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VOCATIVE 1ω. he wor denotri the person calle or addresse is ut
in the vocative case This has the fame formas the nominative excepi in the singular of mun in ua of the secon deciensio whic have me vocative in e ihi erunt Helvetii ubi eo tu, Caesar, eas volueria, ure Helvetii .HI M in the place misere Fou, Cresar, Mau ave irae Mem orae,
et in quoque, rete and Mou Do Brutus IABLATIVE 101. Ablatis of Separation The ablative, Wit o Minoae ab G, o Ex is sed to denote se ration: hostem a suma prohibebant, Me stes Me ene iram bariti, cf. B. G. IV. 34 Horigo inperaedem Matuit, e retricio Bolae alore iram artis, B. G. II 8α. When me flare iram hic is the nam os a town or the word mus, ome, me ablative is sed without a preposition:
erant itinera duo quibus itineribus domo exire Possent, Mere mere imo muro b ADA Me coul io ut iram Aome B. G. I. 6NOTE. When the idea is no directi ou of or iram a town, ut frem Mesea Phoseooae V it, the prepositio ab is sed: abicem in fine Voconlidrum pervenit, e eam iram in vicinit od
orarum into Me ferritoris of Memorantis B. G. Ι. Io
102. Ablative of Orion The ablative is sed, it o wit ut abor ex to denote me origin rom hic anythiniis derived:
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104. Ablatis of Agent. The amen or Ger of an accis expressedaster passive verba by the ablative with Mor ab: is non mula Gasus vilicitabantur, Memmere incluto omisi thei
uis, es. B. G. II. I TR. When the agent is considereo as a meansuo an enae, the accusative ininter is used: se trε potentea populos sauiae potiri P ae Perant, Areuis ianu merse nations Me Aose orae asia io e possession o Gauc f. B. G.
105. Ablative es comparimn The comparative degre Wit ut quam is regulari followed by the ablative:
Ierlua omnium opem e Venit, Ad came morae qui I Man an one ae exsecuis hi Man As exsecration faux cf. B. G. II. 3-- I. The comparative mam homever, e followed is quam, and the, thinga compare are then Put in the fame case: iustitia ea melior quam laus, justice is bisur MansmiseNOTE . Aster the comparative Pllis, minus amplius, and longius Without quam a Wor o meaSure or number is osten se in the case i mould haveis there eremo comparative: aditu in latitudinem d am uase m cc resin infitur, an a marios no more Manum Aundreae feri in Memmas iam lit an a maris ofimo Aundreae fere Mot more , B. G. ΙΙ. 29 In his sentenc Pedum is in genitive os me ure 177.4 , in constra tion it,ould have is amplius .ere notrusel.
Ios Ablatis es mana The ablative is sed Minout a prepos,
tion to denote me means o instrumentis an action: equitatum M sum tu alit, A mainsains Me cavaserat by means MAD o. experiae, es. B. G. I. 8a The ablative of means is sed is denote the a b hieis: eddam mamme contencit Aera cane d Me fama mea, B. G. I. I
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1m. Ablatis vlth Moelia morda. The ablative is used: a Wit me verbs tor, fruor, fungor, potior, Meor, and their
in craama non multum AEMIMhat, Crassus Iaceae Iisue mel ance in rarae, cf. B. G. III. asS6tiate superiuribus ire in freti aunt, Me Sosiaus Misae on Atar forme vis orio, cf. B. G. III. Ic With opua eat arid naua eat, them is need: in facto eat, Mere is nee is action, cf. B. G. I. 42NOTR. Pu may be sed as a predicat with in thing neede a subjectnominative. The person neecliniis in the dative: aDquid mihi inua eat wI neeae a Ming
1os Ablatis es alae or Priee With verba ono in and sectangunt e prio is expressed by the ablative:
1M. Ablative os cauae. The ablative, missi or Wit ut a preposition,
is used is e reS cause: Dumnorix rium Plurimum poterat, Dumnorix Migreat fomerum cause of Ais in uencae, B. G. I. NOTE. The ablatives causa an gratia, o Me Me regularly suom a nou in the genitive: huius potentiae reusa, fortae M of Mis fomen B. G. I. I8IIo Ablative es Hannex. he manseri an action is expressed by the ablathae est risit an adjective modifieri Wit eum, om. times it both:
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nudo corpore pugnant, Aere A mi A boae v m acuae, cf. B.G. I. Imaono cum sit situ egress avnt, Me meni fore mira meat En cf. B. G. II. II111. Ablative of Aecordanee. The ablative ma expres that in anno ance ita hic anythiniis, o is done osten Min ex oris :institui ais caesar copia aua eduxit, Coesar Ied sui is omnes a cor intro is custom B. G. I. So112. Ablative of Attendant circumstante. The circumstanc orsituatio under hic an actio occum is expresse by the ablative: eam rem imperio nostra Gnaem Mn poterant, Me coulae nos accom-yIDA Mai unaeeriurum , cf. B. G. II. I
eum Pueri mulieribusque, ira Mia men amae momen B. G. II. 28 NOTE. With some militar expression e 3 may be omitted in nouncis the regulari modifled by an adjective: caesar subaequeblitur omnibus viis Caesar suome mitis aurais omnes, B. G. II. 9
a Verbs of consention and the like require cum: cum Germam contendunt, Mere fit mi A Me Germans, B. G. I. 114. Ablative of Minaureis Dissere e Wit word that expressor impi comparison the ablative is sed to denote the meamme of di 'ence:
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orae inter a diseriint, Me ae aer iram ne norae in Ianoam, B. G. I. Ita nidrea animo, inspiri ac lit measter in messere o coum H, B. G. III. 24116. Ablative es macription or Quali . The ablative it an adjective modifier is sed to denote qualit o kino: homines instraco ami- men sun ienaedi Asosition B. G. I. 7 a. Either in genitive or ablative may be used in description, hut in generat: I. Statement of measume, numher, time, ando in re in the nitrue. a. hysical qualities are in the ablative.
murum peiaram offecim perducit, A excentae a maia oluissem eis, B. G. I. 8 Germani ingenti mamitudine corporum sunt, Me Germans ara forassiae of μθ Cf. B. G. I. 39β. The ablative os description like me genitive of description maybe sed a me predicate os a sentence cf. magnitudine in thera texamPle. 117. Ablatis Maesule. The ablative os a nou or pronom Mina Participi expresse or undersino in agreement may be sed absolutely that is, grammaticali independent of the res of the sentence. While grammaticali independent, me ablative absolute has a logical resation to the res of the sentence This relation is best expressed in translatio by changing the ablative absolute into a clause introclucedinis, misen, since, Movis, etc. The ablative absolute ma expres the following relations: a Condition:
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mano B. G. I. IIae Concessione turribus excitatis, tamen has altitudo puppium ex arearia navibus superabat, rem Aouis Minera ad Men recreae, neversisHera heiseiraris Me sum o Me barbaria Mis rose bove inem diu somen aving been recum B. G. III 44 e. Circumstance: ea omnia, Inscienti coma, fecerat, Ae had Eone II Mose Min s moi Bout Meirino e risit Membring unamare, es. B. G. I. Is
mari in aenetis, revini sint, Me res χ meam Visining boara liti Mars aving been Dine , cf. B. G. I. 8118. Specia1 constructions of the Ablative Ahaolute. A noun or pronoun Wit an adjective or a noun or pronous Wit a noun, may form an ablative absolute constructio mit ut an accompanying participle This occum When me sense demand the present parti le
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11s Ablative o Time. The time at hic o mi in misia is pressed by the ablative:
NOTE. Durationis time is omelime expresse by the ablative insteades hy the accusative 3 96 :e tota nocte continenter iemini, Me maritae unμι- σι θ urinae Mat entire ni t B. G. I. 26
immo findrum mistis helium gerunt, Me mam marin Me erectorias of Me Germans, es. B. G. I. I
proelium Philippis factum est, Me barris mas fuistis mita ia The oecalle locative ouue is sed instea of the ablative of place in the singular of the names of towns of the iret an secondoecientions also domi, at ome. The locative cas enda in ae in the iret deciension, an in I in me secono, beta just like thegenitive singular:
conculo Gaudrum amam rimae peracra, fur a counculas Me Gauis Aa diem breuis Io an enae a Samaroδriva, B. G. V. 24 caesar Ava riri computres dia commoratus, Gesar amur tam ingsemera Avaricum B. G. VII. 32 o in nihil erat, Mere mas norisivit Asme, B. G. I. 28
b. The preposition is regulari omitted wit me ablatives lora lacla, Parte partibus, hen the are modifled by an adjective or a genitive:
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MARISON OF ADIMTIVES 121. Adjectives have in genera the fame distinctions of memingior hie positive, compam me, and superlative degre rus in Engliin: Htua, Astis auior, Astisera antasim , At est 122. The comparative es an adjective ometimes denotes meresychio degre of the qualiW:
a quid erat ararius, i Mere mas an uncommonst arae insM, B. G. I. 48123. The superlative of an adjective ometimes denotes simplya very hio degre of the qualiW:mdna amasimus impendebat, a vermisi is mouniain overistin , B. G. I. 6124. The superlative of an adjective it quam precedinicienotesthei hest d Nee possibi of the qualiW:
125. The adjectives medius, Imus, summus, an reliquu maydenote a par of the object described: in cine me F aciem inadiurit, e remis a in o Muti in homi in o Me AHI B. G. I. 24 summus mdna a Labiensi tenebatur, Meuomos Me mounsain as Midb Labienus es. B. G. I. 22126. An adjective in regula agrement it a nou Sometimes has the memingi an adverb: animadvertit caesar S uanos mus terram intueri, Caesar noticeae Macrae Sequanici I stes Mese σε uson Mamuriae, B.G. I. 32127. Adjectives are osten sed substantis F, matris, like nouns moere magnum numerum drum occidi runt, uri men sum a laro number of Mem B. G. II IO
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123. Pronouns in generes may be sed ister a substantives ortas adjectives, and the rules for nouns an adjectives appl to themo. ordinψy. In thei substantive se me are properi calleclumnouns. In thei adjective se me in id e calle pronominal Mjectives. PERSONA PRONO SIN. Nominative Uae. The nominative forma of the persones
IM. Peraona Pronouna of the his Peram. There are o Tegula persona pronouns of the hir person, hei place eings plied by a demonstrative generali is Di 35 :Iεraras ad caesarem miserunt aeque indedidεrunt, Me sent enuom so Caesar anae surrenaeemeae Ioraim B. G. II. 28
POSSESSIVE PRONOMINA ADIEcTIVES
131. The possessive pronomina adjectives, meus tuus, noster, VBSter suus, agre in gender, number, an case With the wor theyinodis' not with the wor denoting the possessor: Mona libra moras habet, Aesim has m books
Here the possessive, mesis, agrees it librea, the ining possessed, although this is plura masculine accusative, tale the possessor, uena, rasingula feminine nominative.
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133. Indisere Rellexis . In a subordinate clause me reflexive andus possessive adjective osten refer ac to the subjectis the mala inusta The are then calle μάλα reflexives:
TR. The reflexive, aut, sibi se refers to the Mi senon only. For thefirat and secon persona the Personat pronouns are sed a reflexives, inus: SINGULA PLURAL
remote. Thei mos common meminiis conven is the wotas Misand that: mea haec ea GaIlia, ricut illa vestra, Mis partis Gau is mine, Duas Mai parthis Mura, L B. G. I. 44 a. When hic and illa are sed togester, hic generali refers to the Iarare M two objecta, an in to me former H rursus in vicem anno Post in armis sunt, in domi remanent, fietatur just mentioned a in in Mese turn re in arm Me earinem, Me formem mentioned previ sty memrimat me, B. G. IV I135. a. I as a demonstrative pronou ma mea inher Misor Mat.