장음표시 사용
491쪽
a quid Osi a caeaare opus emat, he saldhi A notaeae a Ming iram Caesar sit i an neeae mas ora seg) B. G. I. 34δ. Raecis osten used in the genitive case With a Possessive pronomio Strengine me possessive dea:
sua ipsorum lingua utuntur, Me emplo Meiriwn Ianoam auum Omnis exercitum habet, Aeraas Ais inmar
RELATIVE PRONOUNSIS . se res Rula. Relative pronouns agrem in their antecedenta in gende and number, ut thei case depend o thei constructionis the clause in hic the are fou :
Sabinus, cum eia vita uias fi caesare acceperat, Sabinus, ira Mose omnes filia e Mui received iram Caesar B. G. III. I 7133. Agreement Wit a Predicate Munis Appositive. A relative pronou regulari agrees imis predicate nou or appositive in iis own clause, ather than Minciis antecedent: MMid, uod est oppidum maximum Sequandrum, Verantio, ADAD Me armis sow of eis Sequani, B. G. I. 3813s. Relative clauae precedine. A relative claus when emphatic Precede me claus containing the antecedent: orum per finis ierant, hi imperisit, a Merea Masa Arovismis currisorias Me Maeone, B. G. I. 8
492쪽
140 Antaeedent in the elative clauae. The antecedent of a
relative pronou is ometimes place in the relative Clause: am fecerat classem iubet convenire, e Mered Me Aeet,ADA Misaae huiu usu assembis lit. Aat et Ae Mae etc., B. G. IV. 2I141. Repetitionis the Antecedent. The antecedent is ometimes repeate Min the relative: erant itinera duo, in us itineribus domo orire oment, Mere Nereum sum ira Ways Me coullio ut iram home B. G. I. 6142. Omission of the Antecedent. The antecedent may he omittedis it is a pronou or an indefinite oro: qui cognoscerent misit, A sene menhio reconnoueri B. G. I. I143. Relative eglaning a Ne Sentence A relative Pronoun, referring to an antecedent in the precedin sentence, osten stand atthe beonning of a ne sentence. In such cases the relative is est translate is a personalis demonstrative pronoun:
mri cum eum in itinere conVMissent etc., Aen Aese Mae me Aim onMe v etc. B. G. I. 27 nostri non eadem alacritate utebantur. Muod ubi caesar animal enit, nais Ionga removeri iussit, summen Minor axem Memsemes mirarae fame eamme en Caesar nodiceae Mis, Asi ered Me Mimo mar sora removeae, B. G. IV. 24, 23
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS AN ADIEcTIVES 144. The indefinite pronouns an adjectives are se to indicate stat rame person or miniis meant ithout designatin inis Mone;
some of the mos common and their se are: G. Quis Some ne an one, some, a , is the leas exactis thesim definites, an standa generali after I viai, M o num quidam, acresain ne a cenain is me mos definite: si in dicit, Vis Moua veretur ne vis veniat, e famae Mat sommone main comeginam ex militibus dixit, a cenain one of the solae era sat , B. G. I. U
493쪽
λ Aliquia, ome one, some, is more definite than quia: Uria dicat Some ne main a c. quiaquam, an one and the indefinite adjective illas, v areis Commonisin negative Sentences, and in Sentences imp*ing a negative: cur euisquam iudicaret MouM an one hae B. G. I. onoque in necessitate continebantur, nor meme Ae resemineae ban nece AF B. G. II. II
aliua . . . alius, one . . . ansuerati . . . Hii Some . . . Mara alteri . . . alteri, Me ne fari . . . Me Mer
x Alius used twice in different cases in the fame claus expresses justiali me memin conveyed:
vis aera ex navi ae adgregabat, Mer Merrae, one Domine iniλὶ another iram nouer Mω B. G. IV. 26 MN aliam in partem ferebantur, Me rusAeae, Some in ne directiondothera in ano Aer direction, B. G. II. 24
145. Adverbs in me comparative degree like adjectives q*iaa, xa 3) ma indicate meret chio degre of What me express without denotri rea comparison. The Superlative HS ma expres avex hio degree, instea of the hest:
se dii tius duci intellexit, e realiae Matrae mas eine ut in Do Ion , B. G. I. I 6 saeranum domi poterat, A mas ver fomer Lai Aome, cf. B. G. I. ao
NEGATIVE ADVERBS 14s. The sua negative adverb is dn this is regula missi me indicative m d. a. Nd combined with another negative mota, a nauua mine an indefinite affirmariVC: Mnium, ome
494쪽
147. M is sed missi me subjunctive denotri negatis Purpos Mili, o destre this includes commanos in indirect disco se:
I s. reposition are sed Min the accusative an ablative cases. 14s. Premaulona lin the Aecusative. The repositions sed
Min the accusative are ad ad rina, ante, Pud, cuin circum, circiter ela, citra contra, erga extra, in India, inter intra iuxta, ob Penea, Per Post Praeter P Pe Promer, secundum, sub ave supra trana, ultra, Vereus.
ΝΟΤΕ. The adjectives Propior, Proximus, and the adverba Promus, Proxime,aometimesinovem in accusative like prepositions: smrim Rhenum, nextu Me mine propiis tumulum nearer Me mound
IIo. reposition mith in Ablative. The prepositions sed Minthe ablative are H, coram, eum G, ε - , in Prae, re,
alae, sub tenus. a. cum is attache to the ablative of the personat, reflexive, interrogative, and relative pronom as an e litic: nem meraran in sua emici contendit no ne a serium ira me mi Aout Ais estruction, B. G. I. 36 ne saeram h fire in primi Gnatituerat, Aim assariau Ae Mid e eis Meminita Aim B. G. V. 6 proximi sunt se Ema, in aram continenter Muum gerent, Merarenearest o Me Germans, mira m/om Me continuau mam a
B. G. I. I TE. In an sub govem both cases With in accusative the denote motion Oisa, a place missi in ablative res in a placet exercitum is iugum mittit, e senae Me arm under Me ostem insita manet, e remains in Me somn
495쪽
151. Conjunctions connect Worci, Phrases, and clauses of the fame Tank or main clauses Wit Subordinate Clauses. a. codrdinatin conjunctiona Coordinatim conjunctions connectin expression of eques rankhare Such Word a et atque, ac, que, enim, sed autem est. θ. Subordinatin conjunctiona. Subordinatis conjunctions comnecting dependent clauses With the clauses pon hic the depend)- Auch Worda a cum antequam, quod, si eisi, quamVIS, etc.
152. Terma. The term transitive, intransitive, impersonat, taceisClave an prativo, ood, tense, etc. are sed in generalis in
TENSES OF HE INDICATIVE 153. Preaent Tenae. The present ense represent an actio Orstate a no 'ining place or existi :M- oninim fortissimi minae Belgae, Me Bestiae me Ae braves of au Mese B. G. I Ia malorica riment. The present is ometimes sed instea of Past tenserio describe a pastinctio more vivid*: ad Galaam arae mini atquc caene est. Me rus u so Gaua androini ou etc. B. G. III. 3Noo me historica present may he translate is euher a presentis a
164. Pari macristive aenae. The past descriptive tense is used: a. o denote an actio ming on in past time: Misaei agri posvit antis, Me Huvetii mere massatine M, MA
496쪽
neamen Iown B. G. III. Ias tricabatur, is mas Monniva sussere, B. G. IV. 3INOTE. In narration the; forWard teps of the actio are in the perfectiense, descriptis passages in the past descriptive.
155. Future Tenae The future tense denotes an acti state that will tis place in the future: Mhiacum pacem faciam, L miu maste seace mira Fou B. G. I. 4156. Perfect Tenae The perfeci tens has , uses It m repreSent: a. An Ction in io complete present perfect) It is thentranslate wit the Englisti auxiliar have: uti supra Emonstraremus, as I have Mown bove, B. G. II. Ib An actio eo Statera a fac in past time past absolute):ed exercitum diarin Ae leae AD arm Mi heri B. G. III. 28
NOTE. he past participle it habe has almos the me meanin asa perfeci active, but denotes the confinuet re of the actionis the verti: vectigalia Mempta habet, he has bouist, Me mmenues B. G. I. I 8
157. Past Periret Tenae. The past perfeci tense represent an actio a complete in past time: Hesvetii iam sua copias traduxerant, Me Helvetii ad Irmae uae cheiramos acress B. G. I. II158. Future Perfeci enae The future perfeci ense represeritSine actio a completed in the future: ubi e stitueris, Aere Fou Maia Aais Hermineae B. G. I. I 3 me past perfectris osten called in pluperfecti
497쪽
NOTE. Exhortations Wishes, Commanda, etc. from thei Ver nature, referto the future Ramus and εSPeaerIs bove impi that the acta re notyet performed.
δ. The past y subjunctive generali refers to present time,' aut
Sometimes to past time: utinam scriberet I72. e. Σὶ, O that e mare riunm no his implies that the ac is notiso. inconquid facerem I a. x -a was alis tum ui res DI72.D, Men ou mi is Aave seme. The past perfecti subjunctive refers to past time: utimin ac pas et DI a. a. 3), O Maerae Aa writum then, Thia implies that the ac mas nos Men performeae in Dependent Gauras Iso. In dependent clauses me tenses of the subjunctive areis termine by the tenses of the main vere, an conformio the rulefo the sequence of tenses. 161. Sequence of Tenaea. The tenses of the indicative an su, jonctive are classified as frimar an secondarF. The primar tenses axe hos referri in presentis future time me secondar tensesam mos referring tosas time.
The past subjunctive iamne calle the imperfeci, and the past perfectine luperfecti
498쪽
e followin table represent this division the primar tenses hein marked 1 and the secondar tenses a):
i Present a Past i Perfect a Past perfectI. The present an past subjunctive denote incomplete action that is presenti future it reference to the main verb), and theirus by the reserior sequen intenses is hown belowu
499쪽
1M. Meptima oceationes exception to seque e mur, e metali in long passages: a Sometimes a secondar tense of the indicative is followe hya primarniense of the subjunctive: ponae a Gaides dentur a Mylleom Mao laerarem, e re sed Maris motitimasta se Di Aonages Moul desivm B. G. I. 4b. The perfeci indicative, hensas absolute Dis 6 b, is regintari a secondar tense; ut hen sed as a present perfect Dxs6. a it a be follo ed by the primar sequence:
c. A perfeci subjunctive, particulari in clauses of result Di 79 ,
may fossos secondar tense: temporia tanta fuit exiguulla ut tempus adfirmit, o Moris mas Metime fiat Aere mas no o oriunt 1 B. G. II. I
164. Historica Heaent. The historica present 3 153. a allo s
165. EiatorieM Infinitive. The historices infinitive La 18hisa in Iari folio edi a secondar tense:
IM. a. Not in Indirect iam M. Excepi in indirect disco se Lao3honi me present an perfeci infinitives are sed me presentrepresent me actio of the verbis in progress it no distinct
500쪽
b In Indisae mamurae. In indirect discourae the tenses of the infinitive denote a time that is presens, rast, or future it referenoeto the time denote by the verbissis in est hic the indirect discourseris introduced. Thus: I. The present infinitive expresses Me fame time a that of the ver of s inae:
167. The tenses of the participis, Me hos of the infinitive in indirect discourse D166. H, expres a tum Herant, flavit, o iurume in referen 'o the ver Wit whic it is sed:
haec stans a caesare petiit, rapin Ae Meae Ais rem Caesar, B. G. I. 2Οd his rebus certior eius, transeuntes adgream eat, Amrae Mae Meninformeae of thera mauera, Ae uacine them irae mere cro με