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Ho S IN INDEPENDENT SENTEN ATHE INDICATIVE IN INDEPENDENT SENTENCES163. The indicative mood is sed is state a realis an assumed factis to asina question. 1M. Stadiment of Facta Any formis the indicatis may be used
in State a real or an assume faci: est aliud iter, Aere is norae rea Arioviatua in rex Ariovistus mas hin camar veniat, Caesar tu come
I. Theram member of a double question is generali introducedis utrum or ne netther of whic is to e translate*; the second
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NOTE. Frequently the firat member has no introductory moest acribet, an Veniet p .HI A mri or come Ia I me secon member means impi or nos anno is sed in direct questions necne in indirect questions Lao i):
171 Rhetorica queationa. A rhetorica question is ne that is hed simplyrior effeci, and sein no information: tritane inistria perferro pomum p an Lenaeum suo injurias THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN INDEPENDENT SENTENC 172. The subjunctive is sed in independent sentences is expreM: a. EXHORTATION in me ira Person plures, present ense thenegati veris Me ista latranta ditUrsis mitis, et in nos iu rarae obhera, ct B. G. VII. 36δ. COMMAND in the thies person, present tense:
NOTE L. Negative command is generalty expressed, however, hy MII, MIRO, wit the present infinitive. See4473. note. ΝΟTE 2. The se unde a, b, an e are osten calle volitive laom Vola, .HI subjunctives, since the expres an ac of the wis.
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X POSSIBILIO Potentia Subjunctivo, in express What man or mio M. The negative is non:
aliquis assicut Some one ma S tum videris, Men ou mirat Aave sem o me subjunctive denotin possibillimis osten used as the conclusiono an expresse or implied condition:
NOTE A negative command o prohibition is regulari expresse byndu nolite, it the infinitive 3I72. c. note I : non committere, o no bring ita para, cf. B. G. I. 3
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CLAUSES OF URPOSE 174. Clauses denotin the purpos es an actio are usuali intrinduce M ut Mari in Mer Mas, ammative an nε, fiat me, ere, negarive and stan in the subjunctive ood:
Mnisaei is timbria auspiciunoin tarent remanebant, ome remalneae Mat Me mirat avolae Me suspicio offar, B. G. I. 39n gravidia heu occvaerere ad exercitum proficiscitur, e sis ut forrae arm Matrae mimis nos meis mi Aiso serious a war, B. G.
IV. 6175 Relatis clauae es Purmae A pumos Claus may be intrin cedi a relative pronou or adverb: Iegara mittunt ancerent, Me sent enuom so lit. A Moul S in B. G. I. 7178. Relative Purmae clauae containing a comparative. Pur se clauses Containing a comparative are regulari introducia by quo, ita is equivalent to ut ed:
177. A relative claus that describes an antecedent by testing at in os person or thiniit is, is calle a clause of description
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178. A relative claus that impi telis Aa personis thing the antecedent is instea of -at incit is, o one malint ariti a Dawit ut hic me antecedent claus Would stillis complete, Aesthe indicative:
The antecedent clause, ea complete sense mithout in quae cimae.
For relative clauses of description denoting cause See 3 I9o. CLAUSEA F RESULT17s. Clauses that express me resultis som ac or state mentionedin the mari clauserare introduceda ut so Mas, and tis the subjunctive ood The negative in clauses of resultris nis:
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1go. Relative clauae es Reavit. A clause of resul may be inre duce by a relative pronoumor adverb: nem eat tam aene piae annum liniura Pomo visere, no ne is sol Ἀλαι λου ora nos Minis liti in Eoas nos MAM Matrae cantave fori ear
Noo. Relative clauses otium ei result may osten be tested by noti .hether ut missi a persona o demonstrative pronoun an be substitute forine relative. In the last sentence ut is might have been sed instead of MI-For substantive clauses of resul see 3 187. SUBSTANTIVE, R NOUN CLAUSES 181. A substantive claus is one that is sed like a noun that is, a the subjectis objectis a verb, orrus an appositive o predicate. 182. Quint clauae ornet Substantive clauses introduced by quod, Mi tine me indicative to state a fact:
- olori misi, eddem pertinet, the faci Mat ou Mari, amouno orae fame raim B. G. I. 4Τhe quod clauseris the subjectis pertinet. hb ea miserior fortuna erant ne in emud quidem queri, Ent, Metrior is Me more iussu in his, has Me δε no ingrcs co Mineven in secret B. G. Ι. 32 The quod clauseris in apposition With Me.
183. Subatanuve auam es Purpo . Substantive clauses missi ut orn and the subjunctive are used after vertis of command M. 'uvae m
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Parma dicaalladis regnum occupa et Aa fersu es Casticus o Miserae supreme fomer sit Matras Moulae setae, B. G. I. 3In these sentences the ut clauseria sed a objeci. dat negdtium Senonibu ut ea cognoscant, is emplo M Senones so irais out lit Aegiis emplo'entu Me Senones etc.) B.G. II a Here in ut clauseris in apposition it neg6tium. erat ei Praeceptum ne Proelium committeret, it ad Meri en ine onisim uas is Moulae nos en age inualue, B. G. I. 22 Here the ne clauseris the subjectis erat praeceptum. Noo. 6nor, i Q, Patior, UIO, MI6, and -Id tali the infinitive:
184. Subatantis clauae aster Verba of earing Aster vere of Erering substantis clauses Wit in subjunctive are introduceo h M, Tendered that, Iesi, ori ut rendere Mat nos:
erebantur ne ad eo exercitu noster a vicem tur Me fared Mat ourar, oui de Dia inst them, cf. B. G. II. Iverebantur rete exercitus Mater ad eda ad ceraturi Memineared Mat ouram moulino betaeae against Mem185. Subatantis clauae aster Verba of lndering an Θwalng. res of inaestinet, ' sinet, and the like are followed by substam live clauses it the subjunctive, introduce by M, quin, o qui minua. N is se When me mari ver is assirmative, quin hemitia negat ed, quo minus in ither case:
aeterrere Potes ne maior multillita traducatis, ou me abia irrevensa larier number iram bring breuis ovem B. G. I. 3Isemani retinae non poterant mini rata colucerent, Me German could not δε fremente iram ursing Meir, pons B. G. I. 47 neque me adimi mirrus in sermanorum imperio sint, nor iu
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137. Subatantis clauae of eavit. . Substantive clauses of resul Min ut an me subjunctive are sed a me subjectis objecto veres of accom Dising ting, etc., speciali facio, eruis, e soli , etc. They ma be sed viso as appositi S: Gaide ut inter ae me restae, a minis it bove Mat Me ova
Aorave so ne anoMer B. G. I. 9 objecqfactum est ut sermam mercede arcesserentur, is mas mouis a Meraias Me Germans mere inviteae foris , B. G. I. 3I subject)hanc gratiam refert, is oramctur, e mastes his rerum, namely μαι
he oberis B. G. I. 3s repositive)II. Substantive clauses of result with ut an me subjimctive are est a the subjectis certain impersona vertis, ens, is
remains, is is adriae, etc., as fit, accidit, acredit, etc. :aecissit ut esset Inna Iona, i Aa meae Mat Mere mas a uu --, B. G. IV. 29
NOTE I. Substantive clauses With ut substantive clauses With quod 48a , an infinitive clauses missi subject accusative a I 6, 2I7 are constructions soleari equivalent that any one of the three manat times be sed mith relativel lites difference in meaning. NOTE . Indirect questions Laor , and infinitive cIausea it a jec accinsative after verba Di inretc. si aO3ὶ are viso substantive clauses.
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CAUSA CLAUSES 18s cauaia clauae introduce is quod, etc. Causal clauses introe Ced by quod, quia, quoniam, o quando, Jemuse, tine: a The indicative hen the reason give is that of the spe ero writer: sortissimi sunt Belgae propterea in longissime osunt, Me Bel eam Me ravest ecause Me are fari Aera m , B. G. I. IHere Caesar oves Ais .n mea n why the Belgae are the bravestiδ. The subjunctive when the re on ovencis no stat of the spe ero writer but is simpl aluod a the eam es sommone else: Haedui veniebant 'ueatum quod Harudta mea postularentur, Me me uicam so complain Maura the salo Me Haruris mere maria ine Mese Laes B. G. I. 37
Here Caesar oves, no his own reason, ut in re on auem by the Haedui.
18s causal clauae introduce by Causal clauses introducedis eum, sincem Mnause, tine me subjunctive:
1M. Relative clausea es cauae Maus may be denoted by a relative claus wit the subjunctive:
magnam caesar iniuriam facit ora vectigalia deterium faciat, Caesardora a reat wmong in mastinin liti in maris i. e. ecauserae ismaining Me revenues Iomeri B. G. I. 36NOTR. In thia uae the relative is equivalent to cum is etc. I is esten pr Ceded is ut, voto, o Misyo. f. B. G. IV. 23, ut quae . . . haberent.
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CONCESSIVE CLAUSES 1s1 contemis clauae mith in Indicativo. Concessive clauses in the indicative are introduce by quamquam rem, tamet Lacthoum:
Noo quamquam osten introduces a frincipia clauserio main a transitionto amem subjectis discussion Q is the translateo and t.
1sa conomais clauae With in Sub unctive. Concessive clauses missi me subjunctive are introducedi eum, ut, quamns, austo fici
cum ea ita sint, tamen iis id Mahuntur, pacem faciam, at ouis Mese Minis are so nevem Aelera i A clamas Maia Mamen, cini Imaste seace, B. G. I. 4ae iam ut omnia contra opinionem a summi, tamen erapiciebant e , anae at Aouis no ali Minis Moulae fauisus conrear so theseexpectation, nevem heias Me meme mel amare etc. B. G. III. Noo cum is sed in temporal clausea 6 - I94 and in causa clausea since. 489 as etllas in concessive clauses M Aouo . When tamen sumem GHessi occura in the main clause, in cum clauseria concessive utra artim essecta in precedes the cum clauseria probabi cauasi
TEMPORA CLAUSES 1sa Tempora clauae introduce is postquam, ut, ubi, etc. Tempora clauses introduce by matquam asser, ut, ubi, misen, cum Primum, imui, imu atque ac , as Oon as, lata me indicative, usuali the perfeci, somelimes in historica present: