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91 sic ill0 imitandus ; non siescientia promovenda. 118. Variae profecto Sententiae, de modo quo SenSUS motusque in corpore animali fiunt, prolatae Sunt; omnibus vero hoc fundamentum Commune est, sortasse
et vitium quoque, nempe, quod rationsem utriuSque Petant a motibus quibusdam Generi Nervoso Propriis et peculiaribus, ab organo Sensus incipientibus, et per nervos ad cerebrum Propagatis, dum sentimus; et a corebro incipientibus, Perque nervos Sive eosdem qui sensui inserviunt, SiVealios omnino diverSos et distinctos, quamviS in eundem fasciculum cum illis colligatos) ad musculos delatis, dum musculos nostros ad arbitrium mOVemUS. tandus : Sic scientia non
118. Proyecto variae sententiae prolatae sunt de modo, quo Sensus que motus voluntarius frent in corpore; vero hoc est commune fundamentum, fortasse et vitium quoque omnibus, quod petunt
bus quibusdam propriis et peculiaribus Generi Nervom,
incipientibus ab Organo Seu-SUS, et propagatis per nervos ad cerebrum, dum sentimus; et incipientibus a cerebro, que delatis ad musculos per nervos sive eosdem qui in- Serviunt sensui, sive alios omnino diversos et distinctos, quamvis colligatos in
arbitrio. II 8. Various, indeed, aro the opinions which have beenailvaneed, concerning the manner in whicli the sensations and voluntary motion take place within the body ; but tho Common Dundation, and, perhaps, error os ali, consisis in this, that thoy seeli for an explanation Os both in certain motions, proper and peculiar to the nervolas system, Whieli, duringsensation, beginning stom the organ of SenSe, are propagated by means of the nerves to the brain ; and whic h), duringvoluntary muscular action, begin in the brain, and are conveyed to tho muscies by the nerves, either the sanie whichare subservient to Sensation, or others quite disserent anil distinet, although bound up into the Same fasciculus.
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11 9. Hos motus alii crediderunt per ipsam SubStantium nervorum fieri, trementium vel vibrantium, ut UO-cabant, non secus ae lyrae chordae tremunt plectro Per
Perspectum erat quam male accommodati essent nervi Pt cerebrum ad tales perficiendos et propagandos tremores vel motus quippe qui toti mollissimi existant, et vicinarum partium tactu multum impediti, vel saepe etiam ad vicinas partes alligati sint) motus, quos fieri
debant, in humorem tenuem et valde mobilem rejecerunt, quem nervis inesse fingebant, inque iis suis legibus moveri, multasque et miras
119. Alii crediderunt hos motus seri, per ipsam substantiam nervorum, trementium vel vibrantium, ut Uscabant, non Secus ac chordae
bene perspectrem quam male nervi et cerebrum essent accommodati ad perdisciendos et propugandos tales tremores et motus quippe qui emistunt toti mollissimi, et sint impediti multum tactu partium vicinarum vel sint θetiam ulligati au partes vicinus rejecerunt motuS, quos contendebant feri et
esse necesSarios, in tenuem et valde mobilem humorem,
Nerυis, que moveri in iis suis legibus, que possidentem 'I19. Some considered, that these motions take placethrough the medium os the substance of the nerves, trembling, or vibrating as they term it, in the sanie Way as the Strings of the lyre, when struck by the plectrum. I 20. Others, who perceived how ill the nerves and brainwere fitted ior persecting and propagating Such tremors and motions, inasmuch as they are ali very Sost, and are much ob Structed by contact, or by being bound down to neighbouring paris), referred the motions, which they admitted were produced and were necessary, to Some subtile and very active fluid, whicli they imagined to be in the nerves, and is move l
29. Possidentem seems to be necessary to complete the sense of thiq senten P, for it refers to hi morem, and is it gtood in lite present tenso, indicati e mOOd, it must be read possidet, Milli qui undersiood.
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dotes et excellentias possi- multas et mirus dotes et er-dent. cellentias.
121. Alii duinum ad 121. Alii demum potius
AEtherem Universalem po- confugerunt ad AEther erutius confugerunt, qualem et Universalem, qualem et nu- nuper et olim multis philo- per et olim persuasum est Sophis persuasum est totum multis philosoph is pervadere mundum pervadere, im- implere, que temperare t0plere, variisque legibus tem- tum mundum variis legibus, Perare; cujus Ope et mi- ope et ministerio cujus, sideranisterio sidera mearent, Sol mearent, sol fulgeret, mars fulgeret, mare cres eret de- cresceret que decresceret, cresceretque, flumina labe- fluminu laberentur, ventirentur, venti spirarent, plan- Spirarent, plantae pullulatae pullularent, Iupiter ipse rent, ipse Iupiter tonaret. tonaret.-Utilissimus certe Certe aether est utilissimus et strenuissimus aether, Sed nusquam prehenSUS, DUS- quam ad quaestionem deductus, ut sui rationem redderet, Proteo ipso mutabilior et fugacior, diu mul-
et strenuissimu8, nuSquam deductus ad quoestionem, ut redderet rationem Sui, mutabilior et fugacior Proteo ipso, regitatus jam frustraque diu multum, tandem tumque jam frustra agitatus, requiescat in pace. Nam quae tandem requiescat in pace. spes prehendendi cillui
in them by certain laws, and possesses many Wonderisi properties and Virtues. I 2I. Lastly, others have had recourse to an universat aether,such as formerly and lately many philosophers were per- Suaded, pervaded, filled, and governed the whole universe bycertain laws ; by the aid and attendance of whicli, the stars moved, the sun Shone, the sea rose and seli, the riversglided along, the winds blew, the planis silot sortii, and Iupiter himself thundered. I ruly aether is a very usesul and powersul agent, but has never been brought to give an account os itaeis, more changeable and fleeting than Proteus himself, agitated so long, and to no purpOSe, at last letthe subjeci rest in peace : for What hope is there os catch ing what is allowed to assume so many fornis V
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dtindi cui in plures jus est transire 3 urtis '
Νam modo te juvenem, modo te videre leonem, Nunc violentus aper; nunc quem tetigisse timerent. Anguis eras; modo te faciebant Cornua taurum : S. pe lapiη poteras, arbor quoque Saepe videri. interdum, faciem liquidarum imitatus aquarum, Flumen eras; interdum, undis Contrarius ignis.
cui jus est transire in plures figuras 3V Nam modo
tetigisse : modo cornua faciebunt te taurum: Saepe
poteras videri lupis quoque saepe poteras viderio urbor; interdum, eras sumen imitatus faciem limpidarum
aquarum; interdum eras ignis contrarius undis.122. Male vero de his aut similibus commentiS medici prius disputaverint, quam vel observando vel experiendo, demonstratum fuerit, talem aethera eXiStere, talesque in genere NervsSO motus fieri; vel saltem ere-122. Autem medici, male disputaverint de his aut similibus commentis prius, quam demonstratum fuerit, Mel observando vel everiendo, talem aethera eXistere, que tules motus feri in geriere nervoso; vel saltemdibile factum suserit, talibus fuerit in ictum credibile, no- conjecturis nodum solutum dum solutum iri talibus coniri. Concessis enim Omni- jecturis. Enim omnibus con-
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hus de aethere et motibus in genere Nervsso pOStulatis, Parum omnino proficitur;
nam tremores nerVOrum vel motus aetheris, qualeSCunque Commentorum hujusmodi amantissimi sibim0t fingere potuerint, nuSquam
aut SenSus erunt, aut SenSui similes, aut in SenSum, Se cundum notas Νaturae leges, unquam mutabiles.
123. Nec facile quisquam ostenderit quo pacto Voluntas animi, cui Voluntati nihil inest corporei, tenuissimum, et subtilissimum, mobilissimumque aethera, lacilius aut meliusquam saXum assiceret, eumque in motus conjiceret. 124. Nec melior hoc modo aut magiS perspicua ratio redditur Sensuum qui dicuntur interni; memoriae cessis de aethere et motibus postulatis in genere NeTUOSO, omnino purum efficitur; na miremores nervorum vel motus aetheris, qualescunque
illio amantissimi commentorum hujusmodi potuerint gere sibimet, Nusquam
erunt aut sensus, aut similes sensui, aut unquam inritabiles in sensum secundum notas leges Naturae.
ostenderit quo pacto voluntas animi cui voluntati nihil corporei inesto ιceret tenuissimum, et subtilissimum que mobilissimum aetherem facilius aut meliusquam SaXum, que conjiceret eum in motuS. 124. Nec hoc modo melior aut perspicua ratio redditur Sensuum, qui dicuntur interni: scilicet cratio memo-
by such conjectures. For every thing being admitted con- cerning aether, and the neceSSary motions in the nervo us system, litile is gained by it; sor the tremours of the nerves, Or motions of the aether, of whatever description the warmest admirers of such conjectures imagined them to be, willneVer be Sensation, Or like sensation, or capable of beingchanged into it, by any of the known laws of nature. 123. No one will eastly be enabled to fhow, in What way volition os the mind, sin whicli volition there is nothingcorporeat, can affect that finest, most subtile, and most active aether, more eastly than a Stone, and could put it into
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scilicet, imaginationis, et judicii. Vix credibile erit
motus ullos in genere NCV-υoso retineri et Condi, nostro arbitrio denuo erupturos et renovandos; neque impres-Siones, aut vestigia, aut imagines ullas eorum motuum
in cerebro imprimi, veluti sigilli in cera, quas ad arbitrium nostrum iterum iterumque contemplemur, motusque qui eius primo esse-cissent denuo integremUS. Tamen validissima Saepe eSt
vatio, recordantibus, imaginantibus, somniantibuS. 125. Quod si tales motus
ad internorum aeque ne eX- ternorum Sensuum uetionem neceSsarii sunt, tum
plane oportebit, vel motus SenSum praecedant, vel hic riae, imminutionis et judicii. Erit viae credibile ullos motus retineri et condi in
genere nerυOSO, denuo erupturos et renovandos nostro
arbitrio; neque impressiones aut vestigia, clut imagines ullus eorum motuum imprimi in cerebro,
veluti sigilli cimprimuntur)iu cera, quas cimmineso
contemplemur iterum iterumque ad nostrum arbitrium, que denuo integremus motuS, qui primo e fecissent eas. Tamen est s e validissima renovatio sensuum praeteritorum, recordantibus, imaginantibus somniantibus.125. Quod si tules motus
sunt necessarii aeque ad actionem internorum ac CX- ternorum sensuum, tum plunc
pria cedant sensum, vel hic sations whicli are called internat, namely, memory, imagination, and judgment. It can scareely be belleved, that any motions can be retained and accumulated in the nervous System, again to bursi sortii and be renewed at our plea- Sure, nor that impreSSions, or traces, or any images of those motions, can be impressed upon the brain, like a seat uponwax, that we may contemplaete them again and again, and may rene the motions whicli primarily produced them. Nevertheless there is frequently a very powersul renoVationos past sensations, in memory, imagination, and dreaming. 125. But is such motions are equalty necessary to theaetion os the internat and externat senses, it must evidentlybe, cither that motion precedes Sensation, Or Vice VerSu, Or
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illos, vel deniquo Uno eodemque temporis puncto utrique fiant. Si prior est SenSUS, a motu quovis fluidi nervorum oriri nequit, et aliam igitur debet habere C Sam.-Si prior est motus ille, causa ejus quaerenda erit, scilicet qui minime Pendere pOSSit a sensu aut voluntate quae Sequuntur. Si domum uterque, motUS nimirum et sensus, simul fit, utriusque aliam fingere
oportet causam; neuter enim alterius caiisa ESSE
existit. 126. Vix sane, aut ne Vix quidem, animo concipere POSSumus mutationem Ullam in rebus corporeis fieri, Uae a motu . quodam non pendeat, vel saltem cum motu aliquo modo Conjun-
motuso, vel denique utrique sunt uno que eodem tempore.-Si sensus est prior, nequit oriri a quovis motu fluidi nervorum, et igitur debet habere aliam cauSam.-Si ille motus est prior, causa ejus erit quaerenda, scilicet qui possit pendere minime
a sensit aut voluntate quae sequuntur. Si demum v terque, nimirum motus et Sen
sus, simul jit, oportet 1i 1ι-
gere aliam causam utriusque; enim neuter potest erae causa alterius, prius quam ipse eristit. 126. Viae sane, aut Nequidem viae, possumus cou-cipere animo, ullam mutationem feri in rebus corpo
deat a quodam motu, vel saltem conjungatur cum motulastly, that both take place in one and the fame time. Issensation is first, it cannot ari se hom any motion of the fluidos the nerves, and there re must have some Other Cau Ses. Is the motion precedes, iis cause must be fought sor, Sinceit can by no means depend upon the sensation or volitionwhicli sollows. Lastly, is both of them, namely motion and Sensation, Oecur Simultaneously, some other cause of bothmust be assigned, lar Delther can be the cause of the other, before iis Own existen e . I 26. We can s arcely, and indeed not possibiy conceive, that any change can tahe place in bodies, which does not lepenti upon Some motion, or be connected with it in somo degree. Dut the subjecis treated os here, namely external
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gatUr. Res vero de quibus hic agitur, SenSUS nimirum, tum externus tum internUS, et Voluntas, et conatus demum ad musculos vel artus
poreae, neque iisdem ac tales res principiis explanandae.127. Missis igitur hujusmodi commentis de rebus quas Natura sorsitan visibus humanis negaverit, tanquam ad inutilia, et incomprehensibilia, vel absurda Qrtasse, ducentibus, magis e re Sua erit, si medici ad
singulas res saetas et verus de hoc argumento investigandas Semei gnaviter ue- cinxerint. and internat sensation, volition, and the est Oris to move themuscies or limbs, are not corporeat, nor explicabie on principies which may be applied to them. 127. Therelare, conjectures of this hind being Iaid asido
concerning things whicli nature perhaps has hiddon Dommen'S eyes, as conducing tO UseleSS, incomprehensibie, and absurd ideas, it will be more to the purpose, is medicat menvigorousty apply thenaseives to investigate the trullis and facts connected with this subjeci. aliquo modo. Vero res, de
nimirum sensus tum caeter nus tum internus, et voluntas, et demum conatus admovendos musculos vel artus, non sunt corporeae, Neque
127. Igitur commentis Lu-jusmodi missis, de rebus, quas Natura forsitan nega-τerit visibus humantis, tian- quam ducentibus ad inutilio, et incomprehensibilia, Melfortasse absurda, erit magis e sua re, si medici gnaviter accinaeerint semet ud investigandas singulas res factas
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CAP. IV.-De seuSu generatim, ejusque varietatibus, usibus, voluptatibu8, moleStiis et vitiis.123. SENSUs nulla definitione eget, neque reVenu
facile definiri potest; quippe
quo nihil sere simpliciussit, aut melius intellectum. Describi tamen, Vix autem explanari solet, hujusmodi
Verborum circuitu, longo et Parum accurato, et quidem satis inepto;-Μutatio Cujus conscii sumus in statu animi, mutatione aliqua in Statu Corporis effecta. 129. Utcunque vero Simplex primo aspectu SenSUS
CAP. IV.- De SeHSiι generatim, que de varietatibus usibus, voluptatibus, nis-lestiis et vitiis ejus.128. Sensus eget nulla de finitione, neque I CUCTu po
test facile de finiri; quippe qu0, sit fere nihil simpli
cius, aut melius intellectum. Tamen solet describi, autem viae e lanari, longo et parum accurato et quidem satis inepto, circuitu verborum hujusmodi;-Mutatio in statu animi, cujus
sumus conscii aliqua mutatione esiecta in Statu corporis.129. Vero vicunque Seu-Sus videatur simpleae primo uspectu, philosophi perscru-
128. Sensation requires no definition, nor indeed can ilbe oasily defined; for there is scareely any thing more Simple, or beller understood. However it is usualty described, but hardly explained, by a long, in accurate, and indeed inappropriate circumlocution of this description: U A change in the state of mind, of Which We are conScious, produced by Some change in the state of thu body. 129. Uut however simple sensation may appear at firSt Sight, philosophers who have inquired into the subjeci more
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accuratius perscrutati, duplicem ejus naturam Se detexisse crediderunt, et ideo monent probe esse distinguendum inter duas res ad Sensum pertinentes, quae vulgo sub uno eodemque nomine comprehendi solent ; quamvis profecto ne-
pidus qui res ipsas confuderit ; et Sane perperam
omnino talem vulgo hominum errorem objecerunt
mutatio nimirum quae in animi statu emcitur ad animum Solum Spectat, et huic Propria est, Suri natura sugax et peritura, et Simul simplicissima, nullisque aut definienda aut describenda verbis, rei eXternae qUae Sen- Sum excitat dissimillima, tuti rem accuratius crediderunt se deterisse duplicem nuturum ejus, et ideo monent probe distinguendum esse inter duas res pertinentes ad sensum, quae res vulgo solent comprehendi sub uno
istat tum stupidus qui confuderit res ipsos; et Sane philosophi objecerunt omni-ris perperam talem vulgo
errorem hominum. 130. Altera harum rerum cnimirum mutatio quae icitur in stutu animi9spectat ad animum Solum, et
peritura Sua natura, et simul simplicissima, que aut de finienda utit describenda nullis verbis, dissimillima rei
eaeternae quae facitat senSum, minutoly, have thought, that they have discovcred ii as belligof two id description, and therelare teach us, that distinction is to be made belween the things whicli relate to sensation, in Whicli in se things are commonly comprehendedin the fame name ; although, in truth, no Sensibie man caribe so stupid as to confound them : but indeed philosophers have rashly set this forti, as a common error. 30. One os these, nainely, the change made in the state of the mirid, refers to the mind only, and is peculiar to it, fleo ting and purishable in iis nature, at the Same time most Simple, and capable os being defined or described by noternis, most unlike the external object whicli excites sensation, very disserent from every State und nature of the body,