I, 27 carmina Iιin etiam divini sectoris eius vociferantur As the Mord

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Paticina= i Some times mean to Pro Phes ' there a be a referen et the fac that Empedocles lai med o PosseS propheti and magicPOWerS. totoque uncto D thi i meret explanator os reri mna ra, hicli has the Same nieaning in the constitution of thingsand the entire universe'. ConStarent...Hi SCOrdiam , Empedocles held that two principies e re perpetu ill at war ill the ni VCrSe,one the principi os love O triendes hi P attra Clion, conStantly tendin to unite the catteret portiones of the foui elementes, ire, air, arth, and water, o S to bring thing into exi Stence, the ther the principi of hate or ennalty i et u l . oen, tendm to decompose hodie into thei constituent partes. ea object of both the infinitives follo ing. - hoc: this principie', i. e. that friendShil is unitin force, ait ei a destructive force. omne mortale S: here impi omne homines. Cicero neve uses mortalis for homowithout soni attribute, though the Sage is very common in SalluSt. Tacitus, and the later Latin prose Caesar altogether avoid the word f. mortalis e/no in I S. - re probant: approve by the tractionS'. - Si quando aliquod Cicero, like the it heri LatinwriterS, osten Seem Caprici ou in his Se o quando an ata ua1rdo, quid quod ... and aliquid aliquod ... aster L It is commoni faid that heia the word With ali are sed after si the are more emphati than the Simple forins the passageS, hoWeVer do not twayS bear ut the Supposition f. advig, 493, a, ObS. I. - adeundis i. e. pro amico in the ne case the amicus meet the clangeralone, and protecti his friendi in the other both frientis face ittogether The Se of in is the Same a that in tu pueris. M. Pacuvi Pacuvius, the reates tragic riter in Latin summustra ictis Cic. de Opt. Gen. Dic. 2 was orta a Brundisium bout 22 and live tit abolito 3 I: C. Se Sellar Roman Poets of the Republic Ch. 3 Since Pacuvius probabi exhibite no ne play alter his et glitieth ear Cic. Brut 229ὶ, ni Scipio diei in I 29 B in thewor nuper i very loosely Sed a in I 3. Pacuviii probably neverbe came a Roman citi Zen, heiace Cic. calis hi in hospes as eli as amicus Fam. I 2. ossit Peteri et amico os lini Deiotarus . nova fabula commoni Suppose to e a play callei the Du-lorestes though Ribbeck an Some ther scholar de ny this , of vhicli a number os fragment are reServed. f. in. 3, 63. Thestor was osten handi ed by Greel dramatiSis. The plays o Pacuvius ere ali alliatae an closely copi ed rom Gree originals 'ut it

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P. 11. - hactenus contraSted illa Si quae praeterea Sunt. de . . . Sentirem for the arran gement of the ord cf. 14 de ininio; talitate animorum quam alS I de amicitia . . . quid sentiaS. Sentirem,pas tense orauit the ense of potuiSM. ab eiS: Cf. 7. 25. O Rutem oc quaerem rιs It ery et clom appens in Latinthat a verti in the inclicative or subjunctive, o incleed a verbis ali, has to e supplied rom ne in the imperative r Nice Terra. Saepe quaeSivi: c. quid sentirent. - filum P ali languages have metaphors resembling thiS. Cf. De Ur 3. Ox focisSo et Deuere rationis ib. 2, 3 omnes erant ιberiore flo Orat. 24 ar mentandi tenue stam et iam 9, I 2, 2 miluusculum crasso D Hor. P. a I, 223 enti deducta poemata Io. - tum . . . Si used lere liliae thecommonor ita . . . Si f. 53 Si. . . ADII HItir. - si nuper affui S Sex:

hut in the dialogiae De Re Publica I. I Fannius appear a one Ofthe isteners. I 2 nia not have been represente illas present at thediscusSion in the Stibsequent books, hicli are ni preservet in asi agmentar State. Ino Cic. seem to indicate the absence of Fannius. - patronu adv'cate The question a whether justice

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For summar SC Introd. P. X.

P. 12. - 2P. ab indigentia orta Cic. larobabi neve used ornis with abi. Without the reposition. - potius . . . magi SQ lae differ- ence in ense etween these two ord is in se frequently oblitera: d, but potitis stricti mean 'better', and therefore ought to indicate that of two alternatives ne is preferred by soni individual to theother, hile mi is stricti means more', an Mought o have no ir2Ct resere iace o Choice. applicatione . . . Cogitatione : abi. o meansor inStrument. - quod etc. the natur of this principi e r