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1M. Tempora cimiae introducis is cum Tempora clauses introduce is eum, misen, an referring to the presentis future, tine me indicative; ut referring to the past me have two ses: a Dinnitive to desine or fis me time a Whic me actionis themata ver occurrecl. The ood is indicative:
eram Caeaar in Galliam iniit, alterius factioni Principe erant Moeri, en Caesar came in L MI, Me meaeui mere a Me Arad os onefaction, B. G. VI. Iaδ. Descriptive to describe the siluation or circumstances under
hic me actionis the main ver ino place. The ood is subjunctive pastis past perfect):
cum Ereret, aio reperiebat, misen A maae inquiries iram thera, Ac inerrae suoming information, B. G. II. cum de impravia venisset, Remi ugare mirerent, Amrae ad comatine acuab Me Remi sen arivom B. G. II. 3In the sentencei I94 axeum caesar in caniam Hvit, altarius faetidula principe erant Haedui, the time of the Haedua suprema cis mereis se , of eae, by the eum ause, an is true independently o Caesar' coming. The were a me head of one factio Whether he came o noti In te sentence LIM H cum M immoria Maeaast, Min graua miserunt, the fac Remi rarat Grunt, Ma Remi se e revom, is nottrue independenti of his coming. The aent them unde the circumstances occasione by his coming. The would not have sent them is he
Isb. Cum clauam denotin Time an cauae. Sometime me idea os time is combine With that os clause. In suta cases cum missi me subjunctive is alWay used:
action, is generali fosso ed by the indicative:
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neque priva fugere deatiterunt, uam ad flumen Mnum Emmerim nor dictae cras si e Minore Me m Meae Me miser mine,B. a L 33b. When me denote omethin amici sed, ut not aure, in line me subjunctive:
-- am quicquam conaretur, Diviciacum ad ae vocari iubet, e retinaeenastin a Minae Ae o ara Diviciacus Io e summoneae soAim B. G. I. 91ss. Tempora1 clauam introst in by - donec, orsinnae. I. Dum, meming misiae, tines the indicative in me historica presenti cisa a), even though in timeris past:
m haec orerentis, caesari nuntiatum eat, Aiae Ais mas incon morae mas breuis to Caesar, B. G. I. 46II. Dum, donec, and quoad meant ista Ionias, tine the indicative: oad potuit, fortissim reatuit, A resiste imaves as longis A missabis B. G. IV. IaIII. Dum, donec, and quoad meming uneia, have two ses: a The indicative, to denote an eruatiare: quo finem aequendi urarunt ouoad praecipius hostes verunt, noraeiae Me cras surauinginti Me muterrae nam B. G. V. 17b. The subjunctive, to denote something antici vae: in naria emme strent exspectarit, A mai ad untia A M. MOMMarrise, B. G. IV. 23
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CONDITIONAL SENTENCESIM. Definition. A conditiones sentenc is a complex senten containing an independent claus and a subordinate clause introduceo by I, Q, o niat, a non, uncos, is not. The subordinate claus is calle the oondinon om Musis and the main claus the oonclusion or apodosin. Conditiones clauses are divide acto time into the folio in three
a. Nom Commissas Condissens that is, hos in hic nothin is implied acto the truthis falsit of the case supposed); these Aethe present indicative: a Mescit, is Mur, Vis is Mine Mis, His smisad θ. Conaestion Conmur so Facs: these in the past imperfect)subjunctive:
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ΝΟΥΕ. he conditiona clause, not in conclusion determines the clas to ich a conditiona sentence belonga Although both parta re usuali in the fame ood an tense, et the conclusion a be in an formes the ver that the ense requires for example: MMescit, eum laudate, faecis Miny Mis, miseraim Because of the formis the conditionat claus thia conditiones aentenco musthe classed a present nomCommittat.
Mo clauae es comparim muli aetat, aut conditiones clause of comparison introduce by Velat, elui Q, as Q, ahes the subjunctive, the tense eing determine by the uterior sequence of
ahaentia Ariovisti crudelitatem, Mut aedram sit, horrent, Me Manae in ear of rae crueis of Ariovistus in is abrance in entia jurias the wouldhissae meri s uld bHysmerant B. G. I. 32ΝoTE. Such a condition has the future es probavi form in the Latin, though in Englis it has in formissis condition contra 'o facti he semience bove thrown hac into past time, reada velut at ademet, horre Mint.
INDIREC QUESTIONSM1. Indirect question are substantive interrogative clauses καgenerali as object, after verba es inquisiv, Min , nominae, uia metes The ver in indirect questions is in the subjunctive.
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INDIREC DISCOURSEM2. A direct quotation is a statemen made in the exactisores of the originalis Aer o writer Suchis statemen is sal to ei the direct risiurae
203. An indirect quotation is a reporte statement no made in the exare,ord of the originalis iner o writer but adapte to the formo the sentence sed by the person quotin them. Such astatemen is es t be in indirere discoune, an is sed after verba of s in an Ministu:
his caesar respondit sol murus dubia tingis dari, si Aese Caesar ansmemed
caesar frumentum quod earum sto ire flagitare, Caesar amantaea Mamain Aiax ache miclyrae Maesromise , B. G. I. 16 inde Mene Sense es in indirae Dismunemo. Declaratis Sente ea. In declarative sentences me sis tenses of the indicative, o hecomis indirect pas lato the three Corr.
sponding te es of the infinitive Missi subject accusative, as a mn by the followin table:
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a The subject accusative gia of the infinitive is regulari e presse in indirect dis urse even i it a notisse in the direct Pronouns of therarat an secon person are change tori se of thethies ii me ver of sayiniis in me stir person , me reflexive forms g 13a Ming used is referri me subjecti me verbis sarinx:
aes. Prohibulona. In a prohibitio having MII, Mute, and thesim finitive in the direct discourse D173. note , me infinitive is hangedio the presenti past subjunctive Minis in the indirect accordire toste seque emi tenses, and nsili dis mare: MILeommittere, o nos bring is sipara, B. G. I. I 3 is prohibition hen change in indirect disco se be meana committeret, Divico MidyMaurae Moulino bring u o fass
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inange mei verbifrom me indicative to the subjunctive, me tenses conformin to the ut for me sequence of enses:
II. a. Actoricia uestions lx7I that have the indicative in the virect discourse change me indicative to the infinitive in the indirect :DIRECT: num recentium iniuriarum memoriam de nere pomum pran iurissi e Me me uectionis Me receni mono B. G. I. I INDIRECTu caeaar respondit . . . num recentium iniuriarum memoriam de nere posse, Caesar ansmarai ashing miseraer Accoulaesus astri e re uectio est.
θ. Rhesoriota Questions that have me deliberative subjunctive gi a.d in the direct retari me subjunctive in me indirect the
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This is callet implied indirect disco se Lao3. θ):ca a frumentum quod Mitanti scire sagitare, Cinar emanae, Me grain Aicis asine init Me Masromise , B. G. I. I 62M. Tenae. The tense of vem in subordinate clauses in indirect discourseris determine by the ense of the ver of s iv, accordi to the res for the sequence of enses for example Mest, Aesa , Willhe followed by the presentis perfeci subjunctive disit, e sata, hythe pastis past perfeci subjunctive: DIRECTQ id quod in Nervus uel faciam r. II aeo that intextae in the caseio Me Nereis B. G. II. 32IND1RE dicit se id quod in Nervum cerit, facturum eam, e sam Maerae tu aeo Aa inicis Ae id in the casmothrae Nemii dixit a id quod in Nervii fecisset, tacturum emo, a satae Mas Aa-Mae o ne in the case of Me Namsi
DIRECT: Veremur angustias itineri qua intereedunt, me ea Mari uuies of the wa inicis numene, es. B. G. I. 39 INDIRECT: dicunt a vereri anguatia uinoria qua mire viris Me
NOTE. As a ule the fame ver stem ill e sed in the subjunctive as as sed in the indicative for example, a presentis future inclicative iubecome a presentis past subjunctive a perfectis future perfeci indicative mill hecome a perfecti Past perfectis junctive.
CEPTION Somerimes for the sine of vividnes a primar tenseis sed in the subjunctive after a secondar tensem a vere of s iv respondit ita Helvetio institutda eme uti Galata accipere, Midam, mustrent, Aa restaeae thas eis Hemissi Mus Menuo mainere te ammere ae stomedis receive Aoua es, no so sive them B. G. I 14
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210. Ni conditiones sentences Missi verba in the indicative 3 199.
I. a II a III ahare trinis in indirect dis urseras ordinar complex sentences the ver in the main clause conclusion ieing change toine infinitive, and the ver in the subordinate clause condition to the subjunctive:
211. In future les probabie conditions li99. ΙΙ.b the ver in
the conclusion which, of course, is me main verbhis change to the ture in istuc me ver in the condition, beta in a subordinate Clause, remaris in the subjunctive though the tens may have in bechange to accord wit the ut for the seque ei tenses:
212. In future conditions, iste more or es probable I99. II. , H, a passive ver in the conclusion of the direct discourse is expresse by fore futurum eam ut it the present subjunctive
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the condision pastis past perfeci subjunctive remalas unchanges. e ver in me conclusion pastis past perfeci subjunctive undesemes the folio in AEanges: a. I it is in the active voice, it is change to the prope formes the future participi in strua it fulaae:
b. I the ver in the conclusion is in the passive voice, the formfuturum vim ut is sed solio ed by the past subjunctive of the ver iste changed:
214 A subordinate ver that ould regulari be in the indicativeis ometimes attracte to the subjunctive by another subjunctive orequivalent infinitive), o whic it depends: