The Tusculanan disputations. Book first. The dream of Scipio ..

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Cor est principium vitae: Cor igitur Si antinus. Prima illa sumptio certa per se videtur. Seeunda probatur auctoritate Aristotelis cujus verba sunt e libro tertio de partibus animalium in corde principium vitae omnisque motus et Sensus 83 censemus Lib. III. p. 58 ed. Sylburg. ἐν η τῆκαρδία τr ν ἀρχri φαμεν τ)ῆς ζωῆς καὶ πάσης κινησεως καὶ aἰσθησεως . lin. quoque Lib. I. c. 37. Muretus, cited by MOSor. Nasica. . Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum Wh mar-riod a daughter of Scipio Africanus the liter. Cf. Brutus, XX. 79, viii. 213. Colus Aeliu Sertus. Sextus . Elius delus, a juris ofeminence, an a ready Spenker. Erutus, XX. From his reputation a a juris an a prudent man, he go hi cognOmen Catus. The in here quot ed is froin the Annales of Ennius. Aeliu See note O 3 hu', upra, V 10.

Empedocles . . . . Sanguinem. Imo dicebat Empedocles, cordi Surfusum Sanguinem eSSe animi Sedem. V LambinuS. His ord are Αἱμ γὰρ ἀνθραν τοις περικaρδιον ἐm ONμ a.

Empedocles as a Sicilian philosopher, hocilourished about

B. C. 444.

Alii pars quaedam cerebri Camerarius cite Plautus, Menaechm. III. i. 40, non tibi anum St, adole8cen3, inc put intelligo. ischer quotes Phaedrus I. Vii. quanta Specie8, inquit, cerebrum non habet lPrincipatum 1 γεμονικον. relli cite De Uat Deorum,

Alii in corde. The Stoics, Epicureans, and Ome physiciaris. Alii in cerebro Era SiStratuS, Herophilus, and the Pythagoreans DaviS.

Ut fere nostri. Declarat nomen. The est S S., a the Regius VaticanuS, and BernenSis, ea ut fere nostri declarant nomen. F. A. Wolf conjectured ut is declarant nomine, and relli Schiitz, obbe, lotet, and illiner adoptthis reading Some old editor rea ut An declarant, nomia

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126 USCULAM DISPUTATIΟΝS. nari. The readi riges ive a suggeste by Bentley, and has been adopte by avis, Tregder, an Tisulier Thechange os declarant into declarat obviates ali dissiduities of con Struetion and interpretation, and is justified by the ad towhieli ischer alludes that in the Regius M S the singularan plura are osten cons unded. MOSer ive the Same reading, ut brach et the hole Sentende Declarat . . . . Sententia, a the glos of Some kilful and Severa oditorsinulos the word bet ween Nomen and ip8 autem animus in brachet other mari in the Same manne the wOrd et aniam08os et . a. et cae a Sententia. Orelli' rem arti on this uint, however, is based On a Sound principi os teXtua criticism : Praestat tamen in illi et anim03 Cet. λογικον μάρτημι Ciceroni ipSiu agnOSCere, quam glOSSema.' MOSer himself successsuli vindicates the Ciceronian purityis the word whieli heira kets. The sentiment of the whole passage, as illinerrem artis, is this There haVe been philosopher Who said that the iniud was nothing ut air and this Opinion Seem to beconfirmed by the Latin langu age, hieli ha many Ord and phrases in hieli the word anima a the Same signification

Ipse autem animus. Some editorS, thinhing that the wordbetween nomen and ipse hould e mitted read ipse enim animu8, in readin Whicli is no Supported by th MSS. Zenoni Zeno the ounder of the Stoic philosophy. Zenoni . . . . animui nis videtur Ignis intelligitur πνευμ ενθερμιον. Diog. L. Vii. 157. V vhner Zeno rogardod individua fouis asaeing What the ou of the universe Was as of the nature os sire, O a Marm reath and theres reas perishable. mitti s Dict of AiW and Mythol. Firoma very naturali regarde by the ancient a the symbol ofal immaterial OreeS. X. Vulgo Scit animum statuunt esse. Reliqua fere singuli scit dicunt. The dea is The opinion Phau thussa stated concerning the natur of the in have been commoni accepted oli0Sed a no about O State have been ad vanced almos by ingle individuals.

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animi natura protulerunt opinionem, proXime autem AriStOXenia animum pSiu corpori intentionem SSe quandam SSedicebat. N.Aristorenus. Α Peripatetio philosopher an a celebrated

Velut in cantu et dibus. UnderStand cieatur. A Platone. In tho Phaedo, p. 24qq.

Xenocrates. Orn a Chalcedon B. G. 396. He was a

pupilis Plato, and ecam president of the Academy. Pythagorae Since of at thing number area nature the irst, in numbers the Pythagoreans thought the perceived many analogie t thing that eXiSi an are produced, more than in re, an earth, and water that a certain assectior o numbers a juSticeri a certain ther affection, Eou an intellect another, Opportunit and of the reSt, Ot Say, ach in like maniter an moreOVer, Seeing the assections an ratios of hat peria in t harmonyo consist in numbers, Since ther hing Seemed in their entire nature tob formed in th likenes O numberS, and in nil nature number are the first the suppOSed the element O number tobe the element os at things. V Aristolle, Mel. I. 5 cited in

Triplicem Anxit animum. The three pari are alio, νους το λογικον, το γηγεμιονικον), ira θυμ0ς το θυμιικον), cupiditas, επιθυμία το ἐπιθυμιητικον). Many edition an MSS. eadanimam; ut rongly. Sicut in arce. Cf. De Nat Deor. II. lui. 140, here Mosersays, haec comparatio ducta AES a Platone apud Longinum

21. Dicaearchus. A eripatetic philOSOpher, a geographer, an an historian a pupil of AriStolle. He wrote three book Περὶ Ψυχης, and a book on death. Cicero, in his letters osten alludes o im in complimentar teritis. See infra XXXi. 7.

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Et animalia et animantes Both animal and livingthings animantes including planis, S et a men and beasis. Inter animal et animans hoc interest, quod an mal dicitur de iis tantum, quae Sensitivam habent animam animans aliquando latius patet, et lauta etiam complectitur. Forcellini. Animum vel animam. To ho the distinction e tweenthe signification os these two Ords Davi cite Juvenal, ulli disserenue etween men and bruteS, Sat. V. 148 Indulsit communis conditor illis Tanium animas, Obi in imum quo que . Quippe quae nulla sit. The a SSigning of the reason by the relative clause illi the Subjunctive, is strengthene by the

Temperatione Organization. 22. Quattuor ... genera principiorum. The seu elements of the ancientS, artii, ir, ire, and wnter. Quintam naturam. s. infra, Vii. 41, XXVi. 65, XXV ii. 66 qea d. I. vii 26 inn. IV. V. I 2. 'Eντελεχειαν. an editor rea ἐνδελεχειaν, ut εω τελε- χει is the wordisSed by Aristolle, although Cicero misinterpretes him, - 1 r Aristolle dentes to the iud ali motion

XI. Hae sunt fere . . . . sententiae These are early allthe opinioHS et . Democritum. An atomisti philosopher, orn at Abdera in Thrace, B. C. 490.

Magnum illum quidem, sed See upra note o iii. 6 ab optimis illis quidem viris, ed. Corpusculis i. e. atomS f. De Nat Deor. I. Tiv. 66. Apud istos. The plura pronou here refers, no Onlyrioth individual ho has been mentioned Democritus), ut also to thoS Wh enteriai Simila views the atomistic philoSopher generally, OnSpicuous amon whomare the Epi-

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Confundere conjungere, con8ociare. MOSer CompareSDe Uat Deor. III. viii. 19 Orat pro Sest ii 5 De O . LXXVii. 5. Dista. nother instanee of the concesSive Se Oftit even is alimough. Si videtur scit tibi. The prono uncis omitte also infra XXXii. 7. Utine hoc illud alias Boulite thus Xplain this pas- sago Nunc, si videtur tibi, hoc agamuS et in quaestione animorum immoremur illud argumentum de mortis abigen-d metu EXSequemur alias. Τ24. His sententiis omnibus. The ablative is here sed in the fame manne a we a me judicio, 'mea Sententia etin, instead of eae mea sententia. Se Ram Shorn ' Lat. r. h 145, p. 443, d. illiner' Lat. r. QI5, not. 10 p. 222 ed. 2. Atiliner. Illam in partem quod intersit. The position of the relative aster villam in partem gives emphaSi to thOSe OrdS.

Eum librum. The Phaedo, hicli is entilled Φαίδων δε περὶ

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130 usCULAM DISPUTATION S. 25. Das ne doyougrant Cf. Tusc. II. xii 28 Finn. V. XXviii. Quoniam ne sint quidem. Quo=tiam is herocioine Withthe Subjunctive beenus the Auditor gives the reason hichwould hold ood in the eas supposed by Cicero, an no the aflua reason aecordin to his own vlew of the factS. XII. 26. Si minus id obtinebis Og ou do nos provethal. In Englisti tho expression of the future S commonlyomitted in Subordinate propositions init is found in the ead- in propoSition ut his omission a no tali place in Latin. M. 339. ObS. 1. Docebis. Eleganter et cum urbanitate quadam futurum Vices u Stinet imperativi, quum SperamuS, Ore, ut id, quod ab altero seri volumuS, essiciatur. V. Ramsh Lat. r. h 167, not. 2, ed. 2; ulin L. Gr. 107 9, p. 157 Sq., ed. 2. N ilh-

Vereor ne malum sit. B. 43 S. 262, Rem T. 27. Unum illud. F. A. Wolf rem arks that unus is ad dedio Superlative and othe wOrd to denote a Superiori ty either, Orsili adds, in a good o in a ad quali ty. Cascos. Varro de lingua Latina, VII. 48 mascum fiagni cat vetus ejus orig0 Sabina, quae 3que radices in Oscam linguam egit Cascum vetus esse igniscat Ennius, quod ait: Quam prisci casci populi tenuere Latini. Cf. . Geli Noci sit. I. I in Adolescens casce nimis et vetuste loquens. ischer. E pontiscio jure et caerimoniis sepulcrorum. The Ol- legum pontii Is a Rome had the supreme superintendene Ofal matters of religion, and of thing and person connected with public a mellis private orship. The had to guardagainst an irregularit in the observarice of religious rites that might ariSe rom a neglect of the ancient euStomS, Orsrom the introductiori os oreig rites. The had notini todotermine in hat manne the eavenly god shOuid e Or-shipped, ut alSo the prope formo burials and 0w thesouis of the departes maneshwere tuae appeased. V Smith ADiet of Antiq. p. 940 q. V.

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a sepulchre or an place in hicli a person a buried, was religiosus est things hicli,ere lusti belonge to the Dii Manes ere religiosae thos consecratei to the Dii Superi ere calle sacrae Even the place in hicli astave a buried was considered a religiouS. WhOeversio- latex Sepulchre a Subjecto an aetion terme sepulcri violati actio Those ho remove the Odies O bones romthe Sepulchre mere punished by death o deportatio in insulam accordiri to their anta is the sepulchre a violated in an othe way the were puniShed by deportatio, o condemnation to the mines. Ibid. p. 562. Cf. Laelius, v. 13 supra, p. 7). See, ISO, CreUSer, On

Cic. de Lem. I. XXii. 55, p. 321 and the authorities cited by Moser, in his note on the fragmen in De Re Publiea, IV. viii. sic ponti ci jure sanctitudo sepulturae p. 429 of his odition).

Nec violatas. . . . religione SanaeiSSent h. e. ne SanXiSsent, ut Si qui Sepulcrorum caerimonia ViolaSSent, culpam, quae nullo piaculo Solvi OSSet, contra XiSSe putarentur. Religio enim Si culpa, quae, quum religione Violantur, Ontrahitur. Cf. at Deor. II. v. 11. In in Clav. h. v. et Schii tet, in Leae Cic. h. v. Milliner. Nisi haereret. 1 ter coluissent and sanaeissent, e liould expect the luperseet hae3isset; ut, as illine remariis, theimpersec is here Sed to reser the de to that ver time in whicli the ancient Roman attached Such sanctit to funerat rites. e cite a Simila caSe rom Laelius iv. 13 supra,

p. 7): quod non fecisSent. . . . Si .... arbitrarentur. Infra, xxxvii. 89 si timeretur .... non concidi33et. Orat pro Mil. XVii. 45 NiSi. . . . approperaret, nunquam reliquisset. See

In ceteris humi retineretur et permaneret tamen. Retaining this readini Whichri given by some of the best S S., a Sthe Regius, Bernensis, and Gudianus . , and adopte byorelli, Moser, illiner TiScher, an many therSin, quae, tho subjectis the vect retineretur and permaneret, muS be

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res erret to vitae a iis antecedent. illiner explain thepaSSage huS: Vita e virtutis praeceptis acta dicitur esse dux in caelum vita hominum vitiis ac voluptatibus deditorum dieitur humi retineri et permanere tamen, h. e. Vita HVSmodi

hominum etiam OS mortem in hi terris continuatur, - quineorum animi terreStria mpleXati, in caelum evolure non OS- Sunt, Sed cireum terram Volutantur, cita tamen, Ut ea non altera morte XStinguatur, Sed permaneat.

I cannot be dented that the construction illi Our read ingis harsh. O me id editor read retineret; Ome SS. retineret et permanerent tamen LambinuS in his d. of 1566. in celeris eos humi retineret, tit permanerent tamen. Onem S. gives et retinerentur et permanerent. F. A. Olf conjeeture S, quum ceteri humi retinerentur, ut permanerent lamen. ilh- ne SuggeStS, quae, ut clari v. et f. d. i. c. 3. 33e, ita cetero8 humi retineret, ut permanerent lamen. Whateverae the correct ea ling, however, the dea S evident. It wa a common bestius among the Greelis and Romans that the oui Of those who, in his life enStave themSelve to sensuality, nableto rise, after death, to the abodes of pure Spiriis, lingeraro und thei old odies, o beco me uin exto ne and inferiorones. f. Plato, Phaedo, 69 70, 131 Servius ori thes Eneid, VI. 127 an Macrobius o Scipi S ream, Lib. I. . . Souis of this character, Says Plato Phaedo, 69 70 Cary'stranS.) impressed illi that hiuli is corporeat, hiul the

pelle to ander bout Such places, paying the penalty s

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A lotith to leavo th bod that it loved, An linlio itself by carnal sensuali tyTo a degenerate an degradet State. 'Milton, Comus, 470 475. 28. 0 multis . . . . aevom. A verS Os Ennius, hicli e vius give thu Romulus in caselo cum dis genitalibus aevum

Semela This Latin orni os illo ablative is iven by thebes MSS. and edit ors, instoad of the Greeli sortii Semele, whicli an editions avo. It was o uiati the AuguStanage, SayS illiner that the Greel tormination came into common se in proSe Se Z. 46. I. n. Tyndaridae fratres e Castor and Pollux. Cf. Cio de Nat. Deor. II. ii. 6 praesentiam saepe divi suam decali ant, ut et apud Regillum bello Latinorum quum A. Postumius dictatoreum Octavio Mamilio Tusculano proelio dimicuret, in no8tra acie Castor et Polluae eae equis pugnare visi sunt; et recentiore memoria iidem Tyndaridae Persen victum nun laverunt. Adjutores .... Romani. Adjutores is here construed Mith

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Obs. 3. The construction adjutor victoriae is simila to adjutor . . . . iracundiae, Terent. Adel. Q. 66 honoris .... adjutorem, Cic. pro Flacc. i. 1. Ino. Seu mitti's Classica Dictionary, unde Athamas. The de of the paSSage Ino .... nostris, a Killiner XprESSESit, is this: onno Ino, Cadmi silia, divino honore fruitur lXIII. 29. Majorum gentium dii Tho origin of this

Iuno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venu8, MarS, Mercurius, Iovi', Neptunus, Volcanus, Apollo. Quaere . . . . Graecia - Adi epulcra deorum, quae hodie demonstrantur in Graecia. Oser. - The Cretan potntedo ut a certain Sepulchre a that of Jupiter Callim 'nin in JOv. v. ). Ceres a Sal to have been buried at Eleusis. See, further, De Nat. Deor. III. XXXii. 57. Some editors

mihi quum mulla eaeimia divinaque videantur Athenae tuae peperisse atque in vita hominum attulisse, tum nihil melius illis mysteriis, quibus eae agresti immanique vita aeculli ad humanitatem et mitigali sumus et initiaque ut appellantur, itare vera principia vitae cognovimus, neque solum cum laetitia vivendi rationem accepimus, sed etiam cum Spe meliore Oriendi' s. Isocrates, Paneg. p. 10, Fellon' ed. an note p. 7 Sqq. Tractari coepissent Madui conjecture coepta Sunt, Whicli re ad in g, though no supported by the MSS. Tregder, Κufinem, and TiScher adopt. Sed qui . . . . tenebant, etc. Lut since they the ancients

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